RESUMEN
Planted forest soils can have great potential for CO2-C sequestration, mainly due to belowground C inputs, which impact deep soil C (DSC) accumulation. However, there are still gaps in understanding the CO2 emission dynamics in eucalypt plantations. Therefore, we used isotopic techniques to investigate the dynamics of the soil surface CO2-C flux and CO2-C concentration with depth for a eucalypt plantation influenced by different C inputs (above- and belowground). The gas evaluations were carried in depth the root to valuation of root priming effect (RPE) was calculated. In addition, measurements of the plant (C-fine root and C-litterfall) and soil (total organic carbon - TOC, total nitrogen - TN, soil moisture - SM, and soil temperature - ST) were performed. After planting the eucalypt trees, there was an increase in the soil surface CO2-C flux with plant growth. Root growth contributed greatly to the soil surface CO2-C flux, promoting greater surface RPE over time. In comparison to the other factors, SM had a greater influence on litterfall decomposition and root respiration. It was not possible to detect losses in TOC and TN in the different soil layers for the 31-month-old eucalypt. However, the 40-month-old eucalypt showed a positive RPE with depth, indicating possible replacement of DSC ("old C") by rhizodeposition-C ("new C") in the soil. Thus, in eucalyptus plantations, aboveground plant growth influences CO2 emissions on the soil surface, while root growth and activity influence C in deeper soil layers. This information indicates the need for future changes in forest management, with a view to reducing CO2 emissions.
Asunto(s)
Dióxido de Carbono , Suelo , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Bosques , Árboles , Carbono/análisisRESUMEN
Natural elicitors from macroalgae may affect plant secondary metabolites. Ulvan is a sulfated heteropolysaccharide extracted from green seaweed, acting as both a plant biotic protecting agent, and a plant elicitor, leading to the synthesis of signal molecules. In this work, the aqueous extract of Ulva intestinalis L., mainly composed of ulvan, was used as foliar-spraying treatment and its eliciting effect was investigated in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.). Antioxidant metabolites (polyphenols and carotenoids), volatile compounds (both in headspace emissions and hydrodistilled essential oils), and hormones (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, salicylic acid 2-O-ß-D-glucoside, abscisic acid, and azelaic acid) were quantified. The foliar-spraying treatment with U. intestinalis extract increased salicylic acid and its ß-glucoside in parsley; in basil, it induced the accumulation of jasmonic and abscisic acids, indicating the presence of a priming effect. In basil, the elicitation caused a change of the essential oil (EO) chemotype from methyl eugenol/eugenol to epi-α-cadinol and increased sesquiterpenes. In parsley EO it caused a significant accumulation of 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, responsible of the typical "parsley-like" smell. In both species, the phenylpropanoids decreased in headspace and EO compositions, while the salicylic acid concentration increased; this could indicate a primarily defensive response to U. intestinalis extract. Due to the evidenced significant biological activity, U. intestinalis extract used as an elicitor may represent a suitable tool to obtain higher amounts of metabolites for optimizing plant flavor metabolites.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Amazon River is one of the largest in the world and receives huge amounts of terrestrial organic matter (TeOM) from the surrounding rainforest. Despite this TeOM is typically recalcitrant (i.e. resistant to degradation), only a small fraction of it reaches the ocean, pointing to a substantial TeOM degradation by the river microbiome. Yet, microbial genes involved in TeOM degradation in the Amazon River were barely known. Here, we examined the Amazon River microbiome by analysing 106 metagenomes from 30 sampling points distributed along the river. RESULTS: We constructed the Amazon River basin Microbial non-redundant Gene Catalogue (AMnrGC) that includes ~ 3.7 million non-redundant genes, affiliating mostly to bacteria. We found that the Amazon River microbiome contains a substantial gene-novelty compared to other relevant known environments (rivers and rainforest soil). Genes encoding for proteins potentially involved in lignin degradation pathways were correlated to tripartite tricarboxylates transporters and hemicellulose degradation machinery, pointing to a possible priming effect. Based on this, we propose a model on how the degradation of recalcitrant TeOM could be modulated by labile compounds in the Amazon River waters. Our results also suggest changes of the microbial community and its genomic potential along the river course. CONCLUSIONS: Our work contributes to expand significantly our comprehension of the world's largest river microbiome and its potential metabolism related to TeOM degradation. Furthermore, the produced gene catalogue (AMnrGC) represents an important resource for future research in tropical rivers. Video abstract.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/metabolismo , Genómica , Microbiota/genética , Bosque Lluvioso , RíosRESUMEN
The essential tea tree oil (TTO) derived from Melaleuca alternifolia plant is widely used as a biopesticide to protect crops from several plant-pathogens. Its activity raised queries regarding its ability to, not only act as a bio-fungicide or bio-bactericide, but also systemically inducing resistance in plants. This was examined by TTO application to banana plants challenged by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc, Race 1) causing Fusarium wilt and to tomato plants challenged by Xanthomonas campestris. Parameters to assess resistance induction included: disease development, enzymatic activity, defense genes expression correlated to systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) and priming effect. Spraying TTO on field-grown banana plants infected with Foc and greenhouse tomato plants infected with Xanthomonas campestris led to resistance induction in both hosts. Several marker genes of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were significantly up-regulated in parallel with symptoms reduction. For tomato plants, we have also recorded a priming effect following TTO treatment. In addition to fungicidal and bactericidal effect, TTO can be applied in more sustainable strategies to control diseases by enhancing the plants ability to defend themselves against pathogens and ultimately diminish chemical pesticides applications.
RESUMEN
Diversos estudos experimentais têm evidenciado a influência do estado afetivo, genericamente entendido, e emocional, em especificidade, no processamento cognitivo. Nesta sequência, tivemos como objetivo analisar o efeito da pré-exposição a estímulos de diferentes valências afetivas - negativa,positiva e neutra - na operação cognitiva de estimação de magnitude numérica da severidade de comportamentos antissociais. Participaram 37 estudantes universitários do mesmo grupo turma, do gênero feminino, entre os 18 e os 24 anos de idade, M = 19.53; DP = 1.06. Foram distribuídas aleatoriamente por três condições experimentais, definidas pela valência dos estímulos: negativa, positiva e neutra. Seguidamente, visualizaram um conjunto de 18 imagens - do IAPS - da valência da respetiva condição experimental, registrando na Self Assessment Manikin o estado afetivo que as imagens produziam. Após um intervalo de quatro minutos, as participantes estimaram a gravidade de 15 comportamentos antissociais. Os resultados indicaram que a pré-exposição de valência negativa teve um efeito significativo de diminuição da estimação da severidade dos comportamentos antissociais, comparativamente como os restantes grupos. Finalmente,procuramos na hipótese da dessensibilização emocional a compreensão dos resultados.
Several experimental studies have emphasized the influence of the affectivestate, generically understood, and emotional state, in specificity, in cognitive processing. In this sequence, we aimed to analyze the effect of pre-exposure to stimuli of different valences negative, positive and neutral in the cognitive operation of numerical magnitude estimation of antisocial behavior. 37 female university students took part in this study, all from the same class aged between 18 and 24 years, M = 19.53, SD = 1.06. They were randomly distributed in three experimental conditions related to the stimulus valence: negative, positive, and neutral. The participants viewed a series of 18 picturesof the International Affective Picture System of the respective experimental condition, registering into the Self Assessment Manikin the affective state that the images produced. After four minutes of interval, the participants estimated the severity of 15 antisocial behaviors. The results indicated that the negative valence pre- exposure had a significant effect of decreasing the estimation of the severity of antisocial behaviors, comparatively with the other groups. Finally, we discussed the results according to the hypothesis of emotional desensitization.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Conducta Social , AfectoRESUMEN
Diversos estudos experimentais têm evidenciado a influência do estadoafetivo, genericamente entendido, e emocional, em especificidade, noprocessamento cognitivo. Nesta sequência, tivemos como objetivo analisar oefeito da pré-exposição a estímulos de diferentes valências afetivas - negativa,positiva e neutra - na operação cognitiva de estimação de magnitudenumérica da severidade de comportamentos antissociais. Participaram 37 estudantes universitários do mesmo grupo turma, do gênero feminino, entreos 18 e os 24 anos de idade, M = 19.53; DP = 1.06. Foram distribuídas aleatoriamente por três condições experimentais, definidas pela valência dos estímulos: negativa, positiva e neutra. Seguidamente, visualizaram um conjunto de 18 imagens - do IAPS - da valência da respetiva condição experimental, registrando na Self Assessment Manikin o estado afetivo que as imagens produziam. Após um intervalo de quatro minutos, as participantes estimaram a gravidade de 15 comportamentos antissociais. Os resultados indicaram que a pré-exposição de valência negativa teve um efeito significativo de diminuição da estimação da severidade dos comportamentos antissociais, comparativamente como os restantes grupos. Finalmente,procuramos na hipótese da dessensibilização emocional a compreensão dos resultados.
Several experimental studies have emphasized the influence of the affectivestate, generically understood, and emotional state, in specificity, in cognitive processing. In this sequence, we aimed to analyze the effect of pre-exposure to stimuli of different valences negative, positive and neutral in the cognitive operation of numerical magnitude estimation of antisocial behavior. 37 female university students took part in this study, all from the same class aged between 18 and 24 years, M = 19.53, SD = 1.06. They were randomly distributed in three experimental conditions related to the stimulus valence: negative, positive, and neutral. The participants viewed a series of 18 picturesof the International Affective Picture System of the respective experimental condition, registering into the Self Assessment Manikin the affective state that the images produced. After four minutes of interval, the participants estimated the severity of 15 antisocial behaviors. The results indicated that the negative valence pre- exposure had a significant effect of decreasing the estimation of the severity of antisocial behaviors, comparatively with the other groups. Finally, we discussed the results according to the hypothesis of emotional desensitization.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Adulto Joven , AfectoRESUMEN
O efeito priming (pré-ativação) vem sendo estudado pela neuropsicologia e psicologia social há aproximadamente 50 anos, estando relacionado ao modo como um estímulo inicial pode afetar as respostas de um indivíduo a estímulos subsequentes, sem que exista consciência do mesmo sobre tal influência.A partir dos anos 90, passou a ser alvo de pesquisas também no âmbito do comportamento do consumidor (CC), constituindo-se de importante variável nos trabalhos voltados ao inconsciente humano e na compreensão das influências que as pessoas sofrem durante o processo de tomada de decisão. Considerando a diversidade de conceitos relacionados ao priming existentes, este artigo utiliza de uma revisão de literatura para discutir os principais e organizar as informações relativas ao seu uso perante o CC, com foco em situar os estudos existentes e auxiliar pesquisadores interessados no assunto em novas pesquisas. Percebe-se que os estudos de marketing em geral vêm utilizando a pré-ativação de três formas distintas: como instrumento, como objeto de estudo e como meio para ação dos elementos de marketing. Ainda, algumas questões sobre o tema permanecem em aberto, demandando mais estudos a respeito de seu funcionamento. (AU)
The priming effect has been investigated by neuropsychology and social psychology for around 50 years and is related to how an initial stimulus can affect the responses of an individual to subsequent stimuli, without any knowledge of the subject on such influence. From the 1990s, it also became the subject of researches in consumer behavior (CB), becoming an important variable in works related to the human unconscious and the understanding of the influences that people suffer during the decision making process. Considering the diversity of existing concepts related to priming, this article uses a literature review to discuss the main concepts and organize information relating to their use in CB, focusing in pointing out the existing studies and assist researchers interested in the subject in new researches. It is observed that marketing studies in general have been using priming in three different ways: as a tool, as an object of study and as a means of action of marketing elements. Furthermore, some issues on the subject remain open, which requires further studies on how it works. (AU)
El efecto priming (preactivación) lo viene estudiando la neuropsicología y psicología social hace aproximadamente 50 años, está relacionado al modo como un estímulo inicial puede afectar las respuestas de un individuo a estímulos subsiguientes, sin que exista consciencia del mismo sobre tal influencia. A partir de los años 90, pasó a ser objeto de investigaciones también en el ámbito del comportamiento del consumidor (CC), constituyéndose de importante variable en los trabajos volcados al inconsciente humano y en la comprensión de las influencias que las personas sufren durante el proceso de toma de decisión. Considerando la diversidad de conceptos relacionados al priming existentes, este artículo utiliza una revisión de literatura para discutir los principales y organizar las informaciones relativas a su uso ante el CC, con enfoque en situar los estudios existentes y auxiliar a investigadores interesados en el asunto en nuevas investigaciones. Se nota que los estudios de marketing en general vienen utilizando la preactivación de tres formas distintas: como instrumento, como objeto de estudio y como medio para acción de los elementos de marketing. También, algunas cuestiones sobre el tema permanecen en abierto, demandando más estudios sobre su funcionamiento. (AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Psicología Social , Conducta , Neuropsicología , MercadotecníaRESUMEN
O efeito priming (pré-ativação) vem sendo estudado pela neuropsicologia e psicologia social há aproximadamente 50 anos, estando relacionado ao modo como um estímulo inicial pode afetar as respostas de um indivíduo a estímulos subsequentes, sem que exista consciência do mesmo sobre tal influência.A partir dos anos 90, passou a ser alvo de pesquisas também no âmbito do comportamento do consumidor (CC), constituindo-se de importante variável nos trabalhos voltados ao inconsciente humano e na compreensão das influências que as pessoas sofrem durante o processo de tomada de decisão. Considerando a diversidade de conceitos relacionados ao priming existentes, este artigo utiliza de uma revisão de literatura para discutir os principais e organizar as informações relativas ao seu uso perante o CC, com foco em situar os estudos existentes e auxiliar pesquisadores interessados no assunto em novas pesquisas. Percebe-se que os estudos de marketing em geral vêm utilizando a pré-ativação de três formas distintas: como instrumento, como objeto de estudo e como meio para ação dos elementos de marketing. Ainda, algumas questões sobre o tema permanecem em aberto, demandando mais estudos a respeito de seu funcionamento.
The priming effect has been investigated by neuropsychology and social psychology for around 50 years and is related to how an initial stimulus can affect the responses of an individual to subsequent stimuli, without any knowledge of the subject on such influence. From the 1990s, it also became the subject of researches in consumer behavior (CB), becoming an important variable in works related to the human unconscious and the understanding of the influences that people suffer during the decision making process. Considering the diversity of existing concepts related to priming, this article uses a literature review to discuss the main concepts and organize information relating to their use in CB, focusing in pointing out the existing studies and assist researchers interested in the subject in new researches. It is observed that marketing studies in general have been using priming in three different ways: as a tool, as an object of study and as a means of action of marketing elements. Furthermore, some issues on the subject remain open, which requires further studies on how it works.
El efecto priming (preactivación) lo viene estudiando la neuropsicología y psicología social hace aproximadamente 50 años, está relacionado al modo como un estímulo inicial puede afectar las respuestas de un individuo a estímulos subsiguientes, sin que exista consciencia del mismo sobre tal influencia. A partir de los años 90, pasó a ser objeto de investigaciones también en el ámbito del comportamiento del consumidor (CC), constituyéndose de importante variable en los trabajos volcados al inconsciente humano y en la comprensión de las influencias que las personas sufren durante el proceso de toma de decisión. Considerando la diversidad de conceptos relacionados al priming existentes, este artículo utiliza una revisión de literatura para discutir los principales y organizar las informaciones relativas a su uso ante el CC, con enfoque en situar los estudios existentes y auxiliar a investigadores interesados en el asunto en nuevas investigaciones. Se nota que los estudios de marketing en general vienen utilizando la preactivación de tres formas distintas: como instrumento, como objeto de estudio y como medio para acción de los elementos de marketing. También, algunas cuestiones sobre el tema permanecen en abierto, demandando más estudios sobre su funcionamiento.