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This study examines how racialization processes (conceptualized as multilevel and dynamic processes) shape prenatal mental health by testing the association of discrimination and the John Henryism hypothesis on depressive symptoms for pregnant Mexican-origin immigrant women. We analyzed baseline data (n = 218) from a healthy lifestyle intervention for pregnant Latinas in Detroit, Michigan. Using separate multiple linear regression models, we examined the independent and joint associations of discrimination and John Henryism with depressive symptoms and effect modification by socioeconomic position. Discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (ß = 2.84; p < .001) when adjusting for covariates. This association did not vary by socioeconomic position. Women primarily attributed discrimination to language use, racial background, and nativity. We did not find support for the John Henryism hypothesis, meaning that the hypothesized association between John Henryism and depressive symptoms did not vary by socioeconomic position. Examinations of joint associations of discrimination and John Henryism on depressive symptoms indicate a positive association between discrimination and depressive symptoms (ß = 2.81; p < .001) and no association of John Henryism and depressive symptoms (ß = -0.83; p > .05). Results suggest complex pathways by which racialization processes affect health and highlight the importance of considering experiences of race, class, and gender within racialization processes.
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Prenatal anxiety and depression in pandemic context could introduce changes in the fetal developmental trajectories that, ultimately, could alter the adaptive behaviors of the offspring, potentially affecting, for example, general neurodevelopment. The sample consisted of 105 mother-child dyads, recruited between March and May 2020. The dyads were evaluated longitudinally, prenatally and postnatally (6 months). The Pandemic Impact Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck-II Depression Inventory were used to assess indicators of maternal anxiety and depression, respectively. Regarding the babies, their mothers responded to Age and Stages: 3, which assesses different dimensions of early neurodevelopment, in addition to a closed questionnaire to identify sociodemographic and maternal and child health variables. A series of mediation models were tested to examine the association between prenatal psychopathology/negative experiences of the pandemic and neurodevelopment. The results indicated that the negative experiences of the pandemic were indirectly associated with the socio-individual and fine motor neurodevelopment of the offspring, through maternal anxiety symptoms, during the third trimester, which functioned as a mediator. Conclusions: This study provides evidence on the mediating effects of maternal anxiety on infant neurodevelopment in contexts of early adversity. It is important to point out the need to implement public health policies that allow a timely evaluation of neurodevelopmental variables during early childhood, which can implement early interventions to reduce the risks associated with these deficits. What is Known: ⢠Effects of maternal mental health have been reported, effects on child neurodevelopment, in motor, cognitive, linguistic and socio-emotional dimensions. ⢠Contexts of early adversity have been associated with maternal mental health and offspring development. What is New: ⢠The context of pandemic adversity caused by COVID-19 is associated with motor and socio-individual neurodevelopment, mediated by maternal prenatal anxiety.
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The COVID-19 pandemic context may predispose mothers to increased maternal psychopathology, which may be associated with offspring socioemotional development. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between prenatal anxiety and depression and exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic with offspring socioemotional development, controlling for postnatal anxiety and depression. A total of 105 mother-child dyads were assessed in pre- and postnatal periods. Questionnaires were used to assess the impact of the pandemic, indicators of psychopathology, and the socioemotional development of the offspring. Results suggest that negative pandemic experiences are indirectly associated with offspring socioemotional development via prenatal maternal anxiety symptomatology and after controlling for postnatal anxiety and depression. These indicators predispose to emotional deficits and increase the risks of psychopathological and neurodevelopmental disorders. It is important to adopt health policies that provide timely assessment of development in early childhood to reduce the risks associated with these deficits.
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Several studies have reported the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic context on mental health. Given that pregnant women constitute a vulnerable group, they may be at greater risk for developing psychopathological symptoms due to the confinement. The current study aimed to longitudinally analyze the presence and evolution of indicators of depression and anxiety in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and to identify the differential effects of social isolation or distancing measures on these groups. Participants were 105 pregnant and 105 non-pregnant Argentine adult women. They completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and closed-ended questions on sociodemographic factors, at four different times. Results showed a progressive increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms in the first 50 days of confinement in both groups, and a slight decrease after approximately 150 days. Pregnant women presented a more pronounced initial increase in symptoms, and a weaker decrease at the last wave, compared to the non-pregnant. Results suggest that the pandemic context produces a moderate negative early response and that the initial flexibilizations of sanitary measures (50 days) did not slow down the progression of symptoms (even less in pregnant women). In conclusion, being pregnant could be an extra risk factor for the development of psychopathological symptoms during this pandemic. The particular vulnerability of pregnant women and the associated potential negative effects both on them and on their offspring underline the importance of perinatal health policies aimed at prevention and treatment of possible future consequences.
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COVID-19 , Pandemias , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas , SARS-CoV-2 , Estrés Psicológico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate prenatal depression underdiagnosis prevalence and its associated sociodemographic and obstetric risk factors among a population-based sample of Brazilian pregnant women with depression. METHODS: We used data from the Brazilian National Survey (PNS 2013). Of the 22 445 women of reproductive age, 800 reported being pregnant. Participants answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a questionnaire with sociodemographic, obstetric, and clinical data. Classification of prenatal depression underdiagnosis was made using the comparison between results obtained from the self-referred question evaluating clinical diagnosis of depression and the results of the PHQ-9. Pregnant women with a PHQ-9 score greater than 8 and with a "No" answer in the clinical question were classified as prenatal depression underdiagnosis. Logistic regression models were performed to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) between variables and prenatal depression underdiagnosis. RESULTS: Prevalence of prenatal depression underdiagnosis was 82.3% (74.8%-87.8%). Pregnant women with non-white skin color and pregnant women with an elementary school degree were more likely to be underdiagnosed with prenatal depression in comparison with women with white skin color (adjusted OR 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-5.91) and with women with higher education (adjusted OR 4.07, 95% CI 2.05-8.09). CONCLUSION: Equitable mental health assistance for pregnant women should considered prenatal depression social risk factors.
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Depresión/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Mujeres Embarazadas/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Escolaridad , Femenino , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Grupos Raciales , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The prevalence and risk factors associated with prenatal depression among Spanish-speaking women in Spain and Mexico are examined and compared through a cross-cultural study. The study utilizes secondary data from 563 participants who received prenatal care in Madrid (N = 283) and in Mexico City (N = 280), assessed with the PHQ-9 and the PDPI-R. Spanish women reported a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (10.0%) than Mexican women (20.3%). Regression analyses showed that previous prenatal anxiety and lack of family emotional support were common risk factors to the two countries. Within each country, significant risk factors included: (a) previous depression history (ß = 0.224; p < 0.001) in Spain; and (b) unplanned pregnancy (ß = - 0.116; p < 0.027), lack of emotional support from others (ß = 0.129; p < 0.032), marital dissatisfaction (ß = 0.186; p < 0.009), and life stress due to financial problems (ß = 0.117; p < 0.026), and life stress due to marital problems (ß = 0.114; p < 0.040) in Mexico. Health professionals can tailor interventions to their particular risk factors to reduce the adverse effects on mothers and infants.
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Comparación Transcultural , Depresión , Depresión/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , México/epidemiología , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction Anxiety and depression in pregnant women are a public health problem. Their adequate detection requires valid and reliable instruments that are also useful for prevention and treatment. Objective To identify the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in a sample of Mexican pregnant women. Method The HADS was applied to 716 pregnant women between 13 and 46 years old (M = 26.55; SD = 6.56) attended in a public hospital in Mexico City. Results With a sample of 358 participants, a parallel analysis indicated a bifactorial structure for HADS, identified by exploratory factor analysis (Factor 1: anxiety, Factor 2: depression). The factors explained 53% of the variance and correlated positively (r = .36). The global internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .81; ordinal α = .93) and by factor (anxiety: Cronbach's α = .79; ordinal α = .88; depression: Cronbach's α = .79; ordinal α = .87) was acceptable. With data from the remaining 358 participants, a confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit for the structure detected (χ2/gl = 2.72; RMSEA = .06 [IC .05, .08]; GFI = .93; AGFI = .90; TLI = .90; CFI = .92). Discussion and conclusions The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale has adequate psychometric properties to be used in pregnant Mexican women. Its use in routine pregnancy controls would be useful to prevent, detect, and timely treat these conditions.
Resumen Introducción La ansiedad y la depresión en gestantes representan un problema de salud pública. Su adecuada detección requiere de instrumentos válidos y confiables que también sirvan para su prevención y tratamiento. Objetivo Identificar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) en una muestra de mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. Método Se aplicó la HADS a 716 gestantes de entre 13 y 46 años (M = 26.55; DE = 6.56), atendidas en un hospital público en la Ciudad de México. Resultados Con una muestra de 358 participantes, un análisis paralelo indicó una estructura bifactorial para la HADS, identificada mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (Factor 1: ansiedad, Factor 2: depresión). Los factores explicaron el 53% de la varianza y correlacionaron positivamente (r = .36). La consistencia interna global (α de Cronbach = .81, α ordinal = .93) y por factor (ansiedad: αde Cronbach = .79, α ordinal = .88; depresión: α de Cronbach = .79, α ordinal = .87) fue aceptable. Con los datos de las 358 participantes restantes, un análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un ajuste aceptable para la estructura detectada (χ2/gl = 2.72; RMSEA = .06 [IC .05, .08]; GFI = .93; AGFI = .90; TLI = .90; CFI = .92). Discusión y conclusión La Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su empleo en mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. Su uso en controles rutinarios del embarazo sería útil para prevenir, detectar y atender oportunamente estos padecimientos.
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Background: Short interpregnancy interval (IPI) is associated with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, few studies have evaluated the role of depression as a risk factor for short IPI. Puerto Rican women in the United States experience disparities in adverse birth outcomes and have the highest birth rates. Methods: We analyzed the association between prenatal depressive symptoms and IPI in Proyecto Buena Salud, a prospective cohort of predominantly Puerto Rican women in Western Massachusetts (2006-2011). Depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in early, mid, and late pregnancy. We calculated follow-up time as the difference between the date of delivery of the index pregnancy and the last menstrual period of the subsequent pregnancy using medical records and billing data. We defined short IPI as ≤18 months. Results: Of 1262 eligible women, 35% (n = 440) had at least probable minor depression (EPDS scores ≥13) and 25% (n = 315) had probable major depression (EPDS scores ≥15). Participants were followed for a median of 3.7 years (interquartile range = 1.4-6.0 years) and 240 (20.6%) participants experienced a short IPI. After adjusting for risk factors, women with probable minor depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.88) and probable major depression (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.02-1.97) during pregnancy had increased odds of short IPI. Conclusions: Prenatal depressive symptoms were common in this Puerto Rican population and were associated with a modest increase in odds of short IPI. Further examination of the pathways through which mental health may affect IPI in vulnerable populations is warranted.
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Depresión Posparto/etnología , Depresión/etnología , Depresión/etiología , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Atención Prenatal/psicología , Adulto , Intervalo entre Nacimientos , Depresión/psicología , Depresión Posparto/diagnóstico , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Massachusetts/epidemiología , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Puerto Rico/etnología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
RESUMO Objetivos Calcular a prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva pré-natal em grávidas de baixo risco, no termo da gestação, avaliar seus preditores e desfechos materno-fetais. Para tal, avaliar-se-á a aplicabilidade da Escala de Rastreio de Depressão Pós-Parto (PDSS 24) nessa fase da gravidez. Métodos A PDSS 24 e um questionário sociodemográfico, psicossocial e médico (antecedentes obstétricos e patológicos) foram autoaplicados a 403 grávidas (37-40 semanas de gestação), com idade média de 30,5 anos (DP = 4,67). Por meio do processo clínico, foram recolhidos dados de resultados materno-fetais. Resultados A PDSS 24 possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a deteção de sintomatologia depressiva pré-natal. A prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva pré-natal foi de 41,7%. Grávidas com níveis de escolaridade inferiores, não casadas, cuja gravidez não foi planejada e com antecedentes de acontecimentos de vida significativos apresentam risco duas vezes superior de sintomatologia depressiva no período pré-natal. Grávidas cujo apoio social percebido ao longo da gravidez não correspondeu ao desejado e com história prévia de depressão apresentam cerca de três vezes maior risco sintomatologia depressiva no período pré-natal. Para desfechos materno-fetais (pré-eclâmpsia, restrição de crescimento fetal, Apgar 1º/5º minuto, tipo de parto, percentil de peso, oligoâminos e necessidade de cuidados intensivos), as diferenças foram não significativas. Conclusão O rastreio da depressão pré-natal deve ser realizado na gravidez. Porém, no termo da gestação o uso da PDSS 24 como ferramenta de deteção de sintomatologia depressiva deve ser feito com cautela. A elevada prevalência de sintomas relacionados com o sono nessa fase da gestação pode conduzir ao sobre diagnóstico, usando a PDSS 24.
ABSTRACT Objectives The aims of the study were to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in full-term pregnancy (low risk), evaluate their predictors and maternal-fetal outcomes. To this end, the applicability of Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS 24) will be evaluated, at full-term pregnancy. Methods PDSS 24 and a sociodemographic, psychosocial, pathological and obstetrical background questionnaire were self-administered to 403 pregnant women (37-40 weeks gestation), with a mean age of 30.5 years (SD = 4.67). Data from maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes were collected from the patient clinical process. Results PDSS 24 revealed adequate psychometric properties to screening depressive symptomatology in full-term pregnancy. The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was 41.7%. Pregnant women with lower study levels, who weren't married, whose pregnancy was unplanned and with a previous history of significant life events present twice the risk to present depressive symptomatology. Pregnant women who hadn't received the desired social support in pregnancy and with a history of depression present about a 3-fold increased risk to present depressive symptomatology. For maternal-fetal outcomes (pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, Apgar score at 1st/5th minute, type of delivery, weight percentile, oligohydramnios and need for neonatal intensive care), the differences were not significant. Conclusion Screening for prenatal depression should be conducted during pregnancy. However, in full-term pregnancy women, the use of PDSS 24 as a screening tool for depressive symptomatology should be done with caution. The high prevalence of sleep-related symptoms, in full-term pregnancy, may lead to overdiagnosis, using PDSS 24.
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BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are common during pregnancy. There is compelling evidence that the inflammatory response system is important in the pathophysiology of depression. Higher concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in depressed subjects have been described. Because several polymorphisms in the TNF-α promoter region are known to affect its gene expression, the aim of this study was determine whether TNF-α - 857C/T, -308G/A, and -238G/A polymorphisms confer susceptibility to depression during pregnancy in a Mexican mestizo population. METHODS: This case-control study involved 153 depressed pregnant women and 177 controls. Polymorphisms were genotyped using real-time PCR. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals adjusted by age, body mass index, number of pregnancies, months of pregnancy and number of abortions were used to estimate risk. RESULTS: The -857CT genotype was found to increase the risk for depression (OR= 1.73, 95% CI= 1.06-2.82). In contrast, the -238GA genotype reduced the risk (OR= 0.33, 95% CI= 0.14-0.72). The - 308G/A polymorphism was not associated with risk for depression. Finally, the C857-G308-A238 haplotype was associated with a decreased risk of depression (OR= 0.35, 95% CI= 0.15-0.82). CONCLUSION: Our results show for the first time an association between TNF-α -857C/T and -238G/A polymorphisms and prenatal depression in Mexican mestizo population.
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Depresión/genética , Etnicidad/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Complicaciones del Embarazo/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , México , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Abstract: Introduction: Anxiety and depression during pregnancy are disabling disorders associated to complications during the pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period, with a significant prevalence, between 9 and 20%, hence its importance. Nutritional factors, such as omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FA) deficiency, have been related with both disorders during pregnancy, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary intake of EPA and DHA, and anxiety symptoms (AS) and depressive symptoms (DS) in Mexican pregnant women. Method: The sample consisted of 151 women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Instruments included a Food Frequency Questionnaire, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results: A daily intake of DHA and EPA of 70 mg/d and 30 mg/d, respectively, was found. The prevalence of AS was 44.4%, and 17.9% for DS. We also found the correlation negatively moderate between dietary intake of DHA and EPA and AS (p = .003, p = .017) and DS (p = .001, p = .020) in the group of women who had a severely insufficient intake of ω-3FA. Discussion and conclusion: The statistical significance shows a negative correlation between variables and the dietary intake of ω-3FA explains in a very small percentage the variability of AS and DS, according to their coefficient of determination. These results suggest the need for an investigation of this relationship through interventional studies.
Resumen: Introducción: La prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión en el embarazo oscilaentre 9 y 20%. Poseen una gran importancia al ser trastornos incapacitantes asociados a complicaciones durante el embarazo, parto y postparto. Factores nutricionales, como la deficiencia de ácidos grasos omega-3 (AGω-3), se han relacionado con ambos trastornos durante el embarazo, especialmente el ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y el ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA). Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la ingesta dietética de EPA y DHA y los síntomas de ansiedad (SA) y depresión (DS) en mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. Método: Se entrevistó a 151 gestantes fueron entrevistadas en el segundo trimestre de embarazo. Los instrumentos de medición utilizados fueron: un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos, el Inventario de Ansiedad-Rasgo y la Escala de Depresión Postnatal de Edimburgo. Resultados: Se encontró una correlación negativa moderada entre la ingesta de DHA y EPA y los SA (p = .003, p = .017) y SD (p = .001, p = .020) en el grupo de mujeres con ingesta gravemente insuficiente. Se encontró una ingesta dietética diaria de DHA y EPA de 70 mg y 30 mg, respectivamente. La prevalencia de SA fue 44.4% y de SD, 17.9%. Discusión y conclusión: Aunque la significancia estadística mostró una correlación negativa entre variables, de acuerdo con el coeficiente de determinación, la ingesta dietética de AGω-3 explica en un escaso porcentaje la variabilidad de los SA y SD. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de investigar dicha relación por medio de estudios de intervención.
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This study assessed the reliability and concurrent validity of the prenatal section of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised for 250 pregnant women receiving prenatal care in Mexico. The Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised has shown adequate psychometric properties for English-speaking perinatal women, but no similar data have been reported for Spanish-speaking samples. The results show that the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised is highly reliable and exhibits adequate concurrent validity compared to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. These findings suggest that the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised can be a reliable instrument in prenatal care services for detecting risk factors for perinatal depression in Mexican women and potentially in other Spanish-speaking populations.
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Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Complicaciones del Embarazo/diagnóstico , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicometría/normas , Adulto , Depresión Posparto/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , México , Embarazo , Psicometría/instrumentación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Objectives To examine associations between depression and preterm birth and small-for gestational age (SGA) among women of predominantly Puerto Rican descent, a population who experiences disparities in adverse birth outcomes and one of the highest infant mortality rates in the United States. Methods Proyecto Buena Salud (PBS) was a prospective cohort study conducted from 2006 to 2011 at a large tertiary care center in Western Massachusetts. Caribbean Islander (i.e., Puerto Rican and Dominican Republic) women were interviewed in early, mid and late pregnancy. Among 1262 participants, associations between depression, assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and risk of preterm birth and small-for-gestational age (SGA) were evaluated. Results Women with at least probable minor depression [odds ratio (OR) = 1.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02, 3.07)] or probable major depression [OR = 1.82 (95% CI = 1.01, 3.25)] in mid-pregnancy had an increased risk of SGA compared to non-depressed women in adjusted analyses. Borderline significant associations were observed between increasing levels of depressive symptom scores in early and mid-pregnancy [OR = 1.05 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.11) and OR = 1.04 (95% CI = 1.00, 1.09), respectively] and each additional trimester of exposure to probable major depression across mid- to late pregnancy [OR = 1.66 (95% CI = 1.00, 2.74)] and SGA. Late pregnancy depression was not associated with SGA; depression during pregnancy was not associated with preterm birth. Conclusions for Practice In this population of predominantly Puerto Rican women, mid-pregnancy depression increased risk for SGA. Findings can inform culturally appropriate, targeted interventions to identify and treat pregnant women with depression.
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Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/complicaciones , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Embarazo/psicología , Mujeres Embarazadas/psicología , Nacimiento Prematuro/etiología , Adulto , República Dominicana , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido Pequeño para la Edad Gestacional , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo , Segundo Trimestre del Embarazo , Tercer Trimestre del Embarazo , Nacimiento Prematuro/epidemiología , Diagnóstico Prenatal , Estudios Prospectivos , Puerto Rico , Medición de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
La Gestación adolescente puede traer consecuencias negativas para la díada. Su aparición, podría relacionarse con el estilo de apego de la joven madre, y a su vez dicho patrón relacionarse con la presencia de depresión prenatal y de dificultad en la vinculación con su bebé. Estudio tipo caso-control cuyo objetivo fue comparar el estilo de apego de las gestantes adolescentes versus adultas y su relación con el riesgo relacional de la díada y sintomatología depresiva en ambos grupos. Se les aplicó Escala Edinburgo, Instrumento De Lazos Parentales y Escala De Riesgo Relacional Prenatal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 29 casos y 29 controles. Las gestantes adolescentes, resultaron tener menor porcentaje de apego seguro con su figura de apego primaria (17,2% v/s 44,8%), mayor riesgo de depresión prenatal (41,33% v/s 17,2%) y alto riesgo relacional (51,7% v/s 24%), todas diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se justifica la necesidad de diseñar intervenciones preventivas enfocadas en minimizar estos riesgos. Palabras Claves: Apego, Gestación Adolescente, depresión prenatal, riesgo relacional.
Adolescent pregnancy can have negative consequences for the dyad. Its appearance could be related to the attachment style of the young mother, and that pattern be related to the presence of prenatal depression and difficulty in bonding with their baby.This is a case-control study where the aim was to compare the style of attachment of adolescents versus adult pregnant women and their relationship with the relational risk of the dyad and depressive symptoms in both groups. We applied the Edinburg Scale, the Parental Bonding Instrument and the Prenatal Relational Risk Scale. The sample consisted of 29 cases and 29 controls. Pregnant teenagers were found to have a lower percentage of secure attachment with their primary attachment figure (17.2% v / s 44.8%), increased risk of prenatal depression (41.33% v / s 17.2%) and high relational risk (51.7% v / s 24%). All differences were statistically significant. The need to design preventive interventions focused on minimizing these risks are justified.Keywords: Attachment, Adolescent Pregnancy, Prenatal Depression, Relational Risk.
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Abstract Purpose To assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their association with social, psychological, behavioral and obstetric characteristics in pregnant women. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 375 pregnant women who attended prenatal clinics in two public maternity hospitals located in the city of Goiania, Brazil. To testify the depressive symptoms, we used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). A descriptive statistical analysis was performed using programs such as CDC EPI-INFO(tm), version 7.1.5, and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS), version 21.0. Results the patients had probable depressive symptoms (15.47%) and possible depressive symptoms (25.33%). The bivariate analysis showed a significant association among "depressive symptoms" and the following variables: "single or divorced" (prevalence ratio, PR = 2.08; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.26 to 3.44); "physical activity during pregnancy" (PR = 3.96; 95%CI = 1.28 to 12.31); exposure to "psychological/emotional" violence (PR = 4.74; 95%CI = 2.94 to 7.64); "prior mental problem" (PR = 2.66; 95%CI =1.49 to 4.73) and "obstetric complications during pregnancy" (PR = 2.53; 95%CI = 1.55 to 4.13). The multivariate analysis confirmed the association of these depressive symptoms with the variables "suffered psychological/emotional violence" (odds ratio, OR = 5.821; 95%CI = 2.939 to 11.528); "physical activity during pregnancy" (OR = 3.885; 95%CI = 1.060 to 14.231); "obstetric complications during pregnancy" (OR = 2.442; 95%CI = 1.233 to 4.834) and "single or divorced" (OR = 2.943; 95%CI = 1.326 to 6.533). Conclusions the prevalence of depressive symptoms among pregnant women is of 15.47%, and emotional violence is the main factor associated with gestational depression.
Resumo Objetivo verificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos e suas associações com características sociais, psicológicas, comportamentais e obstétricas em mulheres grávidas. Métodos trata-se de estudo transversal. A amostra constou de 375 grávidas atendidas no ambulatório de pré-natal de duas maternidades públicas localizadas na cidade de Goiânia. Para a comprovação dos sintomas depressivos, empregou-se a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva com auxílio dos programas CDC EPI-INFO(tm), versão 7.1.5, e Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS), versão 21.0. Resultados apresentaram prováveis sintomas depressivos e possíveis sintomas depressivos 15,47% e 25,33% das entrevistadas, respectivamente. A análise bivariada demonstrou associação significante entre "sintomas depressivos" e as seguintes variáveis: "solteira ou separada" (razão de prevalência, RP =2,08; intervalo de confiança, IC95% = 1,26-3,44); "atividade física na gestação" (RP = 3,96; IC95% = 1,28-12,31); submissão a "violência psicológica/emocional" (RP = 4,74; IC95% = 2,94-7,64); "problema mental prévio" (RP = 2,66; IC95% = 1,49-4,73) e "complicações obstétricas na gestação atual" (RP = 2,53; IC95% = 1,55-4,13). A análise multivariada confirmou associação desses sintomas depressivos com as variáveis "sofreu violência psicológica/emocional" (odds ratio, OR = 5,821; IC95% = 2,939- 11,528); "atividade física na gestação" (OR = 3,885; IC95% =1,060-14,231); "complicações obstétricas na gestação atual" (OR = 2,442; IC95% = 1,233-4,834); e "solteira ou separada" (OR = 2,943; IC95% = 1,326-6,533). Conclusões a prevalência de sintomas depressivos entre as grávidas é de 15,47%, e a violência emocional é o principal fator associado à depressão gestacional.
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Humanos , Femenino , Embarazo , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Depresión/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Conducta , Estudios Transversales , Prevalencia , Factores SociológicosRESUMEN
A gestação é um período de transição que faz parte do processo normal dodesenvolvimento humano. A ocorrência de depressão em gestantes pode incorrer emconsequências no desenvolvimento da criança. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de verificarse filhos de mães deprimidas apresentam diferença no índice de Apgar, peso, altura esinais de retração, comparados àqueles cujas mães não sofrem de depressão.Paraisso, são avaliadas quarenta díades mãe-bebê utilizando os seguintes instrumentos:Escala de Avaliação de Depressão de Hamilton,Índice de Apgar e Escala de Avaliaçãoda Reação de Retração no Bebê.Os resultados dos dois grupos (mães deprimidas enão deprimidas) são comparados estatisticamente. Todas as mães são submetidas aosinstrumentos acima relacionados de maneira padronizada. Não são observadas diferençasentre os índices de Apgar, peso ou altura. No entanto, observa-se uma tendência dediferença entre filhos de mães deprimidas e não deprimidas quanto aos sinais de retração.Conclui-se que crianças filhas de mães deprimidas não apresentam alterações em grandeparte das categorias avaliadas durante os primeiros seis meses de vida, observando-seuma tendência a manifestarem maior frequência de sinais de retração, dado que justificaa avaliação de uma amostra maior(AU)
Pregnancy is a transition period which is natural to the process of humandevelopment.The presence of depression can lead to consequences in the developmentof the child. The objective of this paper is to verify if children from depressed motherspresent differences in Apgar scores, weight, height and signs of distress when comparedto children whose mothers did not suffer from depression. In order to do so, fortymother-baby dyads are evaluated using the following tests: Hamilton Rating Scale forDepression. Apgar scores and The Baby Alarm Distress Scale. The results fromboth groups (depressed mothers and non-depressed mothers) are compared statistically.All the mothers are subjected to the tests listed above in a standardized manner. Thereare no differences observed in the Apgar scores, weight or height, however a tendencyis observed in the difference between children from depressed mothers and nondepressedmothers when analyzed for signs of distress.It is concluded that children from depressed mothers do not present changes in most of the evaluated categoriesfor the first six months, observing that there is a tendency for children to present signsof distress more frequently, data which justifies the evaluation of a bigger sample ofpatients(AU)
El embarazo es un período de transición que es parte del proceso normaldel desarrollo humano. La presencia de depresión en mujeres embarazadas puededesencadenar consecuencias en desarrollo del niño. El objetivo de este trabajo esverificar que los hijos de madres deprimidas presentan diferencias en los puntajes delíndice de Apgar, peso, altura y signos de retracción, en comparación con aquelloscuyas madres no sufrieron de depresión. Para ello, se evaluaron cuarenta díadasmadre-bebé utilizando los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Evaluación de Depresiónde Hamilton, Índice de Apgar y Escala para detectar y medir la retracción en bebés .Los resultados de los dos grupos (madres deprimidas y no deprimidas) se comparanestadísticamente. Todas las madres fueron evaluadas por los instrumentosanteriormente señalados de manera estandarizada. No se observan diferencias entrelos índices de Apgar, peso o la altura. Sin embargo, se observa una tendenciadiferenciada entre los hijos de madres deprimidas y no deprimidas en relación a lossignos de retracción. Concluyéndose de esta forma que los niños de madres deprimidasno presentan diferencias significativas en parte de las categorías evaluadas en losprimeros seis meses de vida, observando una tendencia a manifestar másfrecuentemente señales de retracción, lo que justifica la evaluación de una muestramayor(AU)
RESUMEN
Objective:To explore the relationship between individual and co-occurring childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, prenatal depressive (PDS) and anxiety symptoms (PAS), and history of suicidal behavior (HSB) among Mexican pregnant women at risk of depression.Methods:A sample of 357 women screened for PDS was interviewed using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA-Q), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the anxiety subscale of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90), and specific questions on verbal abuse and HSB.Results:Logistic regression analyses showed that women who had experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were 2.60 times more likely to develop PDS, 2.58 times more likely to develop PAS, and 3.71 times more likely to have HSB. Childhood physical abuse (CPA) increased the risk of PAS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51) and HSB (OR = 2.62), while childhood verbal abuse (CVA) increased PDS (OR = 1.92). Experiencing multiple abuses increased the risk of PDS (OR = 3.01), PAS (OR = 3.73), and HSB (OR = 13.73).Conclusions:Childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse, especially when they co-occur, have an impact on PDS and PAS and lifetime HSB. These findings suggest that pregnant women at risk for depression should also be screened for trauma as a risk factor for perinatal psychopathology.
Asunto(s)
Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Adulto Joven , Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Trastorno Depresivo/etiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/psicología , Mujeres Embarazadas/psicología , Ideación Suicida , Intento de Suicidio , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , México , Diagnóstico Prenatal/psicología , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Riesgo , Trastornos de Estrés Traumático/etiología , Trastornos de Estrés Traumático/psicología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Escala de Ansiedad ante PruebasRESUMEN
Prenatal psychosocial exposures can significantly affect infant health and development. Infants with higher temperamental negativity are theorized to be more susceptible to environmental exposures. We evaluated the interaction of prenatal maternal exposures and infant temperamental negativity to predict infant cortisol response to mildly challenging mother-infant interaction tasks. Participants included 322 Mexican American mother-infant dyads (mother age 18-42; 82% Spanish-speaking; modal family income $10,000-$15,000). Mothers reported depressive symptoms and social support prenatally and infant temperamental negativity at 6 weeks postpartum. Salivary cortisol was collected from infants before and after mother-infant interaction tasks at 12 weeks. Higher prenatal maternal depressive symptoms and lower social support predicted higher cortisol among infants with higher temperamental negativity. Higher infant temperamental negativity predicted an increase in maternal distress and a decrease in social support from prenatal to 12 weeks postpartum. Interactive influences of maternal social-contextual factors and infant temperament may influence the development of infant neurobiological regulation and promote or strain maternal and infant adaptation over time.