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RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la emergencia del Consumo Problemático de Sustancias Psicoactivas (CP-SPA) de jóvenes estudiantes de un contexto universitario, como resultante de la interacción significativa entre los sistemas de regulación socioeducativa, sanitaria y normativa de la institución en estudio. Materiales y método: Estudio cualitativo de caso, desarrollado en una institución universitaria de carácter privado. Se realizó con soporte en la teoría bioecológica de Bronfenbrenner (2011), a través de inserción ecológica intervención (Koller et al., 2016). Participaron estudiantes, docentes y administrativos. Se realizaron cuatro entrevistas y seis grupos focales. Muestreo teórico hasta saturación de categorías. Codificación y categorización utilizando Atlas-Ti, a través de método comparativo constante en la recogida, codificación abierta, axial y selectiva de datos y análisis sistemático (Strauss y Corbin, 2002). Resultados: El CP-SPA en este contexto tiene lugar a través de una trilogía de procesos proximales de interinfluencia: 1. De influencia para la ingesta de múltiples SPA, 2. Enfocados en consumo problemático y 3. De transgresión de normas institucionales, que operan como gatilla-dores de la experiencia dentro y fuera de la universidad. Estos procesos, en la dinámica de la comunicación, configuran sistemas sociales de biorregulación: socioeducativa: indirecta (autorregulación), sanitaria: paliativa (ruta de atención) y normativa: punitiva (reglamento estudiantil), que intentan regular el CP-SPA. La regulación es posible gracias a la interacción de factores de riesgo/protección próximos y distantes, que pueden impulsar directa e indirectamente el CP-SPA. Conclusiones: Los sistemas de biorregulación actúan como garantes y dan forma a las simbolizaciones de la vida emocional, social e institucional del estudiante con CP-SPA, con exito en los procesos proximales persona-persona (microsistema), pero con poca efectividad en el mesosistema. Se propone a las instituciones universitarias generar las condiciones de posibilidad para una estructura regulatoria del CP-SPA que promueva un desarrollo favorable del estudiante, coherente con sus expectativas de formación profesional.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the emergence of Problematic Substance Use (FSV) among young students in a university context because of significant interaction between the socio-educational, health, and regulatory systems of the institution under study. Materials and method: A qualitative case study conducted at a private university, utilizing Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory (2011) with ecological intervention (Koller et al., 2016). Participants included students, teachers, and administrative staff. Four interviews and six focus groups were conducted. Theoretical sampling was carried out until category saturation. Coding and categorization were done using Atlas-Ti, employing constant comparative method in data collection, open, axial, and selective coding, and systematic analysis (Strauss and Corbin, 2002). Results: FSU in this context occurs through a trilogy of proximal processes of interinfluence: 1. Influence for the intake of multiple substances, 2. Focused on problematic use, and 3. Transgression of institutional norms, acting as triggers for the experience within and outside the university. These processes, in communication dynamics, shape social systems of bioregulation: socio-educational (indirect self-regulation), health-related (palliative care route), and regulatory (punitive student regulations), attempting to regulate FSU. Regulation is possible through the interaction of proximal and distal risk/protection factors, which can directly and indirectly drive FSU. Conclusions: Bio-regulation systems act as guarantors and shape symbolizations of the emotional, social, and institutional life of students with FSU, succeeding in proximal person-to-person processes (microsystem) but with little effectiveness in the mesosystem. It is proposed that universities create conditions for a regulatory structure of FSU that promotes favorable student development consistent with their professional training expectations.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The use of "Mexican calea" (Calea zacatechichi Schltdl.) in ritualistic ceremonies, due to its dream-inducing effects, was until recently limited to indigenous communities in Mexico. However, the plant has recently gained popularity in Western societies being commonly used in recreational settings. Despite the traditional and recreational uses, mechanisms underlying its reported oneirogenic effects remain unknown, with no data available on its neurotoxic profile. AIM OF THE STUDY: The scarcity of toxicological data and the unknown role of major neurotransmitter systems in the dream-inducing properties of the plant prompted us to investigate which neurotransmitters might be affected upon its consumption, as well as the potential cytotoxic effects on neurons and microglial cells. Furthermore, we aimed to explore a relationship between the recorded effects and specific constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Effects on cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways were investigated using enzymatic assays, with the latter also being conducted in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells along with the impact on glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Investigation of the neurotoxic profile was approached in neuronal SH-SY5Y and microglial BV-2 cells, evaluating effects on metabolic performance and membrane integrity using MTT and LDH leakage assays, respectively. Potential interference with oxidative stress was monitored by assessing free radical's levels, as well as 5-lipoxygenase mediated lipid peroxidation. Phenolic constituents were identified through HPLC-DAD-ESI(Ion Trap)MSn analysis. RESULTS: Based on the significant inhibition upon acetylcholinesterase (p < 0.05) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 60.87 ± 7.3 µg/mL; p < 0.05), the aqueous extract obtained from the aerial parts of C. zacatechichi interferes with the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, but has no impact against monoamine oxidase A. Additionally, a notable cytotoxic effect was observed in SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells at concentrations as low as 125 and 500 µg/mL (p < 0.05), respectively, LDH leakage suggesting apoptosis may occur at these concentrations, with necroptosis observed at higher ones. Despite the neurocytotoxic profile, these effects appear to be independent of radical stress, as the C. zacatechichi extract scavenged nitric oxide and superoxide radicals at concentrations as low as 62.5 µg/mL, significantly inhibiting also 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 72.60 ± 7.3 µg/mL; p < 0.05). Qualitative and quantitative analysis using HPLC-DAD-ESI(Ion Trap)MSn enabled the identification of 28 constituents, with 24 of them being previously unreported in this species. These include a series of dicaffeoylquinic, caffeoylpentoside, and feruloylquinic acids, along with 8 flavonols not previously known to occur in the species, mainly 3-O-monoglycosylated derivatives of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings regarding the neuroglial toxicity elicited by C. zacatechichi emphasize the necessity for a thorough elucidation of the plant's toxicity profile. Additionally, evidence is provided that the aerial parts of the plant inhibit both acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase, potentially linking its psychopharmacological effects to the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems, with an apparent contribution from specific phenolic constituents previously unknown to occur in the species. Collectively, our results lay the groundwork for a regulatory framework on the consumption of C. zacatechichi in recreational settings and contribute to elucidating previous contradictory findings regarding the mechanisms underlying the dream-inducing effects of the plant.

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Objeto de Estudo: autopercepção da saúde bucal entre usuários de substâncias psicoativas na pandemia COVID-19. Objetivos Geral: Analisar o impacto da autopercepção da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de usuários de substâncias psicoativas durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivos Específicos: identificar o perfil sociodemográfico, laboral, hábitos e comportamentos de saúde bucal de usuários de substâncias psicoativas no contexto da pandemia COVID-19; identificar o uso de drogas e riscos de COVID-19 em usuários de substâncias psicoativas na pandemia; identificar a autopercepção da saúde bucal de usuários de substâncias psicoativas em situação de pandemia COVID-19; e associar a autopercepção da saúde bucal de usuários de substâncias psicoativas, comportamento de saúde bucal, consumo de drogas psicoativas e risco de exposição à COVID-19. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado em um serviço especializado em problemas relacionados a substâncias psicoativas, de um hospital universitário localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram do estudo 42 usuários, selecionados por amostragem de conveniência. Dois instrumentos foram utilizados para coletar dados sobre o perfil sociodemográfico, os hábitos e comportamento de saúde bucal, de uso de drogas psicoativas e informações relacionadas à COVID-19. Também foi utilizada uma escala denominada OHIP-14, que avaliou a autopercepção da saúde bucal. As perguntas são direcionadas aos últimos seis meses da vida do indivíduo, onde opções de resposta incluem: sempre (valor 4), repetidamente (valor 3), às vezes (valor 2), raramente (valor 1) e nunca (valor 0). A análise dos resultados obtidos foi realizada através do método aditivo, que consiste na soma dos pontos (de 0 a 4) atribuídos às respostas dadas a cada um dos 14 itens. A pesquisa foi aprovada por Comitê de Ética. Resultados: Os usuários de substâncias psicoativas eram em sua maioria homens (85,7%), com grau de escolaridade do ensino fundamental (45,2%), idade média de 47,2 anos. Quanto à situação de trabalho 64,3% relatou estar desempregado; 61,9% dependiam de benefícios sociais e 35,7% viviam em situação de rua. Sobre o uso de drogas 81,0% faziam uso do álcool, seguido da cocaína com 66,7%, o cigarro com 54,8%, maconha com 47,6%. Quanto ao distanciamento social durante a pandemia da COVID-19, 61% nunca conseguiram ou se preocuparam em seguir as normas de segurança. Metade dos participantes (50%) relatou fazer uso de drogas de forma compartilhada com até 2 pessoas. Em relação a hábitos e comportamento de saúde bucal verificou-se que 83,3% dos participantes responderam que escovavam os dentes e 47,6% disseram usar o fio dental. A ida ao dentista para reabilitação foi o motivo referido por ¾ dos participantes e outros 40,5% referiram buscar ajuda profissional por motivo de dor. A maioria dos entrevistados relatou um aumento no consumo de drogas em relação ao período anterior a pandemia, sendo as mais comuns o álcool e a cocaína dentro da população estudada. A suspeita de COVID-19 foi maior dentre aqueles que buscaram atendimento odontológico por motivo de estética quando comparados aos demais motivos (p=0,027). A suspeita de COVID-19 foi prevalente no grupo que buscou atendimento por outros motivos quando comparados àqueles que buscaram atendimento por motivo de "prevenção" (p<0,10). Foi observado que o risco de exposição ao SARS-CoV-2 foi mais comum entre os participantes que concluíram o tratamento odontológico em comparação com aqueles que não concluíram (p=0,035). Dor física e desconforto psicológico foram referidos por 54,8% e 73,8% dos participantes, respectivamente. Aqueles que referiram uso do fio dental apresentam maior impacto quanto ao desconforto psicológico (p < 0,05). A dimensão desvantagem social está positivamente relacionada aos relatos de dor e ida ao dentista há menos de um ano (p < 0,01). Conclusões: Foi possível inferir que a autopercepção da saúde bucal pode impactar na qualidade de vida dos usuários de substâncias psicoativas e que a exposição à infecção por COVID-19 pode ser influenciada pelo uso das drogas. Dentro das dimensões do OHIP-14, desconforto psicológico e dor física apresentaram alto impacto na qualidade de vida dos participantes. O estudo demonstrou que existia relação entre autopercepção da saúde bucal, risco de exposição à infecção pela COVID-19 e padrão de uso de substâncias psicoativas nesses usuários, e que foram fortemente influenciados por fatores socioeconômicos desfavoráveis.

Study Object: self-perception of oral health among users of psychoactive substances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To analyze the impact of self-perception of oral health on the quality of life of users of psychoactive substances during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specific Objectives: Specific Objectives: to identify the sociodemographic and labor profile, habits, and oral health behaviors of psychoactive substance users in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; to identify drug use and COVID-19 risks among psychoactive substance users during the pandemic; to identify the self-perception of oral health among psychoactive substance users in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; and to associate the self-perception of oral health of psychoactive substance users with oral health behavior, psychoactive substance use, and the risk of COVID-19 exposure. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted at a specialized service for problems related to psychoactive substances at a university hospital located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Forty-two users participated in the study, selected by convenience sampling. Two instruments were used to collect data on the sociodemographic profile, oral health habits and behavior, use of psychoactive drugs and information related to COVID-19. A scale called OHIP-14 was also used, which assessed the self-perception of oral health. The questions are directed to the individual's last six months of life, where response options include: always (score 4), repeatedly (score 3), sometimes (score 2), rarely (score 1), and never (score 0). The analysis of the results obtained was performed using the additive method, which consists of summing the points (from 0 to 4) assigned to the responses given to each of the 14 items. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: Users of psychoactive substances were mostly male (85.7%), with a primary education level (45.2%) and a mean age of 47.2 years. Regarding employment status, 64.3% reported being unemployed; 61.9% depended on social benefits, and 35.7% were homeless. Concerning drug use, 81.0% used alcohol, followed by cocaine at 66.7%, cigarettes at 54.8%, and marijuana at 47.6%. Regarding adherence to social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic, 61% either never managed or were concerned about following safety guidelines. Half of the participants (50%) reported using drugs in a shared manner with up to 2 people. Regarding oral health habits and behaviors, 83.3% of participants reported brushing their teeth, and 47.6% said they used dental floss. Dental visits for rehabilitation were cited by ¾ of the participants, and another 40.5% mentioned seeking professional help due to pain. Most respondents reported an increase in drug consumption compared to the period before the pandemic, with alcohol and cocaine being the most common among the studied population. Suspected COVID-19 was higher among those seeking dental care for aesthetic reasons compared to other reasons (p=0.027). Suspected COVID-19 was prevalent in the group seeking care for other reasons compared to those seeking care for "prevention" (p<0.10). It was observed that the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was more common among participants who completed dental treatment compared to those who did not complete it (p=0.035). Physical pain and psychological discomfort were reported by 54.8% and 73.8% of participants, respectively. Those who reported using dental floss showed a greater impact on psychological discomfort (p < 0.05). The social disadvantage dimension was positively related to reports of pain and dental visits within the last year (p < 0.01). Conclusions: It was possible to infer that self-perception of oral health can impact the quality of life of users of psychoactive substances and that exposure to COVID-19 infection may be influenced by drug use. Within the dimensions of the OHIP-14, psychological discomfort and physical pain showed a high impact on the participants' quality of life. The study demonstrated that there was a relationship between self-perception of oral health, risk of exposure to COVID-19 infection, and pattern of psychoactive substance use in these users, and that they were strongly influenced by unfavorable socioeconomic factors.

Objeto de Estudio: autopercepción de la salud bucal entre usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo General: Analizar el impacto de la autopercepción de la salud bucal en la calidad de vida de los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivos Específicos: Objetivos Específicos: identificar el perfil sociodemográfico, laboral, hábitos y comportamientos de salud bucal de los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19; identificar el uso de drogas y los riesgos de COVID-19 en usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas durante la pandemia; identificar la autopercepción de la salud bucal de los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas en situación de pandemia de COVID-19; y asociar la autopercepción de la salud bucal de los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas, comportamiento de salud bucal, consumo de drogas psicoactivas y riesgo de exposición a la COVID-19.Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, realizado en un servicio especializado en problemas relacionados con sustancias psicoactivas, de un hospital universitario ubicado en el municipio de Río de Janeiro. Participaron en el estudio 42 usuarios, seleccionados por muestreo de conveniencia. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos para recolectar datos sobre el perfil sociodemográfico, hábitos y conductas de salud bucal, uso de drogas psicoactivas e información relacionada con el COVID-19. También se utilizó una escala denominada OHIP-14, que evaluó la autopercepción de la salud bucal. Las preguntas están dirigidas a los últimos seis meses de la vida del individuo, donde las opciones de respuesta incluyen: siempre (valor 4), repetidamente (valor 3), a veces (valor 2), raramente (valor 1) y nunca (valor 0). El análisis de los resultados obtenidos se realizó mediante el método aditivo, que consiste en la suma de los puntos (de 0 a 4) atribuidos a las respuestas dadas a cada uno de los 14 ítems. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética. Resultados: Los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas eran en su mayoría hombres (85,7%), con grado de escolaridad de enseñanza básica (45,2%), edad media de 47,2 años. En cuanto a la situación laboral, el 64,3% informó estar desempleado; el 61,9% dependía de beneficios sociales y el 35,7% vivía en situación de calle. Sobre el uso de drogas, el 81,0% consumía alcohol, seguido de cocaína con un 66,7%, cigarrillo con un 54,8% y marihuana con un 47,6%. En cuanto al distanciamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19, el 61% nunca logró o se preocupó por seguir las normas de seguridad. La mitad de los participantes (50%) informó que usaba drogas de manera compartida con hasta 2 personas. En relación a los hábitos y comportamiento de salud bucal, se verificó que el 83,3% de los participantes respondieron que se cepillaban los dientes y el 47,6% dijeron usar hilo dental. La visita al dentista para rehabilitación fue el motivo referido por ¾ de los participantes y otros 40,5% refirieron buscar ayuda profesional por motivo de dolor. La mayoría de los entrevistados informó un aumento en el consumo de drogas en relación al período anterior a la pandemia, siendo las más comunes el alcohol y la cocaína dentro de la población estudiada. La sospecha de COVID-19 fue mayor entre aquellos que buscaron atención odontológica por motivo estético en comparación con otros motivos (p=0,027). La sospecha de COVID-19 fue prevalente en el grupo que buscó atención por otros motivos en comparación con aquellos que buscaron atención por motivo de "prevención" (p<0,10). Se observó que el riesgo de exposición al SARS-CoV-2 fue más común entre los participantes que concluyeron el tratamiento odontológico en comparación con aquellos que no lo concluyeron (p=0,035). El dolor físico y el malestar psicológico fueron referidos por el 54,8% y el 73,8% de los participantes, respectivamente. Aquellos que refirieron uso de hilo dental presentan mayor impacto en cuanto al malestar psicológico (p < 0,05). La dimensión de desventaja social estaba positivamente relacionada con los informes de dolor y visita al dentista hace menos de un año (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Se pudo inferir que la autopercepción de la salud bucal puede impactar en la calidad de vida de los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas y que la exposición a la infección por COVID-19 puede estar influenciada por el uso de drogas. Dentro de las dimensiones del OHIP-14, el malestar psicológico y el dolor físico presentaron un alto impacto en la calidad de vida de los participantes. El estudio demostró que existía relación entre autopercepción de la salud bucal, riesgo de exposición a la infección por COVID-19 y patrón de uso de sustancias psicoactivas en estos usuarios, y que fueron fuertemente influenciados por factores socioeconómicos desfavorables.

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As propagandas de bebidas alcóolicas, além de serem mais frequentes do que outras mercadorias, também apresentam conteúdo que pode ter papel facilitador no uso dessa substância psicoativa, visto que, na maior parte delas, trazem ideias e sensações de prazer. Por isso, esta pesquisa consistiu na identificação e análise qualitativa de propagandas de cerveja que tiveram alguma denúncia feita ao ou pelo Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (Conar), nos últimos cinco anos (2015 a 2020), a partir do levantamento dessas denúncias no site do Conar e, posteriormente, foi realizada análise dos motivos condizentes com o código. Como resultado, constatou-se uma progressão nos alinhamentos entre as denúncias e as decisões, sendo encontrada maior dificuldade no alinhamento da infração em relação ao conteúdo das peças publici-tárias do que em questões técnicas.

Advertisements for alcoholic beverages, in addition to being more frequent than other goods, also present content that can play a role in facilitating the use of this psychoactive substance, since, in most of them, they bring ideas and sensations of pleasure. Therefore, this research consisted of the identification and qualitative analysis of beer advertisements that had any complaints made to or by the National Advertising Self-Regulation Council (Conar), in the last five years (2015 to 2020), based on the survey of these complaints on the website of Conar and, subsequently, an analysis of the reasons consistent with the code was carried out. As a result, there was a progression in the alignments between complaints and decisions, with greater difficulty being found in aligning the infraction in relation to the content of the advertising pieces than in technical issues.

Los anuncios de bebidas alcohólicas, además de ser más frecuentes que los de otros productos, también presentan contenidos que pueden desempeñar un papel a la hora de facilitar el consumo de esta sustan-cia psicoactiva, ya que, en la mayoría de ellos, aportan ideas y sensaciones de placer. Por lo tanto, esta investigación consistió en la identificación y análisis cualitativo de los anuncios de cerveza que tuvieron alguna denuncia realizada ante o por el Consejo Nacional de Autorregulación Publicitaria (Conar), en los últimos cinco años (2015 a 2020), a partir de la encuesta a estos. denuncias en el sitio web del Conar y, posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de los motivos compatibles con el código. Como resultado, hubo una progresión en los alineamientos entre denuncias y decisiones, encontrándose mayor dificultad en alinear la infracción con el contenido de las piezas publicitarias que en cuestiones técnicas.

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The illegal drug market is constantly evolving, with new drugs being created and existing ones being modified. Adulterants are often added to the mix, and the primary substance may be secretly replaced by a new one. Once-known tablets can now be vastly different from what they are sold as, all due to the pursuit of profit and evasion of current drug regulations. These alterations in drug composition pose a threat to society, as their effects are still not well understood. Therefore, it is crucial for police intelligence and public health development to obtain the chemical profiles of illicit drugs. This study presents the chemical fingerprinting of ecstasy tablets seized in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) between 2012 and 2021. The tablet samples were weighed, extracted, diluted with methanol, and acidified before analysis using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The major constituents found were MDMA and clobenzorex, with fewer occurrences of MDA, MDEA, and 2C-B. The results also indicate that the occurrence of mega-events in the study location impacted the chemical fingerprints of ecstasy. A total of 27 combinations of cutting agents, including caffeine, ephedrine, and anesthetics, were identified. Samples composed of clobenzorex were observed throughout the evaluated period in areas near highways, suggesting that this product is mainly used by truck drivers. These findings can help police intelligence units anticipate the behavior of the illicit market during major events, identify traffic routes, and support public health initiatives.

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Resumen Introducción: La mortalidad por intoxicaciones agudas de sustancias psicoactivas representa un problema de salud pública, especialmente en personas jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio fue crear un perfil de las víctimas mortales por intoxicación aguda en Costa Rica entre los años 2012 y 2021 asociado al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y drogas de abuso. Materiales y métodos: Se recopilaron datos de Sección de Patología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal en Costa Rica, con los cuales se realizó una revisión de las víctimas mortales por intoxicaciones agudas a partir del 1 de enero de 2012 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2021. La revisión incluyó las siguientes variables: variables epidemiológicas: sexo, edad, nacionalidad, ocupación, estado civil, provincia, consumo frecuente asociado, manera de muerte, tipo de sustancia y lugar de intoxicación. Resultados: De los 456 casos de muertes asociados a intoxicaciones agudas por etanol, metanol, benzodiacepinas, anfetaminas, heroína, cocaína y mixtas; reportados entre el 1 de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2021: el año que más casos reportó fue 2020; 82% de las víctimas fueron hombres y 18% mujeres; las principales edades de las personas reportadas abarcan entre 41 y 60 años. 80% de las personas eran costarricenses; San José fue la provincia con mayor número de casos de intoxicación letal, siendo el domicilio el sitio más frecuente. 14% de las víctimas eran desempleadas; 77% de las personas presentaban algún trastorno de la adicción o consumo frecuente de alguna de las sustancias estudiadas. La mayoría de muertes fueron de manera accidental. Conclusiones: El perfil predominante de las víctimas fue: masculino, entre 41 y 60 años, costarricense, de estado civil indeterminado o soltero, desempleado, que muere de manera accidental, en su domicilio, por intoxicación aguda con alcohol o mixta (alcohol y cocaína).

Abstract Introduction. Mortality from acute poisoning of psychoactive substances represents a public health problem, especially in young adults. The purpose of the study was to create a profile of fatalities due to acute poisoning in Costa Rica between 2012 and 2021 associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse. Materials and methods. Data were collected from the Forensic Pathology Section of the Legal Medicine Department in Costa Rica, then a review of fatalities due to acute poisoning was carried out from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021. The review included the following epidemiological variables: sex, age, nationality, occupation, marital status, province, consumption associated, manner of death, type of substance, and place of intoxication. Results. Out of the 456 reported cases of deaths associated with acute intoxication with ethanol, methanol, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, and mixed substances between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021: the year with the highest number of cases reported was 2020; 82% of the victims were male, and 18% were female; the main age group of reported victims ranged from 41 to 60 years old. 80% of the victims were Costa Rican, and San Jose was the province with the highest number of lethal intoxication cases, with the home being the most frequent site. 14% of the victims were unemployed, and 77% of the individuals had some addiction disorder or frequent consumption of one of the studied substances. The majority of deaths were accidental. Conclusion. The main profile of the victims was male, between 41 and 60 years old, Costa Rican, of indeterminate or single marital status, unemployed, who died accidentally, at home, due to acute intoxication with alcohol or a mixture of substances (alcohol and cocaine).

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New Psychoactive Substances (NPSs) are defined as a group of substances produced from molecular modifications of traditional drugs. These molecules represent a public health problem since information about their metabolites and toxicity is poorly understood. N-ethyl pentedrone (NEP) is an NPS that was identified in the illicit market for the first time in the mid-2010s, with four intoxication cases later described in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the metabolic stability of NEP as well as to identify its metabolites using three liver microsomes models. To investigate metabolic stability, NEP was incubated with rat (RLM), mouse (MLM) and human (HLM) liver microsomes and its concentration over time evaluated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. For metabolite identification, the same procedure was employed, but the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Different metabolism profiles were observed depending on the model employed and kinetic parameters were determined. The in vitro NEP elimination half-lives (t1/2) were 12.1, 187 and 770 min for the rat, mouse and human models, respectively. Additionally, in vitro intrinsic clearances (Cl int, in vitro) were 229 for rat, 14.8 for mouse, and 3.6 µL/min/mg in the human model, and in vivo intrinsic clearances (Cl int, in vivo) 128, 58.3, and 3.7 mL/min/kg, respectively. The HLM model had the lowest rate of metabolism when compared to RLM and MLM. Also, twelve NEP metabolites were identified from all models, but at different rates of production.

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Psychoactive substances act on the central nervous system producing changes in mental processes, such as perception, consciousness, cognition or mood and emotions. The present study aims to identify: (i) the most used psychoactive substances, (ii) how psychoactive substances are acquired, (iii) and possible reasons for the use of psychoactive substances amongst university students. A literature search was carried out without language restrictions and included articles published between 2019 and 2020 in journals indexed in the electronic databases of Pubmed and Scielo. The inclusion criteria considered were: (i) original articles, (ii) studies carried out with university students, (iii) providing data on the use of psychoactive substances. 15 studies were included in this review, of which: 4 studies addressed possible reasons that lead to use of psychoactive substances, 10 studies reported usage profile and demographic data, and 1 study addressed how students acquire psychoactive substances. Reasons that led to the consumption of psychoactive substances include: feelings of loneliness after moving away from family; difficulty making new friends; poor academic performance and susceptible environment to acquisition of these substances. In the selected studies, alcohol was identified as the main drug used. In light of the findings reported in this review, new prevention and harm reduction measures can be formulated, based mainly on the reasons that lead to the use of psychoactive drugs, consumption patterns and how the drugs were acquired by university students.

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3',4'-Methylenedioxy-N-tert-butylcathinone (MDPT), also known as tBuONE or D-Tertylone, is a synthetic cathinone (SC) frequently abused for recreational purposes due to its potent stimulant effects and similarity to illegal substances like methamphetamine and ecstasy. The structural diversity and rapid introduction of new SC analogs to the market poses significant challenges for law enforcement and analytical methods for preliminary screening of illicit drugs. In this work, we present, for the first time, the electrochemical detection of MDPT using screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon nanofibers (SPE-CNF). MDPT exhibited three electrochemical processes (two oxidations and one reduction) on SPE-CNF. The proposed method for MDPT detection was optimized in 0.2 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson buffer solution at pH 10.0 using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The SPE-CNF showed a high stability for electrochemical responses of all redox processes of MDPT using the same or different electrodes, with relative standard deviations less than 4.7% and 1.5% (N = 3) for peak currents and peak potentials, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method provided a wide linear range for MDPT determination (0.90-112 µmol L-1) with low LOD (0.26 µmol L-1). Interference studies for two common adulterants, caffeine and paracetamol, and ten other illicit drugs, including amphetamine-like compounds and different SCs, showed that the proposed sensor is highly selective for the preliminarily identification of MDPT in seized forensic samples. Therefore, SPE-CNF with DPV can be successfully applied as a fast and simple screening method for MDPT identification in forensic analysis, addressing the significant challenges posed by the structural diversity of SCs.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Medical students demonstrate higher rates of substance use than other university students and the general population. The challenges imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raised significant concerns about mental health and substance use. OBJECTIVES: Assess the current prevalence of substance use among medical students at the University of São Paulo and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug consumption. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 275 medical students from the University of São Paulo Medical School (São Paulo, Brazil) in August 2020. METHODS: Substance use (lifetime, previous 12 months, and frequency of use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) and socioeconomic data were assessed using an online self-administered questionnaire. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS: Alcohol was the most consumed substance in their lifetime (95.6%), followed by illicit drugs (61.1%), marijuana (60%), and tobacco (57.5%). The most commonly consumed substances in the previous year were alcohol (82.9%), illicit drugs (44.7%), marijuana (42.5%), and tobacco (36%). Students in the first two academic years consumed fewer substances than those from higher years. There was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of most substances used after the COVID-19 pandemic among sporadic users. However, frequent users maintained their drug use patterns. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of substance use was high in this population and increased from the basic to the clinical cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic may have affected the frequency of drug use and prevalence estimates.

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No início dos anos 2000, as Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NPS) emergiram de forma sem precedentes causando uma drástica mudança no mercado de drogas sintéticas mundial. Estas substâncias são sintetizadas para fins ilícitos e mimetizam o efeito psicoativo das drogas tradicionais. Até o momento, mais de 1000 substâncias foram reportadas mundialmente, representando um grande problema de saúde pública principalmente associado ao desconhecimento das suas propriedades toxicológicas. Por este motivo, métodos analíticos para detectar e quantificar estas substâncias em materiais biológicos são importantes nos casos de toxicologia analítica e forense. Contudo, a tendência de reduzir o impacto ambiental destas metodologias tem ganhado popularidade com a Toxicologia Analítica Verde (GAT). Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver novas técnicas analíticas para analisar as principais classes de NPS em amostras biológicas enquanto aplicando os princípios sustentáveis estabelecidos pela GAT. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho são apresentados como coletânea de artigos científicos publicados em revistas. Estes estão descritos nos capítulos 4 a 8. No capítulo 4, uma revisão sobre os desafios no desenvolvimento de técnicas de preparo de amostra para fins forenses é abordada com foco no uso das matrizes secas. No Capítulo 5, está descrito a aplicação da microextração líquido-líquido dispersiva para catinonas sintéticas em amostras de sangue total e urina. No capítulo 6, o artigo descreve o desenvolvimento da técnica microextração líquido-líquido homogênea com solventes de hidrofilicidade comutável para canabinoides sintéticos em amostras de plasma. No capítulo 7, a microextração em fase líquida em placas de 96 poços, cunhada extração paralela em membranas artificiais líquidas, foi desenvolvida para diferentes classes de drogas de abuso, incluindo NPS. O capítulo 8 mostra o desenvolvimento de uma extração por eletromembrana também no formato de placa de 96 poços para catinonas sintéticas em amostras de sangue total. Em todos os trabalhos, as técnicas de extração foram desenvolvidas, otimizadas e validadas. Os princípios da GAT foram aplicados de diferentes formas, como reduzindo o volume de amostra, simplificando os procedimentos, evitando o uso de solventes orgânicos, dentre outros. Assim, alternativas mais sustentáveis para a análise de drogas de abuso em amostras biológicas foram apresentadas e estas ajudam a consolidar e difundir o conceito do desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos com consciência ambiental além de fornecer ferramentas para auxiliar o controle das NPS no país

In the early 2000s, New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) emerged and unprecedentedly changed the illicit drug market. These substances are synthesized for illicit purposes and mimic the psychoactive effect of traditional drugs of abuse. To date, more than 1000 substances have been reported worldwide, representing a major public health problem mainly associated with their mostly unknown toxicological properties. In this context, analytical methods able to detect and quantitate these new drugs in biological specimens are important in cases of analytical and forensic toxicology. However, reducing the environmental impact of these methodologies has recently gained popularity with Green Analytical Toxicology (GAT). Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop new analytical techniques to analyze the main classes of NPS in biological samples while applying the environmentally friendly principles established by GAT. The results obtained throughout the development of the present work were split into four papers (chapters 4-8). In chapter 4, a review of common challenges faced during the development of new sample preparation techniques for forensic applications is described focusing on the use of dried matrices. In chapter 5, the application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for synthetic cathinones in whole blood and urine samples is described. In chapter 6, the application of the somewhat recent switchable hydrophilicity solvent-based homogenous liquidliquid microextraction to synthetic cannabinoids in plasma samples is reported. In chapter 7, liquid-phase microextraction in the 96-well plate format, termed parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction, for different classes of drugs of abuse, including NPS, in plasma samples is presented. In chapter 8, an electromembrane extraction in the 96-well plate format for synthetic cathinones in whole blood samples was developed. In this work, sample preparation techniques were developed, optimized and validated. The principles of sustainable chemistry in method development were applied in different ways, such as reducing the sample volume, simplifying procedures, avoiding the use of organic solvents, among others. Thus, greener alternatives were presented for the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological samples and contribute to consolidate and spread this trend of environmental consciousness during method development. Additionally, valuable techniques that can be used in the combat against NPS were provided

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The lack of data regarding infant exposure to drugs of abuse consumed by lactating mothers has become a major health concern. Investigating psychoactive substances and their metabolites in breastmilk is an analytical approach to estimate the rate at which drugs of abuse are excreted and how much infants are exposed to them. In this study, we have developed and validated a GC-MS method using disposable pipette tips for simultaneously extracting ten analytes from breastmilk samples obtained from a milk bank in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. All the 67 analyzed samples tested negative for all the analytes. This is the first study that has applied disposable pipette extraction to analyze drugs of abuse in breastmilk samples.

Breastfeeding, the most effective single strategy to reduce child mortality, provides numerous benefits for both the mother and the infant. The mother's consumption habits during breastfeeding strongly influence breastmilk quality and the newborn's nutrition. Given that drugs of abuse negatively affect both the mother's and the infant's health, analyzing breastmilk samples helps to estimate infant exposure to these drugs and to evaluate how severe this public health issue is. We have developed a new method to monitor ten substances in breastmilk, to improve our understanding of this issue in Brazil. None of the substances were detected in the few samples obtained from a milk bank, which showed that this organization successfully analyzes the donor's profile and conducts effective anamnesis. Future analysis of a larger number of samples and hence more data could help to describe the current scenario in more detail.

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RESUMO As Intervenções Breves têm sido preconizadas há mais de 20 anos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma estratégia de prevenção aos problemas relacionados ao uso de Substâncias Psicoativas, tendo como prioridade a aplicação nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde visando a diminuição dos riscos relacionados a esse fenômeno. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi mapear e descrever as evidências científicas existentes na literatura sobre o uso de Intervenção Breve para o uso de Substâncias Psicoativas desenvolvidas no Brasil. Trata-se de revisão sistemática. As buscas foram realizadas em sete fontes de informações, em agosto de 2021. Todos os estudos foram desenvolvidos com abordagem quantitativa. O álcool esteve presente na maioria dos estudos, seguido da maconha e nicotina. O cenário predominante foi a unidade básica de saúde, com público de adultos de ambos os sexos e universitários. A maioria apresentou como proposta a Intervenção Breve grupal presencial e somente dez indicaram o referencial norteador da Intervenção Breve utilizada. No Brasil, as Intervenções Breves são incipientes e os estudos apresentados não destacam com exatidão o referencial norteador da intervenção utilizada.

ABSTRACT Brief Interventions have been recommended for more than 20 years by the World Health Organization as a strategy to prevent problems related to the use of Psychoactive Substances, with priority being applied in primary health care services in order to reduce the risks related to this substance. phenomenon. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to map and describe the existing scientific evidence in the literature on the use of Brief Intervention for the use of Psychoactive Substances developed in Brazil. This is a systematic review. Searches were carried out in seven sources of information in August 2021. All studies were developed with a quantitative approach. Alcohol was present in most studies, followed by marijuana and nicotine. The predominant scenario was the basic health unit, with a public of adults of both sexes and university students. The majority presented a brief face-to-face group intervention as a proposal and only ten indicated the guiding reference of the Brief Intervention used. In Brazil, Brief Interventions are incipient and the studies presented do not accurately highlight the guiding reference for the intervention used.

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Este estudo busca identificar e analisar os estudos que associam a Psicologia Positiva e seus construtos com os transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas. Foi feita uma revisão integrativa sobre o tema. De 64 resultados encontrados, 13 artigos foram selecionados para descrição e análise. Identificou-se baixa produção científica sobre o tema, ainda que esteja em expansão. Apenas sete estudos tinham como objetivo principal a relação entre a Psicologia Positiva e o uso de substâncias psicoativas, sendo apenas dois experimentais. Evidenciou-se também a concentração de publicações nos EUA e a falta de estudos brasileiros. Os construtos da Psicologia Positiva mais abordados são a felicidade e a espiritualidade, estando associados a um menor uso de substâncias psicoativas. Fica demonstrado o potencial desse campo de estudo para a prevenção e tratamento desses transtornos, sugerindo-se o aumento da produção cientifica. (AU)

This study aims to identify and analyze studies that associate Positive Psychology and its constructs with disorders related to the use of psychoactive substances. Method: An integrative review on the subject was conducted. Of the 64 results found, 13 articles were selected for description and analysis. Results: Although expanding, a low scientific production on the subject was identified. There were only seven studies focused on the relationship between Positive Psychology and the use of psychoactive substances, and only two were experimental. The concentration of publications in the USA and the lack of Brazilian studies were also evident. The most discussed constructs of Positive Psychology are happiness and spirituality, which are associated with a reduced use of psychoactive substances. Conclusions: This field of study has demonstrated potential for the prevention and treatment of these disorders, suggesting an increase in scientific production. (AU)

Este estudio busca identificar y analizar estudios que asocien la Psicología Positiva y sus constructos con trastornos relacionados con el uso de sustancias psicoactivas. Método: Se realizó una revisión integrativa sobre el tema. De 64 resultados encontrados, 13 artículos fueron seleccionados para su descripción y análisis. Resultados: Se identificó una baja producción científica sobre el tema, aunque se encuentra en expansión. Solo siete estudios tuvieron como objetivo principal la relación entre la Psicología Positiva y el uso de sustancias psicoactivas, de los cuales, solo dos fueron experimentales. También fue evidente la concentración de publicaciones en los EE. UU. y la falta de estudios brasileños. Los constructos más discutidos de la Psicología Positiva son la felicidad y la espiritualidad, asociándose a un menor consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusiones: Se demuestra el potencial de este campo de estudio para la prevención y tratamiento de estos trastornos, sugiriendo un incremento en la producción científica. (AU)

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Introducción: el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en escolares es un fenómeno complejo con múltiples efectos negativos. Desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales y la promoción de la salud, la institución educativa (IE) es un agente decisivo para acciones participativas. El objetivo fue identificar factores individuales e institucionales asociados con la participación de estudiantes en una IE pública de Cali (Colombia) para prevenir el consumo de SPA. Materiales y métodos: estudio de caso con enfoque mixto. La aproximación cualitativa implicó un análisis documental para explorar la respuesta y factores institucionales de la IE seleccionada como caso crítico; mientras que para identificar los factores individuales relevantes se desarrolló un componente cuantitativo mediante encuesta a 156 estudiantes (secundaria-media) de esa IE. Resultados: los estudiantes identifican como factor relevante para el consumo de SPA la presión de amigos o compañeros; se evidencia que los espacios y procesos de prevención de mayor aporte son la comunicación con pares. También se reconoce como factor institucional el trabajo curricular desde las áreas para fortalecer la toma de decisiones. Conclusión: en la estrategia de escuelas saludables, es crucial la alianza entre el sector educativo y el sector salud, para dinamizar espacios y procesos de participación dirigidos a prevenir el consumo de SPA. Los estudios de análisis del desarrollo de la estrategia de escuelas saludables son requeridos para generar elementos de reflexión dirigidos al ajuste de las acciones de empoderamiento de los estudiantes y que los procesos de participación juvenil logren la continuidad requerida

Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) among schoolchildren suggests a complex phenomenon with multiple negative effects. From the perspective of social determinants and health promotion, the educational institution (EI) acts as a decisive agent for participatory actions. The present study aimed to identify individuals and institutional factors associated with the participation of students in an IE public of Cali (Colombia) toward the prevention of the consumption of PAS. Materials and methods: This is a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach. The former involved a documentary analysis for the exploration of the response and the institutional factors of EI, which were selected as a critical case. Meanwhile, to identify the relevant individual factors, a quantitative component was developed through a survey of 156 students (Secondary­Middle School) of that EI. Results: Students identified pressure from friends or classmates as a relevant factor for PAS consumption, indicating that the spaces and prevention processes with the most significant contribution are communication with peers. The curricular work from the areas to strengthen decision-making is also recognized as an institutional factor. Conclusion: Within the healthy schools' strategy, the alliance between the education and health sectors is of crucial relevance for the promotion of the revitalization of spaces and participation processes aimed at preventing the consumption of PAS. The analysis of studies on the development of healthy schools strategy is thus required to generate elements of reflection directed toward the adjustment of the actions facilitating the empowerment of the students and those referring to youth participation to achieve the required continuity.

Introdução: o consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em estudantes é um fenômeno complexo com múl- tiplos efeitos negativos. Na perspectiva dos determinantes sociais e da promoção da saúde, a instituição de ensino (IE) é um agente decisivo para ações participativas. O objetivo foi identificar fatores individuais e institucionais associados à participação de alunos em uma IE pública de Cali (Colômbia) para prevenir o consumo de SPA. Materiais e métodos: estudo de caso com abordagem mista. A abordagem qualitativa envolveu uma análise documental para explorar a resposta e os fatores institucionais da IE selecionada como caso crítico; enquanto para identificar os fatores individuais relevantes, desenvolveu-se um com- ponente quantitativo através de um questionário a 156 alunos (ensino médio) daquela IE. Resultados: os alunos identificam a pressão de amigos ou colegas como fator relevante para o consumo de SPA; é evidente que os espaços e processos de prevenção com maior contribuição são a comunicação com os pares. O trabalho curricular das áreas para fortalecer a tomada de decisão também é reconhecido como um fator institucional. Conclusão: na estratégia das escolas saudáveis, a aliança entre o setor da educação e o setor da saúde, assume uma relevância crucial para promover a revitalização de espaços e processos participativos direcionados à prevenção do consumo de SPA. Os estudos de análise do desenvolvimento da estratégia de escolas saudáveis são necessários para gerar elementos de reflexão direcionados ao ajuste das ações de empoderamento dos alunos e que os processos de participação juvenil alcancem a necessária continuidade

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Introducción: El nivel de riesgo de consumo se establece a partir de la exposición que tiene una persona a ciertos factores de riesgo o características individuales, familiares o sociales, que posibilitan o aumentan el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA). Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como propósito relacionar el nivel de riesgo de consumo de SPA con el uso problemático de videojuegos y redes sociales, a fin de establecer su posible papel como factores de riesgo de tipo social. Método: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cuantitativo con un diseño no experimental transversal de alcance descriptivo correlacional con la participación de 736 estudiantes. Se emplearon como instrumentos de recolección de datos el cuestionario sociodemográfico, prueba de tamizaje ASSIST 3,1, cuestionario de adicción a redes sociales - ARS y el cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con los Videojuegos - CERV. Resultados: Algunos resultados sugieren mayor exposición al consumo de sustancias alcohólicas, derivados del tabaco, del cannabis y mayores niveles en el uso problemático de redes sociales y videojuegos. Conclusiones: A partir de lo hallado, las evidencias apuntan a que el aumento de riesgo no depende de la tipología familiar, al contrario de lo que pasa con el sexo, a su vez el consumo de tabaco, alcohol, cocaína, inhalantes, sedantes y opiáceos dependen de variaciones.

Introduction: The level of risk of consumption is established from the exposure that a person has to certain risk factors or individual, family, or social characteristics, which enable or increase the consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS). Objective: The purpose of this study was to relate the level of risk of PAS consumption with the problematic use of video games and social networks, in order to establish their possible role as social risk factors. Method: A quantitative study was carried out with a non-experimental cross-sectional design of descriptive correlational scope with the participation of 736 students. The sociodemographic questionnaire, ASSIST 3,1 screening test, social network addiction questionnaire ARS and the Video Game Related Experiences Questionnaire CERV were used as data collection instruments. Results: It was found Some results suggest greater exposure to the consumption of alcoholic substances, tobacco derivatives, cannabis derivatives and higher levels in the problematic use of social networks and video games. Conclusions: From what was found, the evidence points to the fact that increased risk does not depend on family typology, contrary to what happens with sex, in turn the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, inhalants, sedatives and opiates depend on variations.

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Introdução: os medicamentos psicotrópicos são modificadores do sistema nervoso central, que agem nas doenças psiquiátricas com o objetivo de proporcionar cura ou estabilização destes quadros clínicos. Porém, o uso irracional dos psicotrópicos é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública, devido aos diversos prejuízos que essa prática causa a população mundial. Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prescrição de medicamentos psicotrópicos dos usuários atendidos na farmácia básica do município de Nova Floresta/PB. Metodologia: estudo transversal, quantitativo e do tipo descritivo, durante os meses de outubro de 2016 a maio de 2017. As receitas e notificações de receitas foram avaliadas conforme as informações registradas pelo prescritor e na ação da dispensação dos medicamentos. Resultados: foram entrevistados 176 usuários de psicotrópicos no município de Nova Floresta-PB. Observou-se prevalência do sexo feminino (58,5%). A faixa etária prevalente foi de adultos que correspondeu a 72,7%, seguido de idosos (22,2%). Os psicotrópicos mais dispensados foram amitriptilina (15,4%), fenobarbital (14,4%), clonazepam (12,9%) e diazepam (9,9). Foram encontradas 21 prescrições com interações medicamentosas. Quanto às prescrições e o preenchimento correto da receita e notificação da receita, 5,7% das prescrições não apresentavam posologia e/ou data. Conclusão: observou-se a necessidade de sensibilização dos prescritores em relação à prescrição racional, assim como a necessidade de orientação por parte do farmacêutico junto aos usuários.

Introduction: during the stay in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), hospitalized patients are more vulnerable to changes in the oral cavity resulting from the use of artificial respiration equipment and the immunocompromised state in which they are found. Objective: to identify the main oral manifestations in patients admitted to an ICU, as well as to verify the knowledge of professionals responsible for oral hygiene. Methodology: this is a descriptive quantitative study with cross-sectional design. Data were obtained from the patient's medical records and through an intraoral clinical examination. For professionals responsible for oral hygiene, a questionnaire was used. The analyses were performed in the SPSS version 21.0 program in a descriptive way. Results: the oral manifestations with the highest incidence were tongue coating, dental biofilm, candidiasis, due to the quality of oral hygiene provided and low immunity. Oral and systemic findings related to patients with longer hospital stays were lip dryness, angular cheilitis, depapilated tongue, candidiasis and pneumonia. All professionals responsible for oral hygiene of patients had technical training in nursing and were unaware of important alterations such as dental biofilm and nosocomial pneumonia. Conclusion: the data from this study allow us to conclude that despite the constancy with which oral hygiene is performed, there is a high frequency of oral lesions in critical ICU patients. Evidencing the role of quality oral hygiene assistance, highlighting the importance of the dentist's role in multidisciplinary teams, since the risk of oral infectious foci can contribute to the aggravation and worsening of the clinical condition of patients.

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The photocatalytic decomposition of caffeine under UV-light irradiation was observed for the first time in a matrix of synthetic urine using granules of hydrogenated and iron-exchanged natural zeolite, coated with two loadings of TiO2. A natural clinoptilolite-mordenite blend was used to prepare photocatalytic adsorbents coated with TiO2 nanoparticles. The performance of the obtained materials was tested in the photodegradation of caffeine, a water contaminant of emerging concern. The photocatalytic activity was better in the urine matrix, due to the formation of surface complexes on the TiO2 coating, cation exchange performed by the zeolite support, and use of the carrier electrons in the reduction of ions, affecting recombination of the electrons and holes during photocatalysis. The composite granules maintained photocatalytic activity for at least four cycles, with more than 50% of caffeine removal in the synthetic urine matrix.

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Investigou-se vivências de pessoas em situação de rua que usam/usaram substâncias psicoativas, a partir de um programa de reinserção social e geração de renda, no Distrito Federal. Trata-se de estudo realizado com quatro adultos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As informações foram analisadas pela Análise de Conteúdo, gerando as categorias: caracterização do uso de substâncias psicoativas; experiência com programas para usuários de álcool e outras drogas; história de vida e a situação de rua; projeto social e uso de substâncias psicoativas. Como resultados, evidenciou-se como os participantes se relacionam com substâncias psicoativas, como o projeto social investigado se configura como potencializador para transformação de vidas. Conclui-se que a história de vida dos sujeitos está ligada à situação de rua e uso de substâncias psicoativas, destacando-se o potencial transformador de programas sociais, possibilitadores de desenvolvimento econômico e social, e que modelos baseados em abstinência se mostraram ineficazes como forma de tratamento. (AU)

The experiences of homeless people who use/have used psychoactive substances were investigated, based on a program of social reintegrationand income generation, in the Federal District. This is a study carried out with four adults through semi-structured interviews. The information was analyzed by Content Analysis, generating the following categories: characterization of the use of psychoactive substances; experience with programs for users of alcohol and other drugs; life history and the street situation; social project and use of psychoactive substances. As a result, it was evidenced how the participants relate to psychoactive substances, how the investigated social project is configured as a potentiator for the transformation of lives. It is concluded that the life history of the subjects is linked to the homeless situation and the use of psychoactive substances, highlighting the transforming potential of social programs, enabling economic and social development, and that models based on abstinence proved to be ineffective as a way to of treatment. (AU)

Se indagaron las experiencias de personas en situación de calle que consumen/han utilizado sustancias psicoactivas, a partir de un programa de reinserción social y generación de ingresos, en el Distrito Federal. Se trata de un estudio realizado con cuatro adultos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. La información fue analizada por Análisis de Contenido, generando las siguientes categorías: caracterización del uso de sustancias psicoactivas; experiencia con programas para usuarios de alcohol y otras drogas; historia de vida y situación de la calle; proyecto social y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Como resultado, se evidenció cómo los participantes se relacionan con las sustancias psicoactivas, cómo el proyecto social investigado se configura como un potenciador para la transformación de vidas. Se concluye que la historia de vida de los sujetos está vinculada a la situación de calle y al uso de sustancias psicoactivas, destacando el potencial transformador de los programas sociales, viabilizando el desarrollo económico y social, y que los modelos basados en la abstinencia demostraron ser ineficaces como vía de tratamiento. (AU)

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En estudios preliminares objetivamos alta prevalencia de uso de sustancias psicoactivas (SP) entre alumnos de Anatomía, con mayor impacto entre los recursantes o aquellos con actividades laborales. La causa del uso es multifactorial, pero se destacan factores de riesgo y precipitantes como la carga horaria de la currícula, exigencias de estudio, el distrés por el afrontamiento cadavérico negativo, el nuevo contexto educativo y la cantidad de horas de sueño. El objetivo fue comparar la prevalencia de uso de SP entre las cohortes de 2011-2019, con focalización en los factores determinantes conductuales. Estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo mediante encuesta estandarizada y anónima en 945 alumnos (año 2011= 122; año 2013= 158; año 2015=204; año 2017= 228; año 2019= 233). Se aplicaron parámetros estadísticos, se definió la significación como p -0.84; AA: r> -0.71). En el caso de ansiolíticos benzodiacepínicos, se asoció con falta de sueño y distrés por el afrontamiento negativo al estudio con cadáveres. En las cohortes comparadas por el lapso de 9 años hallamos alta prevalencia de uso de sustancias psicoactivas con tendencia al incremento. Las variables actividad laboral y recursante fueron determinantes para el uso de sustancias, y se asociaron cuestiones relativas a la adaptabilidad universitaria y afrontamiento de estudio negativo con el cadáver; todos con incidencia pedagógica en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje.

SUMMARY: In preliminary studies, we observed a high prevalence of the use of psychoactive substances (PS) among Anatomy students, with a greater impact among recurrent students or those with work activities. The cause of use is multifactorial, but risk and precipitating factors stand out, such as the workload of the curriculum, study demands, distress due to negative cadaveric coping, the new educational context and the number of hours of sleep. The objective was to compare the prevalence of SP use between the 2011-2019 cohorts, with a focus on behavioral determinants. Observational, cross-sectional and comparative study using a standardized and anonymous survey in 945 students (year 2011= 122; year 2013= 158; year 2015=204; year 2017= 228; year 2019= 233). Statistical parameters were applied, significance was defined as p -0.84; AA: r> -0.71). In the case of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, it was associated with lack of sleep and distress due to negative coping with the study with cadavers. In the cohorts compared for a period of 9 years, we found a high prevalence of psychoactive substance use with an increasing trend. The variables work activity and recurrence were determinants for the use of substances, and issues related to university adaptability and negative study coping with the corpse were associated; all with pedagogical impact on the teaching and learning process.

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