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Background: National Bridging Workshops (NBW) are a tool for reviewing collaboration gaps between line ministries relevant to the One Health framework. Methods: The NBW for Somalia was held on November 11-13, 2023 in Nairobi, Kenya with support from WHO and WOAH. Participants included representatives from the Somali government both national and sub-national (including Ministry of Health; Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range; Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation; and Ministry of Environment and Climate Change). Other participants included representatives from non-governmental organizations, academia and the quadripartite. Structured sessions guided participants through a step-by-step process, starting from identifying gaps to collectively developing solutions. The design of these sessions aimed to foster active engagement and collaboration with the outcomes of each session contributing to the subsequent one. Results: A total of 60 participants partook in the exercise, representing human health (35%), animal health (27%), agriculture (13%), environmental health (7%) and other relevant sectors (18%). Eighty-three percent of participants represented the national level and 17% the sub-national level. The collaborative effort yielded a joint roadmap comprising 36 activities and 11 objectives. Priority objectives included: development of national joint surveillance systems for selected One Health threats (41/47 votes, or 87% of the total votes); establishment of a high-level ministerial system to govern and coordinate One Health activities (30/47; 64%); and establishment of emergency funding structures for priority zoonotic diseases along with development of a 5-year national investment plan for One Health (27/47; 57%). A total of 94% of activities required low or moderate cost to be implemented, and 90% of activities were identified to have a likely high impact on multisectoral collaboration. The timeline for implementing the activities is projected to span one to two years. Conclusion: The workshop promoted high-level engagement, national ownership, and leadership in addressing health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. The resulting co-created roadmap will be integrated into the National Action Plan for Health Security, supporting ongoing One Health efforts in Somalia.

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INTRODUCTION: Sustainable livestock production remains crucial for attainment of food security globally and for safeguarding the livelihoods of many households in low- and -middle income countries. However, the high prevalence of infectious livestock diseases, coupled with inadequate provision and adoption of effective control measures, leads to reduced livestock productivity, increased animal mortalities, and emergence of antimicrobial resistant pathogens. This study sought to assess the management strategies employed by farmers for priority diseases affecting their animals and the utilization and performance of veterinary services. METHODS: We conducted the study in three districts, namely, Mion, Pru East, and Kwahu Afram Plains South Districts, which represent the main livestock production belts in Ghana. We used questionnaires in surveys, to collect pertinent data from 350 ruminant livestock farmers and 13 professional veterinary officers (VOs) in the study districts. Additionally, we conducted seven focus group discussions (FGDs) with 65 livestock farmers in the study districts. The survey data was analyzed, and we describe the distribution of the priority livestock diseases, the disease management strategies employed, and the performance of veterinary services in Ghana. We also analyzed the raw FGD transcript texts deductively based on the study objectives. To validate findings across the different datasets, we used triangulation. RESULTS: Almost all the farmers (98%) reared small ruminants, with about 25% also rearing cattle. The main priority livestock diseases identified includes pestes-des-petits-ruminants and mange infection in sheep and goats, as well as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and foot-and-mouth-disease in cattle. We found that majority (82%) of the farmers relied on treatment, while only 20% opted for vaccination services. Additionally, the veterinary system in Ghana did not adequately regulate the antimicrobial medications employed by farmers to manage diseases. Thus, in most of the cases, the medicines applied by farmers were not useful for the target diseases. Although our findings show the farmers perceived VOs to perform highly compared to informal providers on most of the attributes evaluated including medicine availability and quality, treatment effectiveness, advisory services, service affordability, and competence, only 33% utilized VOs services. The majority of the farmers (51%) used the services of informal providers, who were better in proximity and popularity with farmers. CONCLUSIONS: The livestock sector in Ghana faces a substantial challenge due primarily to vaccine-preventable diseases. Even though VOs demonstrated superior performance on key veterinary service performance indicators, their services are underutilized by livestock farmers. Additionally, the absence of regulatory oversight by the veterinary system over antimicrobials utilized in animal production contributes to their misapplication by livestock farmers, posing a considerable risk to both public health and food security. It is thus imperative to introduce new initiatives that enhance the uptake of animal vaccines and better antimicrobial stewardship to ensure sustainable livestock production.

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Introduction: Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the One Health (OH) welcome support for the operationalization of the approach and advice on how to address OH collaboration challenges. The IHR/PVS National Bridging Workshop (NBW) is an operational and outcome-oriented tool approach that allows animal health, human health and other relevant sectors to focus on their coordination. This paper describes how Cameroon leveraged on the NBW success factors to engage stakeholders in strengthening multisectoral collaboration. Methods: Stakeholder's engagement was implemented in two phases. Phase one consisted of engaging the multisectoral national task team for the preparation of the workshop. Phase two consisted of the bridging exercise itself during a three day workshop. The WOAH-WHO standardized IHR/PVS NBW toolkit was used throughout the workshop. Results: A total of 66 participants took part in the exercise. In total, 36% each came from human and animal health sectors with 23% and 5% from the environmental health and other sectors respectively. A total of 55% participants came from the national level and 39% from the regional level. The joint roadmap contained 55 activities and 13 objectives. Priority objectives were the establishment of a OH platform at all levels (62% of the vote) and building stakeholder's capacity on the OH approach (56% of the vote). A total of 67% of the activities required low or moderate cost and 87% would have a high impact on multisectoral collaboration. Conclusion: The NBW allowed consensus on operational activities to fill the gaps in coordination to build health security capacities. It enabled Cameroon to create a joint road map for enhanced multisectoral collaboration for health security. The output will be integrated in the National Action Plan for Health Security operational plan and support operational One Health activities. It would be crucial to develop global capacity assessment frameworks for environmental health, which could be included in the NBW, to incorporate interconnections with environmental sector. This should allow for a stronger multisectoral linkage of sectors all together for a more the robust OH approach in responding to emerging public health threats.

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Veterinary education establishments (VEEs) and veterinary statutory bodies (VSBs) play key roles in ensuring the effectiveness of veterinary professionals and delivery of competent national veterinary services (VS). Recognizing the need to address the quality of veterinary education and the role of VSBs for its member countries/territories (Members), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has organized conferences, workshops, and ad hoc groups leading to the development of recommendations and guidelines and the introduction of active programmers on veterinary education. In Asia and the Pacific region, veterinary education and practice as well as regulatory approach among Members vary considerably, and limited information is currently available publicly. In 2018, the OIE organized a workshop for VEEs and VSBs in Asia and the Pacific region, for which participants completed a questionnaire regarding each country's situation relating to veterinary education, regulations, and professionals. The questionnaire results showed that most Members and Observers (Members/Observers) in Asia had at least one VEE and that the OIE guidelines for VEEs are widely used. Similarly, most Members/Observers in Asia had a VSB or equivalent authority that oversees the quality and competence of veterinarians. Some challenges were also revealed, including variations in the roles, responsibilities, and level of autonomy of VSBs and weak collaboration/coordination among the key in-country/territory stakeholders of veterinary education. The OIE offers Members recommendations and guidelines as well as several programs and activities aiming to strengthen the VS, VEEs, and VSBs, including the evaluation of veterinary services' performance, the VEE and VSB twinning projects, and conferences and workshops.

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Veterinary medicine is a global public good. A robust system of both public and private veterinary services is essential to protect animal health. Improved animal health leads to global food security and reduces poverty by increasing productivity, controlling transboundary diseases and expanding access to international markets. The quality of veterinary services is directly related to the quality of veterinary medical education, therefore, it is incumbent upon the entire global veterinary medical profession to support programs that improve education around the world.

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Establishing trust in national systems for assurance of animal health and food safety is a key step in any importing country's consideration of whether a potential trading partner can meet its appropriate level of protection. Private veterinarians, veterinary para-professionals (VPPs) and aquatic animal health professionals (AAHPs) play a crucial role in national Veterinary Services, formally or informally, and across the whole spectrum of national animal and public health activities. Private veterinarians, AAHPs or VPPs are engaged as part of the national Veterinary Services and in various forms of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in many countries worldwide. In many cases, authorised private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs enable the national Veterinary or Aquatic Animal Health Services as a whole to do more work over a wider geographical area and thus have a greater impact than publicly employed professionals working alone. The deployment of private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs directly or in PPP arrangements strengthens national services and enhances their ability to deliver reliable animal health and food safety assurance. To ensure that private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs deliver to their full potential, effective and efficient systems for training, accreditation, monitoring and audit are essential. This article draws on data from published OIE Performance of Veterinary Services evaluations (from 2007 to the present) and unpublished responses to the OIE 2017 questionnaire on PPPs, to draw insights into the use and accreditation of private veterinarians, AAHPs and VPPs globally.

La confiance dans les systèmes nationaux qui visent à garantir la situation de la santé animale et de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments d'un pays est une condition essentielle pour que les pays importateurs puissent considérer qu'un partenaire commercial potentiel est (ou n'est pas) en mesure de garantir le niveau de protection approprié. Les vétérinaires privés, les paraprofessionnels vétérinaires et les professionnels de la santé des animaux aquatiques jouent un rôle crucial au sein des Services vétérinaires nationaux, de manière formelle ou informelle, ainsi que dans le large spectre d'activités en lien avec la santé animale et la santé publique au niveau national. Dans plusieurs pays du monde, les vétérinaires privés, les professionnels de la santé des animaux aquatiques et les paraprofessionnels vétérinaires interviennent en tant que partie intégrante des Services vétérinaires nationaux et, à ce titre, ils prennent part à diverses formes de partenariats public­privé (PPP). Dans bien des cas, l'action des vétérinaires privés habilités, des professionnels de la santé des animaux aquatiques et des paraprofessionnels vétérinaires accroît les capacités d'intervention globale des Services vétérinaires nationaux et des Services chargés de la santé des animaux aquatiques, qui peuvent ainsi agir davantage, couvrir un territoire géographique plus vaste et avoir un meilleur impact que si les agents de l'État travaillaient sans ce soutien. Le déploiement de ces acteurs privés lors d'interventions directes ou à travers des PPP renforce les services nationaux et accroît leur capacité à fournir des garanties fiables en matière de santé animale et de sécurité sanitaire des aliments. Il est essentiel de disposer de systèmes efficaces et efficients de formation, d'accréditation, de supervision et d'audit afin de s'assurer que les prestations des vétérinaires privés, des professionnels de la santé des animaux aquatiques et des paraprofessionnels vétérinaires réalisent pleinement leur potentiel. L'auteur s'appuie sur les données des rapports d'évaluation des performances des Services vétérinaires (PVS) publiés depuis 2007 et sur les réponses (non publiées) fournies par les Membres lors d'une enquête relative aux PPP réalisée par l'OIE en 2017 pour apporter un éclairage sur le recours aux vétérinaires privés, aux professionnels de la santé des animaux aquatiques et aux paraprofessionnels vétérinaires ainsi que sur les modalités de leur accréditation.

La confianza en los sistemas nacionales que expiden garantías zoosanitarias y de inocuidad de los alimentos es un elemento clave cuando un país importador se plantea si un eventual socio comercial está en condiciones de ofrecer el nivel de protección que se le exige. Los veterinarios del sector privado, los paraprofesionales de veterinaria (PPV) y los profesionales de la sanidad de los animales acuáticos (PSAA) cumplen una función básica en los Servicios Veterinarios nacionales, ya sea oficial u oficiosamente, y en todo el espectro de actividades de sanidad animal y salud pública que despliegan los países. En muchos países del mundo, estos tres cuerpos de profesionales privados trabajan adscritos a los Servicios Veterinarios nacionales o participan en su labor con arreglo a diversas fórmulas de asociación publicoprivada. En muchos casos, la participación de veterinarios privados, PSAA y PPV debidamente autorizados permite a los Servicios Veterinarios o de Sanidad de los Animales Acuáticos de un país realizar en conjunto una labor más vasta en una zona geográfica más extensa y, con ello, obtener resultados que no podrían conseguir únicamente con los empleados del sector público. El despliegue de veterinarios privados, PSAA y PPV, ya sea directamente o en virtud de acuerdos de colaboración publicoprivada, refuerza a los servicios nacionales y los habilita para ofrecer garantías fiables en materia de sanidad animal e inocuidad de los alimentos. Ahora bien, para que el trabajo de estos profesionales del sector privado depare el máximo rendimiento es esencial disponer de sistemas eficaces y eficientes de formación, certificación, supervisión y auditoría. El autor, partiendo de los datos de las evaluaciones publicadas por la OIE de la eficacia de los Servicios Veterinarios (Proceso PVS) de 2007 a la actualidad y de las respuestas (no publicadas) al cuestionario distribuido por la OIE en 2017 sobre las asociaciones publicoprivadas, extrae una serie de conclusiones sobre el empleo y la certificación en todo el mundo de veterinarios privados, PSAA y PPV.

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Under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005), a legally binding document adopted by 196 States Parties, countries are required to develop their capacity to rapidly detect, assess, notify and respond to unusual health events of potential international concern. To support countries in monitoring and enhancing their capacities and complying with the IHR (2005), the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the IHR Monitoring and Evaluation Framework (IHR MEF). This framework comprises four complementary components: the State Party Annual Report, the Joint External Evaluation, after-action reviews and simulation exercises. The first two are used to review capacities and the second two to help to explore their functionality. The contribution of different disciplines, sectors, and areas of work, joining forces through a One Health approach, is essential for the implementation of the IHR (2005). Therefore, WHO, in partnership with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), and other international and national partners, has actively worked on facilitating the inclusion of the relevant sectors, in particular the animal health sector, in each of the four components of the IHR MEF. Other tools complement the IHR MEF, such as the WHO/OIE IHR-PVS [Performance of Veterinary Services] National Bridging Workshops, which facilitate the optimal use of the results of the IHR MEF and the OIE Performance of Veterinary Services Pathway and create an opportunity for stakeholders from animal health and human health services to work on the coordination of their efforts. The results of these various tools are used in countries' planning processes and are incorporated in their National Action Plan for Health Security to accelerate the implementation of IHR core capacities. The present article describes how One Health is incorporated in all components of the IHR MEF.

En vertu du Règlement sanitaire international (RSI, 2005), instrument juridique ayant force obligatoire pour les 196 États Parties dans le monde, les pays s'engagent à renforcer leurs capacités de détection, d'évaluation, de notification et de réaction en cas d'événements sanitaires inhabituels ou présentant une dimension internationale inquiétante. Le Cadre de suivi et d'évaluation du RSI (2005) a été élaboré par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) afin de soutenir les pays souhaitant évaluer et améliorer leurs capacités et leur niveau de conformité avec le RSI (2005). Ce cadre comprend quatre composantes complémentaires : le rapport annuel de l'État Partie, l'Évaluation extérieure conjointe, les examens « après action¼ et les exercices de simulation. Les deux premières composantes permettent de faire le point sur les capacités tandis que les deux dernières visent une connaissance détaillée de leur fonctionnement. La mise en oeuvre du RSI (2005) demande aux différentes disciplines, secteurs et domaines d'activités de fédérer leurs forces dans une approche Une seule santé. Par conséquent, en partenariat avec l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), avec l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) et avec d'autres partenaires internationaux et nationaux, l'OMS a fait en sorte de faciliter l'intégration de tous les secteurs concernés, en particulier celui de la santé animale, dans les diverses composantes du Cadre d'évaluation du RSI. D'autres outils complètent celui-ci, en particulier les ateliers de liaison nationaux OMS/OIE sur le RSI et le Processus d'évaluation des performances des Services vétérinaires (PVS), dont le but est de faciliter l'utilisation optimale des résultats du Cadre d'évaluation du RSI et du Processus PVS de l'OIE et de fournir aux acteurs des services de santé animale et de santé publique la possibilité de se concerter sur les modalités d'une synergie de leur action. Les résultats de ces outils sont ensuite pris en compte par les pays lors des procédures de planification et intégrés dans les Plans d'action nationaux pour la sécurité sanitaire afin d'accélérer la mise en oeuvre des capacités fondamentales décrites dans le RSI. Les auteurs décrivent l'intégration du concept Une seule santé dans chacune des composantes du Cadre d'évaluation du RSI.

Según lo dispuesto en el Reglamento Sanitario Internacional (RSI, 2005), documento jurídicamente vinculante suscrito por 196 Estados Partes, los países están obligados a dotarse de la capacidad necesaria para detectar, evaluar, notificar y afrontar con rapidez todo evento sanitario inusual que pueda revestir importancia internacional. Para ayudar a los países a dotarse de mejores capacidades, a seguir de cerca su evolución al respecto y a dar cumplimiento al RSI (2005), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) elaboró el marco de seguimiento y evaluación del RSI, que consta de cuatro elementos complementarios: el informe anual que debe presentar cada Estado Parte; la evaluación externa conjunta; exámenes posteriores a las intervenciones; y ejercicios de simulación. Los dos primeros sirven para examinar las capacidades, y los dos segundos para ayudar a estudiar su funcionalidad. Para la aplicación del RSI (2005) es fundamental la contribución de diferentes disciplinas, sectores y ámbitos de trabajo, que aúnen esfuerzos actuando desde los postulados de Una sola salud. Por ello la OMS, en colaboración con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) y otros asociados internacionales y nacionales, ha trabajado activamente para facilitar la integración de los sectores pertinentes, en particular el de la sanidad animal, en cada uno de los cuatro componentes del marco de seguimiento y evaluación del RSI. Hay otros dispositivos que vienen a complementar este marco, por ejemplo los talleres nacionales dedicados a la creación de nexos entre el RSI y el proceso PVS (Prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios) de la OIE, organizados conjuntamente por la OMS y la OIE, que facilitan un uso idóneo de los resultados del marco de seguimiento y evaluación del RSI y del proceso PVS y brindan a las partes interesadas de los servicios sanitarios y zoosanitarios la oportunidad de trabajar sobre la coordinación de sus respectivas actividades. Los resultados de estas diversas herramientas alimentan después los procesos de planificación de los países y son incorporados a su Plan de acción nacional de seguridad sanitaria para acelerar la implantación de las capacidades básicas prescritas en el RSI. Los autores explican cómo se incorpora la filosofía de Una sola salud a todos los componentes del marco de seguimiento y evaluación del RSI.

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Animals, and the health systems which ensure their protection, play a vital role in the security and economic and social well-being of humanity, and are therefore a key component of the One Health concept. For global and national health security, prevention is better than cure, and targeting 'risk at source' in animal populations is a vital strategy in safeguarding the planet from risks of emerging zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Neglected zoonoses - such as rabies and brucellosis - continue to have a significant global impact on human health and are also best managed at their animal source. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has built international consensus on the principles of good governance and the quality of Veterinary Services, which are incorporated within its international standards. The OIE has a proven track record in the provision of Member Country support based on these standards, especially since the advent of its flagship Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway programme in 2006-2007. To date, approximately 140 countries have benefited from the structured and sustainable process of animal health systems evaluation and planning afforded by the PVS Pathway. The PVS Tool, the basic methodology upon which the PVS Pathway is based, addresses One Health by evaluating the Veterinary Authority's ability to coordinate with other Competent Authorities that have a role to play in One Health, most notably public health, food safety, and environmental authorities. Despite the undoubted success of the PVS Pathway, the OIE felt that it was time to consider how the programme might be developed to adapt to new challenges. Consequently, during 2017-2018, the OIE embarked on a process of PVS evolution, during which it carried out extensive consultation and further tailored the PVS Pathway to a changing global context. These improvements, which include both fundamental adaptations to the PVS Pathway methods and the development of new PVS Pathway activities targeting topics such as multisectoral collaboration, rabies and AMR, have further strengthened and embedded the One Health approach within the PVS Pathway.

Parce qu'ils jouent un rôle crucial pour la sécurité et le bien-être économique et social de l'humanité, les animaux et les systèmes sanitaires en charge de leur protection sont une composante clé du concept Une seule santé. En matière de sécurité sanitaire à l'échelle du monde ou d'un pays, il vaut toujours mieux prévenir que guérir ; c'est pourquoi la stratégie consistant à cibler le risque à sa source est la seule qui puisse protéger la planète contre les zoonoses émergentes et le développement de l'antibiorésistance. L'impact sur la santé publique des zoonoses négligées comme la rage et la brucellose reste important et c'est également à leur source animale que les interventions visant à les contrôler sont les plus efficaces. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) a forgé un consensus international autour des principes de bonne gouvernance et de qualité des Services vétérinaires et les a inscrites au coeur de ses normes internationales. L'OIE a démontré sa capacité à apporter aux Pays membres un soutien basé sur ces normes, en particulier depuis la création en 2006­2007 du Processus sur les Performances des Services vétérinaires (PVS), son programme phare. À ce jour, près de 140 pays ont bénéficié d'une procédure structurée d'évaluation et de planification durable de leurs systèmes de santé animale, grâce au Processus PVS. L'Outil PVS, instrument méthodologique du Processus PVS, couvre certains aspects relevant de l'approche Une seule santé en évaluant les capacités de concertation des Autorités vétérinaires avec d'autres autorités compétentes ayant un rôle à jouer dans ce contexte, en particulier celles en charge de la santé publique, de la sécurité sanitaire des aliments et de la protection de l'environnement. En dépit de la réussite incontestée du Processus PVS, l'OIE a estimé que le temps était venu d'envisager l'évolution de ce programme afin de l'adapter aux nouveaux défis. En conséquence, l'OIE a lancé en 2017­2018 la phase d'Évolution du Processus OIE à travers de larges consultations visant à adapter le Processus PVS aux mutations du contexte mondial. Les améliorations apportées, qui portent à la fois sur les fondements méthodologiques et sur la conception de nouvelles activités du Processus PVS dédiées à des sujets tels que la collaboration multisectorielle, la rage et la résistance aux agents antimicrobiens ont renforcé l'approche Une seule santé ainsi que son ancrage dans le Processus PVS.

Los animales y los sistemas sanitarios que velan por su protección cumplen una función vital para la seguridad y el bienestar económico y social de la humanidad, razón por la cual constituyen un elemento básico del concepto de Una sola salud. Desde el punto de vista de la seguridad sanitaria del mundo y de los países, más vale prevenir que curar, y el hecho de ir a combatir un riesgo en las poblaciones animales en las que tiene su origen es una estrategia indispensable para salvaguardar al planeta de los peligros que entrañan las zoonosis emergentes y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. La mejor forma de luchar contra zoonosis desatendidas como la rabia o la brucelosis, que en todo el mundo siguen repercutiendo sensiblemente en la salud humana, pasa por atacarlas en su origen animal. La Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) ha sabido suscitar un consenso internacional en torno a los principios de buen gobierno y calidad de los Servicios Veterinarios, integrados ahora en sus normas internacionales. La OIE goza de contrastada experiencia en la prestación de apoyo a los Países Miembros basándose en estas normas, especialmente desde la instauración en 2006­2007 de su emblemático programa llamado Proceso PVS (Prestaciones de los Servicios Veterinarios). Hasta la fecha, alrededor de 140 países han podido beneficiarse del procedimiento estructurado y sostenible de evaluación y planificación de los sistemas de sanidad animal que se propone a través del Proceso PVS. La Herramienta PVS aporta la metodología básica en que descansa el Proceso PVS: con ella se trabaja en clave de Una sola salud evaluando la capacidad de la Autoridad Veterinaria del país para coordinarse con las demás autoridades competentes que cumplen alguna función relacionada con Una sola salud, sobre todo las de salud pública, seguridad sanitaria de los alimentos y medio ambiente. Pese al indiscutible éxito cosechado por el Proceso PVS, la OIE estimó llegado el momento de plantearse hacia dónde hacer evolucionar el programa para adaptarlo a nuevas problemáticas. Obrando en consecuencia, en 2017 y 2018 la OIE se embarcó en un proceso de «evolución del PVS¼ durante el cual celebró vastas consultas y adaptó aún más el Proceso PVS a un panorama mundial en constante evolución, incorporándole mejoras que incluyen a la vez una serie de ajustes básicos en los métodos del Proceso PVS y la creación de nuevas actividades encuadradas en él sobre temas como la colaboración multisectorial, la rabia o la resistencia a los antimicrobianos, mejoras que a la postre han servido para potenciar la filosofía de Una sola salud e integrarla aún más en el Proceso PVS.

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One Health (OH) is a collaborative effort to attain optimal health for people, animals and the environment. The concept of OH is still in its infancy in Nepal but is increasingly growing. The Government of Nepal (GoN) has taken some initiatives to tackle burgeoning problems such as antimicrobial resistance, highly pathogenic avian influenza and rabies using OH approach but there are several challenges at the level of implementation. Few non-governmental organizations support GoN to promote an OH approach. The major bottlenecks in implementing OH in Nepal include poor organizational structure to support OH, absence of a legal framework to implement OH, poor coordination among different governmental agencies, insufficient technical expertise, poor data sharing mechanism across sectors, limited budget and poor understanding at political level. We encourage GoN to address these gaps and prioritize the health problems where OH approach would give the best outcome. Institutional and legal frameworks need to be created to effectively implement an OH approach in Nepal. Increasing awareness among policy makers including political leadership and increasing regular government budget for OH activities would be helpful to promote OH in Nepal.

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Australia has a comprehensive system of capabilities and functions to prepare, detect and respond to health security threats. Strong cooperative links and coordination mechanisms exist between the human (public health) and animal arms of the health system in Australia. Wildlife is included in this system. Recent reviews of both the animal and human health sectors have highlighted Australia's relative strengths in the detection and management of emerging zoonotic diseases. However, the risks to Australia posed by diseases with wildlife as part of their epidemiology will almost certainly become greater with changing land use and climate change and as societal attitudes bring wildlife, livestock and people into closer contact. These risks are not isolated to Australia but are global. A greater emphasis on wildlife disease surveillance to assist in the detection of emerging infectious diseases and integration of wildlife health into One Health policy will be critical in better preparing Australia and other countries in their efforts to recognize and manage the adverse impacts of zoonotic diseases on human health. Animal and human health practitioners are encouraged to consider wildlife in their day to day activities and to learn more about Australia's system and how they can become more involved by visiting www.wildlifeheathaustralia.com.au.

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Understanding of global systems is essential for veterinarians seeking to work in realms outside of their national domain. In the global system, emphasis remains on the public sector, and the current curricular emphasis in developed countries is on private clinical practice for the domestic employment market. There is a resulting lack of competency at graduation for effective engagement internationally. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has created standards for public sector operations in animal health, which must be functional to allow for sustainable development. This public sector, known as the Veterinary Services, or VS, serves to control public good diseases, and once effectively built and fully operational, allows for the evolution of a functional private sector, focused on private good diseases. Until the VS is fully functional, support of private good services is non-sustainable and any efforts delivered are not long lasting. As new graduates opt for careers working in the international development sector, it is essential that they understand the OIE guidelines to help support continuing improvement. Developing global veterinarians by inserting content into the veterinary curriculum on how public systems can operate effectively could markedly increase the potential of our professional contributions globally, and particularly in the areas most in need.

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African countries that wish to export are increasingly faced with import risk assessments from importing countries concerned about the sources of their imported goods. Other risk analysis methodologies and approaches are also employed, which focus on animal and human health within countries and communities. Based on an analysis of evaluations conducted by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), using the Performance of Veterinary Services Tool, the authors attempt to define current practice in Africa and degrees of compliance with the World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures ('SPS Agreement') and OIE standards. To assist in this task, the authors also make use of a review of selected risk assessment reports. Results point to a lack of technical capacity and capability to conduct risk assessments in compliance with OIE standards (except in the case of three countries), ranging from an outright absence of any form of (documented) risk assessment and consecutive risk management decisions (level of advancement 1) to shortcomings in one or several aspects of the risk assessment process. This is confirmed by a number of case studies, half of which have been produced by international consultants. The major recommendations of this paper are i) to strengthen the human resources pool for conducting risk assessments and ii) to establish dedicated risk assessment units, with clear terms of reference, job descriptions and policies, procedures and protocols.

Les pays africains souhaitant accéder aux marchés d'exportation sont confrontés à la réalisation de plus en plus fréquente d'appréciations du risque à l'importation par les pays importateurs, qui cherchent à vérifier les sources d'approvisionnement des marchandises qu'ils importent. D'autres méthodologies d'analyse du risque sont également pratiquées, axées sur la santé animale et la santé humaine au niveau des pays et des communautés. À partir d'une analyse des évaluations réalisées par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) au moyen de l'Outil d'évaluation des performances des Services vétérinaires, les auteurs tentent de définir les pratiques actuelles en Afrique ainsi que le niveau de conformité des pays à l'Accord sur l'application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (« Accord SPS ¼) et aux normes de l'OIE. Pour ce faire, les auteurs s'appuient également sur l'analyse d'une sélection de rapports d'appréciation du risque. Les résultats laissent apparaître l'inadéquation des capacités et des compétences techniques dédiées à l'appréciation du risque par rapport aux normes de l'OIE (à l'exception du cas de trois pays), depuis l'absence totale d'appréciation du risque à partir d'éléments documentés et de décisions relevant de la gestion de ce risque (niveau d'avancement 1), jusqu'à des insuffisances concernant un ou plusieurs aspects du processus d'appréciation du risque. Cette analyse est confirmée par une série d'études de cas, dont la moitié a été produite par des consultants internationaux. Les auteurs recommandent principalement de renforcer les ressources humaines dédiées aux appréciation du risque et de mettre en place des unités dédiées, en déterminant clairement leur mandat, leur fonction, ainsi que les politiques à mener, les procédures applicables et les protocoles à suivre.

Cada vez más, los países africanos que desean exportar son sometidos a determinaciones del riesgo de importación por parte de los países importadores, preocupados por la procedencia de las mercancías que importan. A veces también se emplean otros métodos y planteamientos de análisis del riesgo, centrados en determinados aspectos zoosanitarios y sanitarios de los países o comunidades de origen. Basándose en un análisis de las evaluaciones realizadas por la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OIE) con la Herramienta PVS, los autores tratan de aprehender los usos actualmente vigentes en África, así como los niveles de cumplimiento del Acuerdo sobre la Aplicación de Medidas Sanitarias y Fitosanitarias (Acuerdo MSF) de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) y las normas de la OIE, ayudándose también para ello del estudio de una serie de informes de determinación de riesgos. Los resultados ponen de relieve la falta de competencias y capacidades técnicas para llevar a cabo determinaciones de riesgos con arreglo a las normas de la OIE (salvo en el caso de tres países), con situaciones que van desde la ausencia absoluta de toda forma de determinación (documentada) de los riesgos y, a partir de ahí, de toda decisión para gestionarlos (nivel de progreso 1), hasta la existencia de uno o varios aspectos defectuosos en el proceso de determinación de riesgos, observación que confirman una serie de estudios monográficos, la mitad de ellos obra de consultores internacionales. Las principales recomendaciones de los autores apuntan a fortalecer la dotación de recursos humanos para efectuar determinaciones de riesgos y a establecer unidades dedicadas específicamente a esta labor, habiendo definido con toda claridad su mandato, los perfiles que deben integrarlas y sus políticas, procedimientos y protocolos de trabajo.

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