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What is already known about this topic?: The significance of maternal liver health concerning preterm birth (PTB) is well recognized; however, there is a gap in understanding the precise influence of preconception serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels on the risk of PTB. What is added by this report?: In this retrospective cohort study, a J-shaped relationship between preconception serum ALT levels and risk of PTB was observed, indicating that both significantly elevated and decreased ALT levels may contribute to the risk. What are the implications for public health practice?: Maintaining optimal preconception serum ALT levels may reduce the risk of PTB, thereby informing specific preventive measures for women of reproductive age.

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Objective. To evaluate third-year pharmacy students' self-identified preconceptions regarding the term clinical pharmacy as defined by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP).Methods. Third-year pharmacy students were led in a multipart activity focused on evaluating their preconceptions about the term clinical pharmacy after exposure to the unabridged definition published by ACCP. Students were asked to identify two preconceptions they had before the activity that were dispelled after reading the article. Thematic coding was used to identify semantic themes and generate summaries of student perceptions.Results. Three hundred twenty-two third-year pharmacy students' assignment data was coded to reveal six major themes about their preconceptions related to the term clinical pharmacy: setting, required training, job responsibilities, scope within the health care system, job environment (physical, emotional, financial), and limited knowledge about clinical pharmacy. Consistencies in thought were found within two of these themes, namely setting and required training. Significant variance was seen in the remaining four themes, specifically regarding types of activities performed, job environment, the scope of practice, and impact in the health care system.Conclusion. Third-year pharmacy students' preconceptions about clinical pharmacy were related to the exclusivity of where it can be practiced and the need for additional training as a requirement. However, high variability was seen in the majority of the remaining themes, illustrating an inconsistent view of what clinical pharmacy is and the need for intentional focus on professional identity formation within the pharmacy curriculum.

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Background: Many students enter science classrooms with misconceptions about scientific principles. One of the most perceived controversial scientific principle for students is evolution. Students struggle to learn and accept evolution due to the many misconceptions students have interacted with before they enter a biology class. Evolution misconceptions come from many sources, such as religious beliefs, textbooks, and even unprepared educators. However, with students spending on average over seven hours a day viewing popular media, it is crucial to investigate further the accuracy of the portrayals of evolution in popular media. Results: We gathered data on the sources students saw evolution portrayed in popular media and determined what misconceptions were present in these popular media references. We found that 96% of the popular media references mentioned by students in our study inaccurately depicted evolution. The two most common misconceptions we observed in popular media were that evolution was depicted as a linear process and that individual organisms evolve instead of populations. Conclusion: Popular media does a poor job depicting evolution, which may be why many students are hesitant to learn evolution and overcome misconceptions. We suggest that these incorrect portrayals of evolution may provide an engaging way to teach correct evolutionary principles in the classroom.

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BACKGROUND: Medical crowdfunding provides opportunities for individuals who lack financial resources to access the health services that they need. Despite the popularity of medical crowdfunding, the current understanding of the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns is fragmented and inadequate. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to comprehensively investigate which factors lead to the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns. METHODS: A search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect from 2010 to June 2020. Papers directly and indirectly related to the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns were included. Two reviewers independently extracted information on the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns. RESULTS: Our search yielded 441 articles, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. Medical crowdfunding is increasingly attracting academic attention, and most studies leverage text analysis as their research methods; however, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of medical crowdfunding among researchers. Four categories of factors that affect the success of medical crowdfunding were identified: platforms, raisers, donors, and campaigns. CONCLUSIONS: Although some limitations exist in our systematic review, our study captured and mapped literatures of the success of medical crowdfunding campaigns systematically, which can be used as the basis for future research on this topic.

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In 1956 the biomedical world was surprised to hear a report that human cells each contained forty six chromosomes, rather than the forty eight count that had been documented since the 1920s. Application of available techniques to culture human cells in vitro, halt their division at metaphase, and disperse chromosomes in an optical plane permitted perception of visual images not seen before. Researchers continued to obtain the preconceived forty eight counts until reeducation with these novel epistemic 'chromosomes' convinced them that they could confidently report forty six chromosomes per cell. Within only a few years, and virtually without dissent, the social community of human cytogeneticists agreed upon a shared visual culture of human chromosome count and morphology. The initial forty six count proved not to be an anomaly. A new comparison of historical and ethnomethodological studies has suggested a better understanding of how applied technologies coupled with altered human perceptions established a new science. Human cytogenetics then collaborated with medical genetics to correlate changes in the new human karyotype with disorders of clinical significance.

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RESUMO Esta é uma transcrição livre da exposição do autor na homenagem a Virgínia Leone Bicudo organizada pela Sociedade de Psicanálise de Brasília, em 21 de outubro de 2020, com o título Olhares sobre Virgínia Leone Bicudo. No texto, a partir de uma posição de estrangeiro, de onde foi especialmente convocado, o palestrante enumera algumas contribuições psicanalíticas da homenageada e, com base em algumas articulações de suas ideias, reflete sobre certos aspectos da vida científica e institucional da psicanálise atual, discutindo também sua relação problemática com a sociologia em um contexto global tenso e atravessado por múltiplas variantes de segregação.

ABSTRACT The following is a free retranscription of the author's presentation in honour of Virgínia Leone Bicudo, which was organised by the Brasília Psychoanalysis Society on 21 October 2020 under the title "Olhares sobre Virgínia Leone Bicudo". In the text, the speaker lists-from the position of a foreigner, from which he was specially called-some of the contributions Bicudo made to psychoanalysis and, based on some of her ideas, reflects on certain aspects of the current scientific and institutional reality of the field, while also discussing its problematic relation -ship with sociology in a tense global context permeated by multiple variants of segregation.

RESEUMEN Lo que sigue en una retranscripción libre de la exposición del autor en el homenaje a Virginia Leone Bicudo, organizado por la Sociedad de Psicoanálisis de Brasilia el 21 de octubre de 2020 con el título "Miradas sobre Virginia Leone Bicudo". En el texto, desde una posición de extranjería desde donde se le convocó especialmente, el expositor enumera algunos aportes psicoanalíticos de la homenajeada y sobre la base de alguna articulación de sus ideas reflexiona sobre ciertos aspectos de la vida científica e institucional del psicoanálisis actual, discutiendo también su problemática relación con la sociología en un contexto global crispado y atravesado por múltiples variantes de la segregación.

RÉSUMÉ Il s'ensuit une transcription libre de l'exposé de l'auteur pendant l'hommage à Virginia Leone Bicudo, organisé par la Société de Psychanalyse de Brasilia le 21 octobre 2020 ayant par titre « Regards sur Virginia Leone Bicudo ¼. Dans ce texte, à partir d'une condition d'étranger, d'où il a été spécialement appelé, le conférencier énumère quelques contributions psychanalytiques de celle à qui on rend des hommages et, appuyé sur quelques articulations des idées de cette psychanalyste, il réfléchit à propos de certains aspects de la vie scientifique et institutionnelle de la psychanalyse actuelle, en discutant aussi sa relation problématique avec la sociologie, dans un contexte mondial tendu et percé par de multiples variantes de ségrégation.

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BACKGROUND: The focus of education in nursing has changed over time with a decreased focus on biomedicine and an increased focus on nursing science. It is therefore important to investigate whether these changes are also reflected in the students' conceptions and expectations of the programme over time. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to describe and compare two cohorts of students entering the nursing programme with 10year in between (2003 and 2013), regarding their demographic background, reasons for wanting to become a registered nurse, expectations of the programme and perceptions of the nursing profession. DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional cohort study carried out at a university in southern Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: In all, 177 nursing students participated in the study, 89 from the 2003 cohort and 88 from the 2013 cohort. METHODS: Data were collected at the start of the programme using a questionnaire consisting of predefined and open-ended questions. The responses were statistically analysed and compared. RESULTS: The students' reasons for wanting to become a registered nurse remained stable over the 10-year period. The main reason stated by the students in both cohort was humanitarian, i. e wanting to help others. The students' expectations regarding both the programme and the nursing profession had, however, changed significantly from a biomedical to a nursing orientation in the 10-year perspective. CONCLUSIONS: The change in the students' preconceptions of the nursing education towards increasing importance of nursing science indicates the beginning of a paradigm shift.

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Se examinaron las respuestas gráficas de hombres y mujeres jóvenes, de 17 años en promedio, inscritos en cursos de nivelación en ciencias. Se encontró que predominan en toda la población alusiones a material de laboratorio y a experimentos. La categoría denominada Iconos/Iconemas (representaciones de sensaciones o sentimientos, o figuras geométricas aisladas) aparece con frecuencia en la población de 17 años. Los análisis muestran que el porcentaje de población que incluye el cuerpo humano en sus expresiones nunca es superior al 30%. Cuando aparecen figuras humanas sus escenarios dejan ver que son experimentadores, no se muestra el cuerpo humano como parte del estudio químico. Al indagar sobre la orientación vocacional, se encontró que los hombres prefieren carreras científicas y las mujeres optan por programas del área de la salud. El artículo concluye que es posible indagar y analizar la percepción esencial sobre el área de la química gracias al estudio de expresiones gráficas y considerar correspondencias entre edad, sexo y orientación vocacional. Esta información es útil tanto para planear y orientar las actividades de aula, como para inquirir paradigmas y concepciones, y establecer el grado de abstracción y el conocimiento de los estudiantes sobre el alcance y la aplicabilidad de la química.

Graphic answers about meaning of chemistry were examined in men and women (around 17 years old) enrolled in remedial courses in sciences areas. Representations of laboratory material and chemical experiments predominated. The icons category (representations of sensations and feelings or isolated geometric figures) appears frequently in population around 17 years old. The analysis shows the percentage of population that includes the human body in their representation is never upper than 30%; when human representations were done, seems they are experimentalists; the human body is not part of the chemical study. By vocational orientation examination, predominance for men in scientific careers and women in health areas were found. The research concludes is possible enquire the essential perception about the chemistry by analyzing of graphic expressions and considering correlations between age, sex and vocational orientation. This information is useful to planning and orienting the classroom activities. In addition, it is possible to investigate paradigms and preconceptions and to stablish the abstraction level and the knowledge about scope and applicability of the chemistry.

Na esta pesquisa, examinaram as repostas gráficas de homens e mulheres jovens, de 17 anos na media, inscritos nas disciplinas de nivelação em ciências. A majoritária das respostas, com na população pesquisada, são referências ao material do laboratório e experimentos. A categoria denominada Ícones (representações de sensações ou sentimentos, ou figuras geométricas isoladas) aparece com frequência na população de 17 anos. Os analises apresentam que a percentagem da população que usa as expressões corporais nunca é maior que 30%. Quando aparecem figuras humanas, os seus cenários mostram que são experimentadores; o corpo humano não faz parte do estudo químico. Al perguntar sobre a orientação vocacional, encontrou se que os homens preferem carreiras científicas e as mulheres escolhem os programas da área da saúde. O artigo conclui que é possível indagar e analisar a percepção essencial sobre a química com a ajuda do estudo de expressões gráficas e encontrar correlações entre a idade, o sexo e a orientação vocacional. Esta informação é útil tanto para planear e orientar as atividades da aula quanto para inquirir paradigmas e concepções, e estabelecer o grado de abstração e o conhecimento dos estudantes sobre o alcance e a aplicabilidade da química.

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Some smokers have safety and cost concerns about nicotine replacement therapy which discourage its use. We recruited 56 young adult light smokers to read detailed descriptions of a hybrid nicotine replacement therapy, a prescription drug treatment, scheduled reduced smoking, and a menu of self-help tactics. Participants listed five reasons smokers might reject each strategy. An emergent-category content analysis classified each response with a high degree of inter-rater reliability. Only one-third of 32 concerns were strategy-specific; the majority focused on the general difficulty of quitting. Most prevalent were "continued cravings," "addiction too strong," "takes too long," and "won't work." These and other concerns reflect conceptual obstacles to be surmounted in smoking-cessation interventions.

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This study investigates people's preconceptions of green roofs and their visual preference for different green roof design alternatives in relation to behavioral, social and demographical variables. The investigation was performed as a visual preference study using digital images created to represent eight different alternatives: gravel roof, extensive green roof with Sedums not in flower, extensive green roof with sedums in bloom, semi-intensive green roof with sedums and ornamental grasses, semi-intensive green roof with shrubs, intensive green roof planted with a lawn, intensive green roof with succulent and trees and intensive green roof with shrubs and trees. Using a Likert-type scale, 450 respondents were asked to indicate their preference for each digital image. Results indicated that respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and childhood environmental background influenced their preferences toward different green roof types. Results also showed that green roofs with a more careful design, greater variety of vegetation structure, and more variety of colors were preferred over alternatives.

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O método crítico (criticismo), que isola e descreve metodologias de estudo, formulado por Kant, foi uma raiz da psicanálise de Freud - e de toda ciência moderna. Senso comum, formulado por Locke, base da ciência moderna e da psicanálise, difere de lugar comum, ambas as concepções popularizadas e banalizadas no meio leigo, propagando-se nos movimentos de origem científica por dificuldades de aprendizado das contribuições de autores clássicos. O presente estudo examina criticamente, segundo o vértice psicanalítico e a formulação da história das ideias (Vico e Berlin), a concepção de tempo enquanto verdade absoluta, independente de espaço.

Kant’s criticism, a critic description of methodologies, was one of the roots which gave birth to Freud’s psycho-analysis as well as of all modern science. Common sense, as formulated by John Locke, is the main bearing of modern science as well as of psycho-analysis. It differs from common place, the popularized concepts obtained by banality which permeate the laymen’s environment and, alas, propagated to movements whose origin was scientific, due to difficulties of learning what the classical authors wrote. The present study scrutinizes critically, under a twofold method, the psycho-analytic vertex and the history of idea’s vertex (Vico and Berlin), the concept of “Time”, specially when it is regarded as an absolute truth, quite independent of “Space”.

El método crítico (“criticismo”) que aísla y describe metodologías de estudio formulado por Kant, fue una raíz del psicoanálisis de Freud - y de toda ciencia moderna. Sentido común, formulado por Locke, base de la ciencia moderna y del psicoanálisis, difiere de lugar común, concepción popularizada y banalizada en el medio lego, propagándose en los movimientos de origen científico, por dificultades de aprendizaje de las contribuciones de autores clásicos. El presente estudio examina críticamente, según el vértice psicoanalítico y la formulación de la historia de las ideas (Vico y Berlin), y concepción de “Tiempo”, como verdad absoluta, independiente de “Espacio”.

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O método crítico (criticismo), que isola e descreve metodologias de estudo, formulado por Kant, foi uma raiz da psicanálise de Freud - e de toda ciência moderna. Senso comum, formulado por Locke, base da ciência moderna e da psicanálise, difere de lugar comum, ambas as concepções popularizadas e banalizadas no meio leigo, propagando-se nos movimentos de origem científica por dificuldades de aprendizado das contribuições de autores clássicos. O presente estudo examina criticamente, segundo o vértice psicanalítico e a formulação da história das ideias (Vico e Berlin), a concepção de tempo enquanto verdade absoluta, independente de espaço.(AU)

Kant’s criticism, a critic description of methodologies, was one of the roots which gave birth to Freud’s psycho-analysis as well as of all modern science. Common sense, as formulated by John Locke, is the main bearing of modern science as well as of psycho-analysis. It differs from common place, the popularized concepts obtained by banality which permeate the laymen’s environment and, alas, propagated to movements whose origin was scientific, due to difficulties of learning what the classical authors wrote. The present study scrutinizes critically, under a twofold method, the psycho-analytic vertex and the history of idea’s vertex (Vico and Berlin), the concept of “Time”, specially when it is regarded as an absolute truth, quite independent of “Space”.(AU)

El método crítico (“criticismo”) que aísla y describe metodologías de estudio formulado por Kant, fue una raíz del psicoanálisis de Freud - y de toda ciencia moderna. Sentido común, formulado por Locke, base de la ciencia moderna y del psicoanálisis, difiere de lugar común, concepción popularizada y banalizada en el medio lego, propagándose en los movimientos de origen científico, por dificultades de aprendizaje de las contribuciones de autores clásicos. El presente estudio examina críticamente, según el vértice psicoanalítico y la formulación de la historia de las ideas (Vico y Berlin), y concepción de “Tiempo”, como verdad absoluta, independiente de “Espacio”.(AU)

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AIM: The objectives of this study were to describe preconceptions and expectations of older adults about getting hearing aids and to explore the influence of hearing loss (HL), hearing aid experience, gender, age, and marital status on these preconceptions and expectations. METHODS: A total of 174 participants aged above 65 years were randomly selected from a waiting list for hearing aid fitting. Hearing threshold was tested using pure tone audiometry. A self-report questionnaire with a specific focus on preconceptions and expectations about getting hearing aids, external influences, and the psychosocial problems associated with HL and the use of a hearing aid was administered. RESULTS: A FACTOR ANALYSIS REVEALED THREE FACTORS: positive expectations, barriers, and social pressure. Cronbach's α was 0.847 for positive expectations and 0.591 for barriers. Cronbach's α was not statistically applicable to the social pressure factor, as it consisted of only one item. Adjusted linear regression analysis revealed that participants with moderate to severe HL and hearing aid experience had a significant increase in positive expectations. Male gender was associated with fewer barriers to hearing aids. Age and marital status had no influence on the three factors. CONCLUSION: Less positive expectations and more problem-oriented preconceptions among subjects with mild HL may explain why hearing aids are scarcely used. Additionally, lower estimated need and modest plans for regular use among this group could mean hearing aids are not used. Rehabilitation should focus on investment of time, continuity of use, realistic expectations, and follow-up support.