RESUMEN

Introducción: el embarazo en la adolescencia es un problema de salud mundial. Objetivo: determinar los conocimientos sobre embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos en adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con 86 adolescentes embarazadas entre 10 y 19 años, atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay en el período comprendido de diciembre del 2007 al 2010. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes, se aplicó un cuestionario y se analizaron las variables.Resultados: la incidencia del embarazo en la adolescencia fue alta, prevaleció la adolescencia tardía; entre los factores de riesgos biológicos y psicosociales que agravan el embarazo fueron el estado nutricional deficiente seguido del peso menor de 45Kg o talla menor de 1.45 cm, en su gran mayoría se encontraban solteras y aún estudiando. Respecto a la edad de las primeras relaciones sexuales refirieron haberlas tenido entre los 14 y 16 años y tenían antecedentes obstétricos. Se observó que no tenían orientación sexual y el personal de la salud, junto a sus padres, no tenía un papel fundamental. El conocimiento sobre los riesgos biológicos, psicológicos y socioeconómicos era pobre. Conclusiones: el poco conocimiento sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos es resultado de las características socioeconómicas y el origen de la orientación sexual que poseen. Recomendaciones: crear instrumentos y estrategias que den su aporte a la disminución de la incidencia mundial del embarazo en la adolescencia(AU)

Introduction: pregnancy in the adolescence is a health problem all over the world. Objective: to determine the knowledge on pregnancy in the adolescence and their risks in the pregnant adolescents assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay. Material and Methods: it was carried out a cross section descriptive study, with 86 pregnant adolescents among 10 and 19 years old assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay between December 2007 and 2010. The clinical histories of the patients were revised, a questionnaire was applied and the variables were analyzed. Results: the incidence of the pregnancy in the adolescence was high, prevailing the late adolescence, the biological and psychosocial risks factors that increase pregnancy were the poor nutritional state, weight below 45Kg or size below 1.45 cm, the majority of them were single and still studying. About the age the first sexual relationships they referred to have them before 14 to 16 years old and they had obstetrics antecedents. It was observed that they didn't have sexual orientation and that the health care personnel and their parents didn't play a fundamental role. The knowledge about the biological, psychological and socioeconomic risks was poor. Conclusions: the poor knowledge on the pregnancy in the adolescence and its risks is a result of the socioeconomic characteristics and their poor sexual orientation. Recommendations: to create instruments and strategies that gives their contribution to the decrease the world incidence of pregnancy in the adolescence(AU)

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RESUMEN

Introducción: el embarazo en la adolescencia es un problema de salud mundial. Objetivo: determinar los conocimientos sobre embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos en adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal con 86 adolescentes embarazadas entre 10 y 19 años, atendidas en el Hogar Materno Carlos J. Finlay en el período comprendido de diciembre del 2007 al 2010. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de las pacientes, se aplicó un cuestionario y se analizaron las variables. Resultados: la incidencia del embarazo en la adolescencia fue alta, prevaleció la adolescencia tardía; entre los factores de riesgos biológicos y psicosociales que agravan el embarazo fueron el estado nutricional deficiente seguido del peso menor de 45Kg o talla menor de 1.45 cm, en su gran mayoría se encontraban solteras y aún estudiando. Respecto a la edad de las primeras relaciones sexuales refirieron haberlas tenido entre los 14 y 16 años y tenían antecedentes obstétricos. Se observó que no tenían orientación sexual y el personal de la salud, junto a sus padres, no tenía un papel fundamental. El conocimiento sobre los riesgos biológicos, psicológicos y socioeconómicos era pobre. Conclusiones: el poco conocimiento sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia y sus riesgos es resultado de las características socioeconómicas y el origen de la orientación sexual que poseen. Recomendaciones: crear instrumentos y estrategias que den su aporte a la disminución de la incidencia mundial del embarazo en la adolescencia.

Introduction: pregnancy in the adolescence is a health problem all over the world. Objective: to determine the knowledge on pregnancy in the adolescence and their risks in the pregnant adolescents assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay. Material and Methods: it was carried out a cross section descriptive study, with 86 pregnant adolescents among 10 and 19 years old assisted in the maternal house Carlos J Finlay between December 2007 and 2010. The clinical histories of the patients were revised, a questionnaire was applied and the variables were analyzed. Results: the incidence of the pregnancy in the adolescence was high, prevailing the late adolescence, the biological and psychosocial risks factors that increase pregnancy were the poor nutritional state, weight below 45Kg or size below 1.45 cm, the majority of them were single and still studying. About the age the first sexual relationships they referred to have them before 14 to 16 years old and they had obstetrics antecedents. It was observed that they didn't have sexual orientation and that the health care personnel and their parents didn't play a fundamental role. The knowledge about the biological, psychological and socioeconomic risks was poor. Conclusions: the poor knowledge on the pregnancy in the adolescence and its risks is a result of the socioeconomic characteristics and their poor sexual orientation. Recommendations: to create instruments and strategies that gives their contribution to the decrease the world incidence of pregnancy in the adolescence.

RESUMEN

Este estudo buscou analisar as representações de adolescentes grávidas sobre a gravidez na adolescência, com base na Teoria das Representações Sociais. A amostra foi constituída por 223 adolescentes grávidas do primeiro filho, com faixa etária de 15 a 20 anos. Como instrumentos, foram utilizados o Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras processados pelo software Tri-Deux-Mots para análise fatorial de correspondência e entrevista semiestruturada que foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados da Análise Fatorial de Correspondência evidenciaram oposições representacionais relativas à gravidez na adolescência, conforme a idade e o estado civil. Pode-se concluir que as representações sociais das adolescentes grávidas encontram-se edificadas sobre elementos ambivalentes, incluindo, por um lado, o desejo que as impulsiona à prática sexual e à gravidez e, por outro lado, a angústia decorrente do medo das perdas afetivas e psicossociais ocasionadas pela gravidez.

This paper has sought to analyze the pregnant adolescents' representations on the pregnancy in the adolescence based on the Social Representations Theory. The sample was constituted of 223 first child pregnant adolescents, with age group from 15 to 20 years-old. As instruments, were used the Free Word Association Test processed though software Tri-Deux Mots to Factorial Analysis of Correspondence and semi-structured interviews, that had been submitted to the thematic analysis of content. The results of the Factorial Analysis of Correspondence evidenced relative representational oppositions to the pregnancy in the adolescence according to the variables: age and marital status. It could be concluded that the pregnant adolescents' social representations are built on ambivalent elements, located among the desire, that impel them to the sexual practice and the pregnancy, and, on the other hand, the anguish due to the fear of the affective and psychosocial losses caused by the pregnancy.

RESUMEN

A temática da gestação na adolescência, enfocada como patologia e risco sociais, tem sido visualizada a partir dos conceitos prévios da ciência e dos fatos sustentados em uma questão de gênero. Assim, a perspectiva do casal adolescente ainda se encontra obscura. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o movimento existencial do casal adolescente que vivencia uma gravidez. É um estudo qualitativo que utilizou a abordagem fenomenológica à luz dos conceitos de Martin Heidegger. A realização das entrevistas ocorreu de março a outubro de 2008. O cenário foi a Casa de Parto David Capistrano Filho, e os sujeitos foram nove casais adolescentes. Estudar o casal adolescente, em seu vivido da gestação, ou seja, no cotidiano de ser-casal, que é pai/mãe, permitiu construir outras possibilidades de cuidado sustentadas na instância ontológica, velada no cotidiano assistencial que é operacionalizado pelo protocolo de risco gestacional.

The thematic of the gestation in the adolescence, focused as social pathology and risk, have been visualized from the previous concepts of the science and the facts supported in a gender question. Thus, the adolescent couple´ s perspective still is obscure. This qualitative study had as objective to analyze the existential movement of the adolescent couple that experiences a pregnancy. It is a study that used a phenomenological approach with the concepts of Martin Heidegger. The interviews realization occurred from March to October of 2008. The scenario was the House of Birth David Capistrano Filho and the subjects were 09 adolescent couple. To study the adolescent-couple, in its experience of be pregnant, give birth and nourish, in other words, in the daily of the be-couple, that is father/mother allowed to construct others possibilities of care supported in the ontological instance, veiled in the assistance daily that is operated by the protocol of gestational risk.

La temática del embarazo en la adolescencia, enfocada como patología y riesgo sociales, tienen sido visualizadas a partir de los conceptos previos de la ciencia y de los hechos sustentados en una cuestión de género. Así, la perspectiva del casal adolescente aún se encuentra obscura. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el movimiento existencial del casal adolescente que vivencia un embarazo. Es un estudio cualitativo que utiliza el abordaje fenomenológico a la luz de los conceptos de Martin Heidegger. La realización de las entrevistas ocurrió de marzo a octubre de 2008. El escenario fue a la Casa de Parto David Capistrano Filho y los sujetos fueron 09 parejas adolescentes. Estudiar el casal-adolescente, en el día a día del embarazo, o sea, en el cotidiano de ser-casal, que es padre/madre, permitió construir otras posibilidades de cuidado sustentadas en la instancia ontológica, velada en el cotidiano asistencial que es operado por el protocolo de riesgo en el embarazo.

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Con vista a determinar qué opinaban las adolescentes gestantes del Distrito 1 José Marti del municipio de Santiago de Cuba sobre las posibles causas de su embarazo, fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente 8 de estas embarazadas en cada policlínico perteneciente a dicho distrito, para un total de 24, a las cuales se aplicaron, previo consentimiento informado, diversas técnicas para obtener la información necesaria al respecto. Entre las principales causas referidas, tanto a través de las entrevistas como de los grupos focales, figuraron: relaciones sexuales precoces, no uso de medios de protección, escasa comunicación con los padres, ser hija de madre adolescente, falta de motivación por las actividades escolares y pocas opciones de distracción. Mediante la observación se confirmó que la mayoría de ellas se mostraban indiferentes ante su situación; señal de que no valoraban adecuadamente el riesgo ni las consecuencias futuras de esa gravidez. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los resultados de cada institución de salud incluida en el estudio

With the aim of determining the pregnant adolescent's opinion of District 1 José Marti in Santiago de Cuba municipality on the possible causes of their pregnancies, eight of these pregnant adolescents were selected at ramdom in each polyclinic belonging to this district, for a total of 24, to whom diverse techniques were applied, previous informed consent, to obtain the necessary information in this respect. Among the main referred causes, either through the interviews or from the focal groups, there were: early sexual relations, no use of protection means, short communication with the parents, to be adolescent mother's daughter, lack of motivation for the school activities and few options for amusement. By means of the observation it was confirmed that most of them show indifference concerning their situation; what shows that they didn't value appropriately neither the risk nor the future consequences of that pregnancy. There were not significant differences between the results of each health institution included in the study

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Estudo exploratório descritivo, qualitativo, cujo objetivo foi analisar e comparar as representações sociais de adolescentes primíparas, acerca de "ser mãe", antes e após o nascimento dos bebês. Foram informantes, cinco adolescentes, que realizavam o pré-natal num Posto de Saúde, da periferia do Rio Grande RS, no período de agosto a novembro de 2006 .: Utilizou-se entrevista semi-estruturada na coleta de dados e análise de conteúdo no tratamento. Apreendeu-se no pré-natal, que todas demonstraram satisfação com a gravidez, orgulho com a barriga e o enxoval. Tinham a representação de mãe ancorada na imagem da mulher bondosa e abnegada, sendo a maternidade algo natural e irrefletidamente maravilhoso. Desconheciam os compromissos advindos da maternidade e limitavam seus sonhos e expectativas aquele momento de vida. Após o nascimento, referiram que a nova realidade foi impactante desencadeando inúmeras modificações em seus projetos de vida. Para tentarem assumir a condição de mãe, para a qual não tinham condições psicológicas nem sociais, cogitaram duas possibilidades, a de procurar um emprego e a de abandonar os estudos, ambas interferindo no processo de adolescer saudável e dificultando o vislumbramento de oportunidades. Acredita-se que, oportunizar o compartilhamento de tais representações com outras adolescentes possa diminuir a vulnerabilidade à gravidez precoce.

The present paper is a descriptive, qualitative study carried out to identify, analyze, and compare primipara adolescents' social representation of "being mothers", before and after the childbirth process. The subjects were five students who did their prenatal care in a health service institution on the outskirts of Rio Grande/RS, in the period between August and November of 2006. The data was collected by means of a semi-structured interview and content analysis in the treatment. It was noticed that all the girls seemed to be satisfied with their pregnancy and were proud of their appearance and to show the baby's trousseau. All of them correlated the social representations of "mothers" with the image of kind, abnegated women. In their opinion, maternity is natural and wonderful, something beautiful and great. They did not consider the commitment entailed by maternity and limited their dreams and expectations to that restricted moment of life. After the babies were born, reported that facing this new reality had a profound impact and unchained numerous changes in their personal expectations. In an attempt to assume the role of mothers, for which they were socially and psychologically unprepared, they came up with two alternatives: finding a job or quitting school, both interfering with the natural process of adolescence and impairing the outlook on opportunities. It is believed that giving the opportunity to the sharing of these representations with other adolescents can decrease the vulnerability to the premature pregnancy.

Estudio exploratorio descriptivo, cualitativo, realizado con el objetivo de analizar y comparar las representaciones sociales de adolescentes primíparas, acerca del "ser madre", antes y después del nacimiento de los bebes. Fueron informantes, cinco adolescentes, que realizaban el prenatal en una Unidad de Salud, de la periferia de Rio Grande RS, en el período de agosto a noviembre de 2006. Se realizó la colecta de datos, por medio de entrevista medio estructurada y el análisis del contenido para el tratamiento. Se aprendió que antes del parto, todas demostraron satisfacción con el embarazo, orgullo con la barriga y con el ajuar del bebe. Que tenían la representación social del "madre" anclada en el imagen de la mujer buena y abnegada. Para ellas la maternidad era algo "natural" y sin reflexión, maravillosa. Desconocían los compromisos relativos a la maternidad y limitaban sus sueños y expectativas a aquel momento de la vida. Después del nacimiento, refirieron que la nueva realidad fue impactante y desencadenó varias modificaciones en sus proyectos de vida. Intentando asumir la condición de madre, a la cual no tenían condiciones psicológicas ni sociales, mencionaron dos posibilidades, la de buscar un empleo y la de abandonar los estudios, ambas interfiriendo en el proceso del adolecer saludable y dificultando la visión de las oportunidades. Se acredita que, oportunizar el compartijamiento de tales representaciones con otras adolescentes, pueda disminuir la vulnerabilidad a la gravidez precoz.

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