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The Premack principle states that any Response A can reinforce any other Response B if the independent rate of A is greater than the independent rate of B. This theory demonstrates reinforcer relativity, where the relative probabilities of responses can be more impactful than preference. Applying the Premack principle involves arranging the environment to restrict access to certain responses based on relative probabilities of a set of given responses. Though the Premack principle is described in modern behavior analytic texts, Konarski et al. identified a lack of empirical evidence to support its application. The purpose of the current paper is to systematically review the extant literature using the Premack principle and evaluate how and if researchers have applied reinforcer relativity as described by Premack and the subsequent effectiveness of these procedures. Additionally, we make recommendations for practitioners and future researchers based on our findings.

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RESUMEN

When training and working a substance detection canine, a trained final response should be performed immediately upon recognition of odor (Generally, a 1-3 s window is preferred within our detection practices). Typical canine training places much emphasis on planning and setting up training scenarios to achieve specific objectives but not much consideration is given to how to end a training session. When the canine fails to maintain criteria, trainers are left trying to determine the cause of poor performance. One consideration often overlooked is a phenomenon called End of Session Cueing that may exist in detection training whereby a previously trained canine no longer responds to odor because it has taken on aversive association. This may be due to several factors associated with motivation. The sequence of events at the end of a session can be as equally important to maintain motivation for the task of scent detection in future sessions. This paper will identify and examine multiple factors associated with "End of Session Cues" in working dogs, how they may be responsible for poor final response performance and discuss potential strategies to address them.

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The disequilibrium approach to reinforcement and punishment, derived from the probability-differential hypothesis and response deprivation hypothesis, provides a number of potentially useful mathematical models for practitioners. The disequilibrium approach and its accompanying models have proven effective in the prediction and control of behavior, yet they have not been fully espoused and integrated into clinical practice. The purpose of this tutorial is to detail the disequilibrium approach and adapt its mathematical models for use as a tool in applied settings. The disequilibrium models specify how to arrange contingencies and predict the effects of those contingencies. We aggregate these models, and provide them as a single tool, in the form of a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet that calculates the direction and magnitude of behavior change based on baseline measures and a practitioner's choice of intervention parameters. How practitioners take baseline measures and select intervention parameters in accordance with disequilibrium models is explicated. The proposed tool can be accessed and downloaded for use at https://osf.io/knf7x/.

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Parcela da literatura operante sustenta expressiva produção de conhecimentos sobre resolução de problemas, resposta de observação e relações de contingência entre respostas com diferentes probabilidades de ocorrência (Princípio de Premack). O presente trabalho investigou possíveis convergências entre uma análise descritiva do comportamento ordinal e tal parcela da literatura operante. Análises conceituais e metodológicas de material bibliográfico salientaram a relevância da sequência de eventos funcionalmente relacionados na caracterização da produção de conhecimentos sobre resolução de problema, sobre resposta de observação e sobre o Princípio de Premack viabilizando aproximações entre programas de pesquisas sobre repertórios comportamentais complexos, bem como expansões em estratégias de investigação sobre responder ordinal.(AU)

A portion of operant literature supports significant production of knowledge about problem solving, observation response and contingency relations between responses with different probabilities of occurrence (Premack Principle). This study investigated possible convergences between a descriptive analysis of ordinal behavior and such portion of the operant literature. Conceptual and methodological analysis of publications have highlighted the relevance of the sequence of events functionally related to the characterization of the production of knowledge about problem solving, observation response and the Premack Principle enabling approaches between programs of research on complex behavioral repertoires as well as expansions in research strategies concerning ordinal responding.(AU)

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RESUMEN

Parcela da literatura operante sustenta expressiva produção de conhecimentos sobre resolução de problemas, resposta de observação e relações de contingência entre respostas com diferentes probabilidades de ocorrência (Princípio de Premack). O presente trabalho investigou possíveis convergências entre uma análise descritiva do comportamento ordinal e tal parcela da literatura operante. Análises conceituais e metodológicas de material bibliográfico salientaram a relevância da sequência de eventos funcionalmente relacionados na caracterização da produção de conhecimentos sobre resolução de problema, sobre resposta de observação e sobre o Princípio de Premack viabilizando aproximações entre programas de pesquisas sobre repertórios comportamentais complexos, bem como expansões em estratégias de investigação sobre responder ordinal.

A portion of operant literature supports significant production of knowledge about problem solving, observation response and contingency relations between responses with different probabilities of occurrence (Premack Principle). This study investigated possible convergences between a descriptive analysis of ordinal behavior and such portion of the operant literature. Conceptual and methodological analysis of publications have highlighted the relevance of the sequence of events functionally related to the characterization of the production of knowledge about problem solving, observation response and the Premack Principle enabling approaches between programs of research on complex behavioral repertoires as well as expansions in research strategies concerning ordinal responding.

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