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BACKGROUND: Alexithymia, characterized by difficulty identifying and expressing emotions, is often associated with various psychiatric disorders, including personality disorders (PDs). This study aimed to explore the relationship between alexithymia and PD, focusing on their common origins and implications for treatment. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using databases such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were studies assessing adults with DSM-5-diagnosed personality disorders using validated alexithymia scales. The Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. RESULTS: From an initial yield of 2434 citations, 20 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicate a significant association between alexithymia and personality disorders, particularly within Clusters B and C. Patients with these disorders exhibited higher levels of alexithymia, which correlated with increased emotional dysregulation and interpersonal difficulties. The review also highlighted the comorbidity burden of conditions such as psychosomatic disorders, eating disorders, depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior, and substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the need for integrating alexithymia-focused assessments into clinical practice to enhance therapeutic approaches, allowing for more personalized and effective interventions. Addressing the emotional processing challenges in patients with personality disorders could significantly improve patient outcomes. Future research should prioritize establishing clinical guidelines and conducting longitudinal studies to explore the relationship between alexithymia and specific personality disorder subtypes, ensuring the practical translation of these findings into clinical practice.

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BACKGROUND: The psychopathology of personality is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from a categorical to a dimensional approach. This work aimed to study the underlying structure of pathological personality traits of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). For this purpose, the internal structure of a version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) was examined by a confirmatory factor analysis. This version assesses the five higher-order pathological personality domains (negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism) and the 25 lower-order pathological personality facets through a reduced number of items. Four alternative models were compared: five-factor oblique; second-order (five first-order factors and one second-order factor); bifactor (five specific factors and a general factor), and one-factor. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE: We worked with an Argentinean sample of N = 525 subjects from the general population who answered the Argentine version of the PID-5. RESULTS: The five-factor model was slightly superior to the second order model, and the bifactor model presented the best fit. CONCLUSIONS: These findings, while preliminary, suggest that the PID-5 facets could reflect five specific pathological personality traits (which correspond to AMPD domains) but also a general factor (which would reflect a general propensity for psychopathology).

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Introducción. El trastorno somatomorfo se caracteriza por la presentación de múltiples síntomas físicos que no pueden ser atribuidos a otra enfermedad física, mental o al uso de sustancias, teniendo como comorbilidad más prevalente a los trastornos de personalidad. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de trastorno somatomorfo, sus características principales y diferentes rasgos de personalidad entre pacientes con lumbalgia crónica. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado con pacientes ingresados en el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital General del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de la escala Screening for Somatoform Symptoms 2 y la escala InternationalPersonality Disorder Examination. Las variables cualitativas fueron analizadas a través de frecuencias absolutas. Las variables cuantitativas fueron analizadas a través de medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Los análisis estadísticos fueron realizados en el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sicience, versión 26. Resultados. Se incluyeron 60 pacientes, 40 de ellos mujeres, 31 entre los 41 y 60 años. Veintiocho pacientes presentaron ocho o más síntomas, excluyéndose dolor lumbar. Cuarenta y cinco pacientes reportaron sintomatología por más de un año. Cincuenta y tres pacientes presentaron trastorno somatomorfo. Los trastornos de personalidad más frecuentes fueron obsesivo-compulsivos (31), límites (21) y paranoides (21). Conclusión. Los pacientes con dolor lumbar crónico que requieren ingreso hospitalario presentan una alta frecuencia de trastornos somatomorfos, con dolor en piernas o brazos como síntoma principal; además, estos pacientes se caracterizan por presentar en su mayoría rasgos de personalidad obsesivo-compulsivos.

Introduction. The somatoform symptoms disorder is characterized by multiple psychical symptoms that can't be attributed to another physical or mental health diagnosis or drug abuse, having personality disorders as the most common comorbidity. Objective. To determine the frequency of somatoform disorders, it's most important characteristics and different personality traits among patients with chronic back pain. Methodology. Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with patients admitted to the neurosurgery department of the General Hospital of the Salvadoran Social Security Institute. Data collection was carried out using the Screening for Somatoform Symptoms 2 scale and the International Personality Disorder Examination scale. The qualitative variables were analyzed through absolute frequencies. The quantitative variables were analyzed through measures of central tendency and dispersion. The statistical analyzes were carried out using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Results. The study included 60 patients, 40 of them women, 31 between 41 and 60 years old. Twenty-eight patients presented eight or more symptoms, excluding low back pain. Forty-five patients reported symptoms for more than one year. Fifty-three patients presented somatoform disorder. The most frequent personality disorders were obsessive-compulsive (31), borderline (21) and paranoid (21). Conclusion. Patients with chronic lower back pain who require hospital admission have a high frequency of somatoform disorders, with the main symptom being pain in the legs or arms; furthermore, these patients are characterized by mostly presenting obsessive-compulsive personality traits

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Introduction: Bariatric surgery has become an increasingly common procedure, especially for patients with morbid obesity who have obtained unsatisfactory results from conventional treatments. Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of behavioral patterns and personality disorders in patients in the preoperative period of bariatric surgery. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with 146 patients from a medium-sized clinic, a reference in the execution of bariatric surgeries in the Midwest region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was performed using the psychological instrument entitled Factorial Personality Battery. Descriptive analysis and data association were performed. Results: Half of the participants presented high or very high scores for greater propensity to develop depression and anxiety, showing a close relationship with personality disorders, especially with behavioral patterns of effort and dedication. Discussion: The patterns of effort and dedication behavior are protective factors in the postoperative period, taking into account the adaptations and new habits necessary for a good recovery and maintenance of weight loss. Conclusions: The dysfunctional patterns of behavior that stood out most are related to greater difficulty in perceiving the positive side and ease in perceiving the negative side, leading to a more intense experience of suffering, in addition to difficulty in making decisions and facing routine challenges. Screening behavioral patterns and personality disorders preoperatively is necessary for adequate patient monitoring and successful bariatric surgery.

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Resumen El modelo dimensional alternativo para los trastornos de personalidad incluye 25 facetas (rasgos patológicos) organizadas en cinco dominios de orden superior (Desapego, Afectividad Negativa, Psicoticismo, Antagonismo y Desinhibición). Para evaluar este modelo, se desarrolló el Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), que posee dos versiones: una extensa (220 ítems) que evalúa dominios y facetas, y una breve (25 ítems) que evalúa solo los dominios. En un trabajo anterior, se brindó evidencia favorable para una versión breve (31 ítems) adaptada para ser utilizada en población argentina. En el presente trabajo se estudian las propiedades psicométricas de una versión reducida y modificada del PID-5 que permite evaluar ambos componentes por medio de una cantidad de ítems (108). La validez convergente se evaluó a través de la relación con una medida de rasgos de personalidad normal del Modelo de los Cinco Grandes Factores. Se trabajó con una muestra de tipo no probabilística de n = 525 sujetos de población general, que respondieron la versión adaptada del PID-5 y el Listado de Adjetivos para Evaluar la Personalidad. Los resultados brindaron evidencia de validez y confiabilidad para el instrumento. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio sugirió un buen ajuste de la estructura pentafactorial. La consistencia interna resultó adecuada y los ítems presentaron buenos índices de discriminación. Se observaron diferencias de género y edad, y correlaciones con los factores correspondientes de los cinco grandes. Esta versión puede ser utilizada para evaluar el modelo, con fines tanto clínicos como de investigación, y con ventajas respecto al tiempo de administración respecto a la versión extensa original.

Abstract The official classification of personality disorders in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) remains categorical. However, a dimensional alternative for personality disorders is presented as an emerging model. The model is organized in five higher order domains (Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition and Psychoticism), with relationships with the Big Five Model of Personality, strongly established within the Personality Psychology. The proposal also includes 25 facets or second-order traits, included within the main domains. Domains and facets represent psychopathological traits with clinical relevance. To assess this model, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) was developed. PID-5 has two forms: extensive (220 items) that assesses domains and facets, and brief (25 items) that assesses only the domains. In a previous study, evidence for a short version (31 items) adapted to the Argentine population was provided, that overcomes some of the limitations of the original one. In this work, the psychometric properties of a reduced and modified version of the PID-5 are studied, which allows evaluating five domains and 25 facets, through a reduced number of items (108). We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of n = 525 subjects from the general population, who answered the adapted version of the PID-5 and the Adjectives Checklist to Assess the Big Five Personality Factors (AEP), a Big Five Model measure. The following data analyses were performed: (1) Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to evaluate the internal structure of PID-5; (2) reliability analysis to assess the internal consistency of the PID-5 scales; (3) item analysis to assess discriminating power; (4) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine significant differences due to gender and age; and (5) bivariate correlation analysis to analyze PID-5 convergent validity. The results provided evidence of validity and reliability. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested a five-factor structure. The facets presented factor loadings in the domain theoretically expected, with some exceptions: Suspiciousness (loaded in Psychoticism), Hostility (loaded in Disinhibition), Depressivity (loaded in Detachment) and Insensitivity (loaded in Detachment). CFA also suggested a good model fit (CFI = .98; RMSEA = .04; SRMR = 0.083). Psychoticism, Detachment, and Disinhibition facets had their higher factor loadings in the expected domain. Negative affectivity showed higher correlations with the rest of the scales. Internal consistency was satisfactory, especially at the domain level, and the items had good discrimination indices. Correlations with the corresponding of the Big Five factors were observed, similar to previous studies. The five PID-5 domains were also found positively correlated. Additionally, gender and age differences were found. In line with previous literature, results suggest that some facets scales are "pure" markers of these domains (e. g., Psychoticism and Antagonism facets), whereas others (e. g., Negative Affectivity facets such as Depressiveness, Suspicion, Hostility), are located "in between" domains since they share features of more than one domain. Psychoticism facets presented higher loadings in their domains and lower in the rest. This is not surprising; although most of psychopathology cannot be understood as categories, schizophyte and Schizotypal Personality Disorder are exceptions, and Psychoticism would be the representation of these categories in the APA model. Findings also provide evidence of convergent validity for the instrument, as well as theorical evidence regarding the relationship between normal and pathological personality traits. This version can be used to evaluate the model, both in research and clinical practice. It has advantages over the original longer version, in terms of administration time and participants' fatigue, while maintaining its psychometric properties. The results are also expected to contribute to the recent literature on the dimensional approach to personality psychopathology. However, complementary studies, particularly with a clinical population, are needed.

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Objective: Previous publications have focused on a leading pop culture phenomenon, Star Wars, to teach several issues in psychiatry, which can make understanding challenging themes easier. This article delves into matters of differential diagnoses regarding two psychiatric disorders. Methods: We examine and compare the symptoms and specificities of borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder in the light of the fictional villain of the films, Darth Vader/Anakin Skywalker. Results and Conclusion: Our considerations of his diagnosis should be interpreted as an academic exercise with two main goals: to discuss the differential diagnosis between borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder in an illustrative, soft, and ludic way; and to teach how to connect one's behaviors with diagnostic criteria - in this case, those related to borderline personality disorder.

Objetivo: Publicações de outrora utilizaram um dos principais fenômenos da cultura pop, Star Wars, para ensinar diversas questões sobre psiquiatria, demonstrando que usar os filmes da série para ensinar tais assuntos pode facilitar a compreensão de temas desafiadores. O objetivo deste artigo é aprofundar as questões do diagnóstico diferencial de dois transtornos psiquiátricos. Métodos: Nós examinamos e comparamos as especificidades do transtorno de personalidade borderline e transtorno bipolar à luz do personagem fictício dos filmes Star Wars, o vilão Darth Vader/Anakin Skywalker. Resultados e Conclusão: As considerações sobre o diagnóstico de Darth Vader devem ser interpretadas como um exercício acadêmico com dois objetivos principais: discutir o diagnóstico diferencial entre transtorno de personalidade borderline e transtorno bipolar de forma ilustrativa, suave e lúdica; e ensinar como relacionar os comportamentos com critérios diagnósticos, neste caso, especificamente relacionados ao transtorno de personalidade borderline.

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El presente artículo procura establecer que el denominado Parasitismo Social corresponde a una conducta disocial, lo cual es el resultado de fenómenos temperamentales con implicancias biopsicosociales, y hace referencia a pacientes que presentan una forma de vida pasiva, explotadora y crónica a expensas de otros. Basados en el Modelo de la Psicoterapia Focalizada en la Transferencia (TFP), analizaremos cómo esta manifestación clínica refleja una patología grave del superyó y corresponde a conductas del espectro disocial, pues implica una forma de conducta crónica de explotación e irresponsabilidad significativa en relaciones interpersonales, caracterizado por una Pobreza del Investimento Objetal. Nos proponemos propiciar la búsqueda y evaluación dirigida de todo el espectro disocial de manera de promover su evaluación, diagnóstico, registro, considerar su pronóstico y plantear objetivos a corto y largo plazo cuando sean posibles. Esto podría impedir, disminuir o por lo menos advertir sobre los eventuales daños, no solo a los pacientes sino a sus familiares y personas o instituciones implicadas.

This article seeks to establish that the so-called Social Parasitism corresponds to a dissocial behavior, which is the result of temperamental phenomena with biopsychosocial implications and refers to patients who present a passive, exploitative, and chronic way of life at the expense of others. Based on the Transferred Focused Psychotherapy Model (TFP), we will analyze how this clinical manifestation reflects a severe pathology of the superego and corresponds to behaviors of the dissocial spectrum since it implies a form of chronic behavior of exploitation and significant irresponsibility in interpersonal relationships, characterized by the Poorness of the Objectal Investment. We propose to encourage the search and directed evaluation of the whole dissocial spectrum in a way to promote its evaluation, diagnostic, registration, consider its prognosis and establish short- and long-term objectives when possible. This could prevent, decrease, or at least warn about the eventual damages, not only to the patients but to their families and the people or institutions involved.

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The authors investigated the latent structure of schizotypal personality features using taxometric analysis in a large sample of individuals from clinical and nonclinical populations. A total of 7,072 community adults and 270 psychiatric patients participated in the study by responding to the eccentricity, distrust, and isolation scales from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP). Data were analyzed using three different taxometric techniques, MAMBAC, MAXEIG, and L-Mode. The indicators proved valid for the taxometric analysis (d ≥ 1.25). The comparison curve fit index (CCFI) coefficients from the three methods used were close to zero, and the average CCFI was lower than .40, clearly indicating a dimensional structure for schizotypal personality features. These findings suggest that schizotypal personality traits occur in levels, with no evidence of any natural boundary between clinical and nonclinical manifestations. Results from other studies that were consistent with a categorical structure may be due to methodological weaknesses.

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There is a relative dearth of research on Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD), even if it has been recognized for over 100 years. Thus, the present study aims to review the worldwide prevalence of OCPD in different populations. The search was conducted employing the PubMed database of the US National Library of Medicine and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) to detect available studies showing OCPD prevalence rates. All the prevalence rates were extracted and aggregated through random-effects models. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were performed. The final sample was composed of 46 articles, including 89,264 individuals. We found that OCPD reports a high prevalence rate, with 6.5% (95%CI = 4.3-9.1%), and reaching even higher among psychiatric and clinical patient population. OCPD has presented stable prevalence rates worldwide throughout the past 28 years. There was no gender-related effect, but OCPD prevalence rates may decrease with age increase. There is a need to investigate personality disorders epidemiology based on the recently updated classification systems (i.e., DSM-5 and ICD-11). The present meta-analysis may suggest that the current diagnostic tools may detect OCPD in a cross-sectional assessment but not throughout the life of the person.

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RESUMEN Fundamento En el contexto de la evaluación de los trastornos de personalidad, resulta relevante el empleo adecuado de cada uno de los instrumentos existentes para realizarla. De este modo, es necesario el conocimiento a cabalidad de las propiedades psicométricas de estos. Objetivo describir estudios que evalúan los trastornos de personalidad mediante el empleo de instrumentos. Métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática, a través de la Declaración PRISMA, en las bases de datos Cochrane, PubMed, Scielo, EBSCO, y PsycInfo, en el período octubre-diciembre de 2019. Un total de 183 artículos fueron considerados elegibles. Luego de aplicados los criterios de selección, conformaron la muestra 12 artículos. Resultados el Inventario Clínico Dimensional de Personalidad fue el más utilizado, el cual se encontró en las tres modalidades de artículos incluidos; especialmente en estudios de adaptación y validación de instrumentos de evaluación de los trastornos de personalidad (también en su versión 2); así como el Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Conclusión La revisión desarrollada se caracterizó por su heterogeneidad, y evidenció la falta de consenso en la comunidad científica, acerca cuáles instrumentos son los más idóneos para la valoración de los trastornos de personalidad en la actualidad.

ABSTRACT Background In the personality disorders evaluation context, the proper use of each of the existing instruments to carry it out is relevant. Thus, full knowledge of the psychometric properties is necessary. Objective to describe studies that evaluates personality disorders through the use of instruments. Methods: a systematic review was carried out, through the PRISMA Statement, in the Cochrane, PubMed, Scielo, EBSCO, and PsycInfo databases, from October to December 2019. A total of 183 articles were considered eligible. After applying the selection criteria, the sample comprised 12 articles. Results the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory was the most used, which was found in the three types of articles included; mainly in studies of adaptation and validation of assessment instruments for personality disorders (also in version 2); as well as the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Conclusion The developed review was characterized by its heterogeneity, and evidenced the lack of consensus in the scientific community, about which instruments are the most suitable for the assessment of personality disorders today.

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Resumen El Neuroticismo (N), a pesar de ser un rasgo de personalidad normal, se vincula con el padecimiento de diversas psicopatologias. Se estudió la continuidad entre el N y su variante desadaptativa, la Afectividad Negativa (AN), aplicando un modelo de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI) a dos escalas que miden estos constructos. Participaron 619 personas de población general (64.3 % mujeres), quienes respondieron un protocolo que incluyó 20 ítems de N del International Personality Item Pool (IPIP-NEO) y 23 ítems de AN del Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Inicialmenete se realizó una depuración progresiva de los ítems de N y AN a partir de criterios psicométricos del Modelo de Respuesta Graduada. Luego se calibraron conjuntamente los 22 ítems retenidos aunque se eliminaron 6 ítems por mostrar dependencia local y problemas de ajuste. Se aportaron evidencias de la continuidad postulada entre N y AN. Sin embargo, se encontró un marcado solapamiento en la localización de los ítems procedentes de ambas escalas en el continuo del rasgo que conforman N y AN.

Abstract Neuroticism (N), despite being a normal personality trait, is linked to various psychopathologies. The continuity between N and its maladaptive variant, Negative Affectivity (NA), was studied by applying a model of the Item Response Theory (IRT) to two scales that measure these constructs. A total of 619 participants from the general population (64.3% women) answered a protocol that included 20 items of N from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP-NEO) and 23 items of NA from the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). First, progressive refinement of the N and NA items was carried out based on psychometric criteria from the Graded Response Model. Then, the 22 items retained were calibrated together, although 6 items were eliminated for showing local dependence and adjustment problems. Evidence of the postulated continuity between N and NA was provided. However, a marked overlap was found in the location of the items from both scales in the trait continuum formed by N and AN.

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Estudos indicam que mulheres que sofreram violência na infância e têm um funcionamento patológico da personalidade correm maior risco de sofrer violência por parceiros íntimo (VPI). A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar o quanto as experiências de maus-tratos infantis e de funcionamento patológico da personalidade, separadamente e em conjunto, predizem o nível de VPI em uma amostra de mulheres adultas brasileiras. Participaram do estudo um total de 330 mulheres (idade: M = 31,2, SD = 9,45) que responderam aos seguintes instrumentos: World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO VAW), Questionário sobre Comportamentos de Controle (QCC), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) e o Personality Functioning Inventory for DSM-5 (PFID-5). Os resultados mostraram que 24,2% das participantes reportaram sofrer VPI atual e 48,2% reportaram ter sofrido VPI de ex-parceiros. Além disso, não foram observadas associações entre VPI (WHO VAW e QCC) e variáveis sociodemográficas. Em relação às experiências de maus-trados na infância e ao funcionamento patológico da personalidade, os resultados não confirmaram as relações descritas na literatura. Essas variáveis predizeram apenas 7% da variabilidade da VPI. Com base nesses resultados, entende-se que a VPI não está associada a variáveis individuais da mulher, como ser pobre ou rica, ter ou não histórico de maus-tratos infantil ou mesmo ter um funcionamento saudável ou patológico da personalidade. Ainda, as associações entre VPI e variáveis internas das mulheres que tiveram tamanhos de efeito mínimos, sugeriram que a VPI tende a ocorrer independente das características da mulher.(AU)

Studies indicate that women who have experienced violence in childhood and have pathological personality functioning are at greater risk of experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). This research aimed to investigate the extent to which experiences of childhood abuse and pathological personality functioning, separately and together, predict the level of IPV in a sample of adult Brazilian women. The study included 330 women (age: M = 31.2, SD = 9.45) who answered the following instruments: World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO VAW), Controlling Behaviors Questionnaire (CBQ), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Personality Functioning Inventory for DSM-5 (PFID-5). The results showed that 24.2% of the participants reported experiencing current IPV, and 48.2% reported having suffered IPV from former partners. Furthermore, no associations were observed between IPV (WHO VAW and CBQ) and sociodemographic variables. Regarding childhood maltreatment experiences and pathological personality functioning, the results did not confirm the relationships described in the literature. These variables predicted only 7% of the VPI variability. Based on these results, it is understood that IPV is not associated with individual variables of the woman, such as being poor or rich, having or not having a history of childhood maltreatment, or even having a healthy or pathological personality functioning. Furthermore, the associations between IPV and womens internal variables that were statistically significant had a tiny effect size, indicating that IPV tends to occur regardless of the womans characteristics.(AU)

Los estudios indican que las mujeres que han experimentado violencia en la infancia y tienen un funcionamiento patológico de la personalidad corren un mayor riesgo de experimentar violencia de pareja íntima (VPI). Este estúdio tuvo como objetivo investigar en qué medida las experiencias de abuso infantil y el funcionamiento patológico de la personalidad, por separado y en conjunto, predicen el nivel de VPI en una muestra de mujeres adultas brasileñas. El estudio incluyó a 330 mujeres (edad: M = 31.2, DE = 9.45) que respondieron los siguientes instrumentos: World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO VAW), Cuestionario de Conductas Controladoras (CCC), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) y Personality Functioning Inventory for DSM-5 (PFID-5). Los resultados mostraron que el 24,2% de las participantes informaron haber experimentado VPI actual y el 48,2% informaron haber sufrido VPI de exparejas. Además, no se observaron asociaciones entre VPI (WHO VAW y CCC) y variables sociodemográficas. En cuanto a las experiencias de maltrato infantil y el funcionamiento patológico de la personalidad, los resultados no confirmaron las relaciones descritas en la literatura. Estas variables predijeron solo el 7% de la variabilidad del VPI. Con base en estos resultados, se entiende que la VPI no está asociada con variables individuales de la mujer, como ser pobre o rica, tener o no antecedentes de maltrato infantil, o incluso tener un funcionamiento de personalidad sano o patológico. Además, las asociaciones entre VPI y las variables internas de las mujeres que fueron estadísticamente significativas tuvieron un tamaño de efecto pequeño, lo que indica que la VPI tiende a ocurrir independientemente de las características de la mujer.(AU)

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Abstract The internal structure is investigated in mental health measures, exploring or confirming the association of stimuli composing the test and whether this structure is consistent with expectation. Our focus is on the internal structure of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (1DCP-2), a self-report test for pathological traits measurement. Previous studies have only partially verified the internal structure of IDCP-2. The objective of this study is to verify the internal structure of IDCP-2, contemplating in the same analysis all its dimensions and factors. Participants were 2,000 people from the general population. We conducted confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory (EFA) factorial analyzes, including bifac-tor models. The results showed the bifactor model with 12 specific factors with best fit indices. The internal consistency for the general factor was above .90, and from .40 to .91 for the specific factors. Findings suggested the original solution of IDCP-2 is reasonable using a bifactor model.

Resumen La estructura interna se investiga en medidas de salud mental, explorando o confirmando la asociación de estímulos que componen la prueba, y si esta estructura es consistente con las expectativas. Nuestro enfoque está en la estructura interna del Inventario Dimensional Clínico de Personalidad 2 (IDCP-2), una prueba de autoinforme para la medición de rasgos patológicos. Estudios anteriores solo han verificado parcialmente la estructura interna de IDCP-2. El objetivo de este estudio es verificar la estructura interna del IDCP-2, contemplando en el mismo análisis todas sus dimensiones y factores. Los participantes fueron 200 personas de la población general. Realizamos análisis factoriales confirmatorios (CFA) y exploratorios (EFA), incluidos modelos bifactoriales. Los resultados mostraron el modelo bifactor con 12 factores específicos con los mejores índices de ajuste. La consistencia interna para el factor general fue superior a .90, y de .40 a .91 para los factores específicos. Los resultados sugieren que la solución original de IDCP-2 es razonable utilizando un modelo bifactor.

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Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) is characterized by difficulties in intimate relationships, social and interpersonal deficits, and perceptual distortions. Encompassing this personality disorder and other mental conditions, the Hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) is an evidence-based, dimensional model covering pathological traits in its lower range. This study aimed to develop a self-report scale for screening pathological traits of STPD from the perspective of the HiTOP. The sample consisted of 474 Brazilian adults aged 18-70 years who answered the developed scale, the IDCP-STPD, facets of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and factors of the Computerized Adaptive Assessment of Personality Disorder Static Form (CAT-PD-SF). The scale was composed of 73 items distributed in two factors. Internal structure reliability was higher than 0.80 for all scores of the scale. The factors showed associations with the expected external measures, and the groups based on the STPD external measures (healthy and pathological) showed big to huge differences. Although initial, our findings suggested the IDCP-STPD as a helpful measure to the clinical context to screen the STPD pathological traits. Moreover, the structure observed for the IDCP-STPD confirms the spectrum level of the HiTOP.

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Violence committed by individuals with severe mental disorders has become a growing focus of interest among physicians, law enforcement officials, and the general population. Homicide involving relatives, specially parricide, matricide, and filicide, despite the relatively low incidence of these crimes, may be enigmatic, so forensic psychiatrist are frequently called on the courts to answer questions about insanity and criminal responsibility. The current study aims to describe Brazilian cases of parricide, matricide, and filicide associated with presence of major mental disorders and personality disorders, discussing the assessment of criminal responsibility in each case. The case series described were specifically related to people with mental illness, as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and borderline personality with comorbidity of drug abuse. Two of them were considered not guilty by reason of insanity, and the other one was considered partially criminally responsible, according to Brazilian Law and Forensic Psychiatric Reports of the cases. The justice determined compulsory psychiatric treatment for all of them. The question of criminal responsibility of individuals with mental disorders is challenging for criminal justice, psychiatry, and society. Adequate treatment is mandatory to prevent crimes involving mental disorders, as shown in literature. The verification of criminal responsibility is essential for persons' adequate referral in any system of criminal law, thus protecting human rights and referring those who need psychiatric treatment.

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This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in Brazilian community and clinical samples. This research included 1,210 people, 554 of them with psychopathology indicators. The participants answered the PID-5 and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, in addition to a sociodemographic and health data questionnaire that included the six items of the suicidality module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The results showed that the 25 facets of the PID-5 had adequate reliability coefficients and evidence of unidimensionality. The instrument's five-factor structure was replicated with high levels of congruence with the representative sample from North America. PID-5 scores were statistically different between clinical and community groups and were positively correlated with measures of suicide risk and psychopathological symptoms. This study presents the psychometric properties of PID-5 and its suitability for use in the Brazilian population (AU).

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Personalidade para o DSM-5 (PID-5) para amostras clínica e comunitária brasileiras. Esta pesquisa incluiu 1.210 pessoas, sendo 554 delas com indicadores de psicopatologia. Os participantes responderam ao PID-5 e ao Self-Reporting Questionnaire, além de um questionário sobre dados sociodemográfico e de saúde que incluía os seis itens do módulo de risco de suicídio Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Os resultados mostraram que as 25 facetas do PID-5 apresentaram coeficientes de confiabilidade adequados e evidências de unidimensionalidade. A estrutura de cinco fatores do instrumento foi replicada com altos níveis de congruência com a amostra representativa da América do Norte. Os escores PID-5 foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos clínicos e comunitários e foram positivamente correlacionados com medidas de risco de suicídio e sintomas psicopatológicos. Este estudo apresenta as propriedades psicométricas do PID-5 e sua adequação para uso na população brasileira (AU).

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Personalidad para el DSM-5 (PID-5) en muestras clínicas y comunitarias de Brasil. Esta investigación incluyó a 1.210 personas, 554 de ellas con indicadores de psicopatología. Los participantes respondieron al PID-5 y al Self-Reporting Questionnaire, además de un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y de salud que incluía los seis ítems del módulo de suicidio de la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional. Los resultados mostraron que las 25 facetas del PID-5 presentaron coeficientes de confiabilidad adecuados y evidencias de unidimensionalidad. La estructura de cinco factores del instrumento se replicó con altos niveles de congruencia con la muestra representativa de Norteamérica. Las puntuaciones de PID-5 fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los grupos clínicos y comunitarios, y se correlacionaron positivamente con las medidas de riesgo de suicidio y síntomas psicopatológicos. Este estudio presenta las propiedades psicométricas del PID-5 y su idoneidad para su uso en la población brasileña (AU).

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Resumo: Introdução: O uso de filmes comerciais em sala de aula é uma prática comum e acessível. A prática de exibição de filmes para o ensino é definida pelo termo cinemeducation. Objetivo: O presente estudo partiu da hipótese de que o cinemeducation, como metodologia ativa, poderia contribuir para o aprendizado dos transtornos da personalidade (TP) na graduação. Foram ministradas aulas presenciais para 213 estudantes de Medicina, Enfermagem, Psicologia, Fisioterapia e Fonoaudiologia, para avaliar o conhecimento desenvolvido sobre TP. Método: O estudo é transversal e quantitativo, composto por amostras pareadas e dependentes (antes e depois). As etapas foram: 1. aplicação de instrumento avaliativo em forma de questionário (antes); 2. aula composta por exibição de cenas de filmes brasileiros e reflexão e discussão sobre elas; 3. aplicação do mesmo questionário (depois); e 4. análise estatística comparativa entre os resultados. Resultados: O método se mostrou efetivo para o processo ensino-aprendizagem, havendo melhora autorreferida no conhecimento dos estudantes após a aula (questão 1) e melhora observável ao identificarem e conceituarem os TP (questão 3). Além disso, os estudantes referiram, em média, que a estratégia contribuía para a aprendizagem, antes da aula, e mantiveram em média essa opinião, depois (questão 2). Conclusões: Alcançou-se o objetivo proposto porque se utilizou amostra estatisticamente significativa de estudantes, e os resultados confirmaram que o método é efetivo para o ensino. Além disso, a discussão evidenciou que o uso dos filmes pode contribuir para o o aprendizado, condizendo com as características de estudantes da geração atual, uma vez que valoriza o uso de tecnologias em sala de aula e permite o aprendizado crítico-reflexivo e a participação ativa dos sujeitos. As limitações do estudo se referem à escassez de filmes brasileiros contemporâneos que exemplifiquem todos os TP, não havendo cenas representativas para TP esquizotípica, dependente e esquiva. Além disso, considera-se necessário estudo comparativo entre o método tradicional de ensino dos TP e o cinemeducation, de forma a investigar a eficácia deste quando comparado às aulas tradicionais.

Abstract: Introduction: The use of commercial films in the classroom is a common and accessible practice. The practice of showing films for teaching is defined by the term cinemeducation. Objective: The present study was based on the hypothesis that cinemeducation, as an active methodology, could contribute to the learning of Personality Disorders (PD) during undergraduate training. Face-to-face classes were given to 213 students of medicine, nursing, psychology, physiotherapy and speech therapy, to assess the knowledge developed about PD. Method: The study is cross-sectional and quantitative, composed of paired and dependent samples (before and after). The steps were: a) application of an assessment tool in the form of a questionnaire (before); b) class, consisting of exhibition, reflection and discussion of scenes from Brazilian films, c) application of the same questionnaire (after), and d) comparative statistical analysis between the results. Results: The results showed that the method is effective for the teaching-learning process, with self-reported improvement in students' knowledge after class (question 1), and an observable improvement when identifying and conceptualizing PD (question 3). Furthermore, students reported, on average, that the strategy contributed to learning, before class, and they maintained that opinion, on average, afterwards (question 2). Conclusions: The proposed objective was achieved by using a statistically significant sample of students and the results confirmed that the method is effective for teaching. The discussion showed that the use of films can improve learning, and it is consistent with the characteristics of students of the actual generation, since it values the use of technologies in the classroom, allowing critical-reflective teaching and the active student participation. The limitations of the study include the scarcity of contemporary Brazilian films that exemplify all PDs, with no representative scenes for schizotypical, dependent and avoidant PD. Furthermore, a comparative study between the traditional method of teaching PD and cinemeducation is considered necessary in order to investigate its effectiveness when compared to traditional classes.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: los trastornos de personalidad corresponden a un eje específico del diagnóstico multiaxial mental de una persona, representando patrones distorsionados del pensamiento y comportamiento, estos guardan una comorbilidad bastante amplia con otros trastornos mentales y enfermedades. Las drogas son agentes que modifican el funcionamiento de los órganos con los que interaccionan, uno de ellos es el cerebro. OBJETIVO: establecer la relación entre los trastornos de personalidad y abuso de drogas en pacientes ingresados en Salas Agudas del Hospital Psiquiátrico Santa Rosita en Honduras. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, con selección aleatoria de los expedientes médicos de los pacientes ingresados por consumo nocivo de drogas, con una muestra significativa de los expedientes de pacientes que fueron diagnosticados concomitantemente con un trastorno de la personalidad por parte del servicio de psiquiatría según criterios de la Clasificación Internacional de las Enfermedades CIE-10, durante su estadía en la sala, se les aplicó un instrumento específico para la recolección de datos y su posterior análisis utilizando el programa estadístico Epi Info 7 buscando responder la frecuencia de los trastornos de personalidad en pacientes con abuso de drogas. RESULTADOS: los pacientes atendidos por abuso de una determinada droga sea lícita o ilícita, presentaron trastornos de personalidad con una frecuencia de 41%, en caso de ser más de una droga aumento a 49% basándose en la Clasificación Internacional de las Enfermedades. CONCLUSIÓN: los trastornos de personalidad más frecuentes que se asocian al abuso de una droga fueron en orden descendente: el trastorno de la personalidad Asocial, Limítrofe y Trastorno Mixto de la Personalidad; sin embargo en el abuso concomitante de varias drogas al momento del ingreso, presentaron: trastorno de la personalidad Histriónico, Esquizoide, Paranoide y otros trastornos específicos.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: personality disorders correspond to a specific axis in the multiaxial mental diagnosis of a person, they represent distorted patterns in thinking and behavior, these disorders have a wide comorbidity with other mental disorders and diseases. Drugs are agents that modify the function of the organs which they interact with, the brain is one of them. OBJECTIVES: establish the relationship between personality disorders and drug abuse on the intern patients in acute rooms of the Santa Rosita Psychiatric Hospital, Honduras. MATERIALS AND METHODS: descriptive, retrospective study, realised after having a random selection of the medical expedients of patients that entered because of drug abuse, with a significant sample from the patients medical records that had been also diagnosed with personality disorders by the Psychiatry service following the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 criteria while being in the hospital wards, this process followed by an application of a specific instrument to recollect detailed information and analysis using Epi Info 7 statistics program, looking to respond to the frequency of PD that coexists in patients with drug abuse. RESULTS: the patients attended by cause of an determined licit or ilicit drug abuse presented personality disorders in 41% of the population, in the case of abuse of more than one drug when admitted to the hospital it ascended to 49% following de International Classification of Diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequent personality disorders associated to the abuse of one drug, in descending order were: asocial borderline and mixed personality disorders. Nevertheless in case of several drug abuse at the time of their medical admission were Histrionic, Schizoid, Paranoid and other specific personality disorders.

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We aimed to develop a version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2) according to the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) for the assessment of antisocial personality disorder traits (i.e., IDCP Antisocial Personality Disorder Scale; IDCP-ASPD), as well as verify its psychometric properties. We developed new factors to cover ASPD traits, and collect data with 206 adults from the community (Mage=31.3; 77.8% women). Participants completed the IDCP-ASPD, factors from IDCP-2, and Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Exploratory structural equation modeling (E-SEM) suggested a 3-factors solution, grouping the 14 factors composing the IDCP-ASPD. Reliability indicators were good. Correlations between IDCP-ASPD and external measures corroborated expectations. The bootstrap two-sample t-test comparing non-clinical and psychiatric groups suggested good discrimination capacity of the IDCP-ASPD. Favorable evidence was found for the usability of the developed scale for ASPD traits measurement, although future studies must replicate the findings in samples composed by ASPD patients.

Nosso objetivo foi desenvolver uma versão do Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 (IDCP-2) com base no Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) para avaliar traços do transtorno da personalidade antisocial (i.e., IDCP escala Antissocial; IDCP-ASPD), e verificar suas propriedades psicométricas. Novos fatores foram desenvolvidos para cobrir traços do transtorno, e dados foram coletados com 206 adultos (Midade=31,3; 77,8% mulheres), que responderam: IDCP-ASPD, fatores do IDCP-2 e do Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). A exploratory structural equating modeling (E-SEM) indicou três fatores, agrupando os 14 fatores que compõem o IDCP-ASPD. A precisão foi adequada. As correlações do IDCP-ASPD com as medidas externas corroboraram as expectativas. O bootstrap two-sample t-test sugeriu boa discriminação para os grupos não-clínico e psiquiátrico. Evidências favoráveis foram encontradas para uso do IDCP-ASPD, embora os achados precisem ser replicados em pacientes com transtorno da personalidade antissocial.

Nuestro objectivo fue desarollar una version del Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 (IDCP-2) que se basó en Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) para evaluar rasgos del transtorno de personalidad antisocial (i.e., IDCP escala Antissocial; IDCP-ASPD), y verificar sus propriedades psicometricas. Nuevos factores fueran desarollados para nuevos rasgos del transtorno, y dados fueran coletados con 206 adultos (Midad=31,3; 77,8% mujeres), responderan: IDCP-ASPD, factores del IDCP-2 y del Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). El exploratory structural equating modeling (E-SEM) indicó tres factores, agrupando los 14 factores que componem el IDCP-ASPD. La precisión fue adecuada. Las corelaciones del IDCP-ASPD com las medidas externas corroboraron las expectativas. O bootstrap two-sample t-test apuntó buena discriminación para los grupos no clínico y psiquiatríco. Encontramos evidencias favorables para el uso de IDCP-ASPD, aunque los hallazgos deben ser replicados en pacientes con trastorno de personalidad antisocial.

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A new dimensional-based framework was proposed, the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). This study aimed to develop a specific version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2), focused on the assessment of the schizoid personality disorder (SZPD) according to the HiTOP. In stage 1, we developed a new factor to cover all SZPD traits, as presented in the HiTOP. Six factors (one new and five from the IDCP-2) composed the IDCP-SZPD. In stage 2, 434 adults from the community, aged from 18 to 67 years (M=31.6, SD=9.7), completed factors from three self-report measures: the IDCP-SZPD, PID-5, and FFaVA. The IDCP-SZPD factors and total score presented high reliability. Correlations and a bootstrap two-sample t-test comparison corroborated the expectations. Although we found evidence supporting the use of the IDCP-SZPD for the measurement of SZPD traits, further research is needed to verify the replicability of the present findings in samples composed of SZPD patients. (AU)

Um novo framework dimensional foi proposto, o Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma versão específica do Inventário Dimensional Clínico da Personalidade 2 (IDCP-2), com foco na avaliação do transtorno da personalidade esquizoide (TPE) de acordo com o HiTOP. No estágio 1, foi desenvolvido um novo fator, buscando cobrir todos os traços do TPE apresentados no HiTOP. Compuseram o IDCP-SZPD seis fatores (um novo e cinco do IDCP-2). No estágio 2, 434 adultos da população geral, com idade entre 18 e 67 anos (M = 31.6; DP = 9,7), completaram fatores de três medidas de autorrelato: IDCP-SZPD, PID-5 e FFaVA. Os fatores do IDCP-SZPD e o escore total apresentaram alta precisão. Correlações e comparações via bootstrap two-sample t teste corroboraram as expectativas. Embora evidências favoráveis tenham sido observadas para o uso do IDCP-SZPD, na avaliação de traços do TPE, estudos futuros devem verificar a replicabilidade dos achados em amostras de pacientes com TPE. (AU)

Un nuevo framework dimensional fue propuesto, el Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). El objetivo fue el de desarrollar una versión específica del Inventario Dimensional Clínico de Personalidad 2 (IDCP-2), centrado en la evaluación del trastorno esquizoide de la personalidad (TPE) según el HiTOP. En la etapa 1 se desarrolló un nuevo factor para cubrir todos los rasgos del TPE presentados en el HiTOP. Seis factores (uno nuevo y cinco del IDCP-2) compusieron el IDCP-SZPD. En la etapa 2, 434 adultos de la comunidad, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 67 años (M =31,6, DS=9,7), completaron los factores de tres medidas de auto-informe: IDCP-SZPD, PID-5 y FFaVA. Los factores del IDCP-SZPD y el puntaje total mostraron una alta confiabilidad. Las correlaciones y la comparación del bootstrap two-sample t test corroboraron las expectativas. Aunque se observaron evidencias favorables para el uso de la IDCP-SZPD para la medición de rasgos de TPE, los estudios posteriores deberían verificar la replicabilidad de los presentes hallazgos en muestras compuestas por pacientes con TPE. (AU)

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