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Here we describe two new Grotea species from Ecuador, G. akakana Mazón & Bordera sp. nov., and G. romeri Mazón sp. nov., as well as the male of G. cundinamarquesa Herrera-Flórez 2018. G. akakana sp. nov. is characterized by the combination of a postgenal process long, a 45-flagellomeres antenna without a white band and a mesopleuron black with two yellow spots separated by a red one. On the other hand, G. romeri sp. nov. is characterized by the combination of a postgenal process very short, a 36-flagellomeres antenna without a white band, a propodeum with a long and narrow area lateralis, uninterrupted yellow-colored orbits and a mesopleuron black with a yellow spot in the middle. The species G. santandereana Herrera-Flórez 2018 and G. surinamese Herrera-Flórez 2019 are recorded from Ecuador for the first time. This brings the total of described Grotea species to 31, all from the New World, with 27 of these exclusively Neotropical. A key for the identification of Neotropical species is included.

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Understanding how biodiversity varies from place to place is a fundamental goal of ecology and an important tool for halting biodiversity loss. Parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) are a diverse and functionally important animal group, but spatial variation in their diversity is poorly understood. We survey a community of parasitic wasps (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) using Malaise traps up a mountain in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and relate the catch to biotic and abiotic habitat characteristics. We find high species richness compared with previous similar studies, with abundance, richness, and diversity peaking at low to intermediate elevation. There is a marked change in community composition with elevation. Habitat factors strongly correlated with elevation also strongly predict changes in the pimpline community, including temperature as well as the density of bamboo, lianas, epiphytes, small trees, and herbs. These results identify several possible surrogates of pimpline communities in tropical forests, which could be used as a tool in conservation. They also contribute to the growing evidence for a typical latitudinal gradient in ichneumonid species richness, and suggest that low to medium elevations in tropical regions will sometimes conserve the greatest number of species locally, but to conserve maximal biodiversity, a wider range of elevations should also be targeted.

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The Ecuadorian Metopiinae fauna currently includes 17 species, but recent intensive samplings carried out at Southern Ecuador have increased this number. In the present paper, two new species, Exochus tapiarum sp. nov. and Leurus tapichalacae sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Furthermore, four new records of Metopiinae from Ecuador are provided: Colpotrochia beluga Gauld & Sithole, Exochus famellus Gauld & Sithole, E. izbus Gauld & Sithole, and E. ravetus Gauld & Sithole.

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Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) is the main parasitoid wasp released in abandoned, organic, and non-commercial citrus groves and in orange jasmine areas  for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (a vector of bacteria associated with huanglongbing), as a control tactic in a strategy termed External Management. The effectiveness of parasitism is influenced by the release density and radius of action of this parasitoid. This study determined the optimal release density and radius of action of T. radiata in a commercial citrus grove. Parasitoids were released at five densities (200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 wasps/ha) at the center of circular areas with four different radii (7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 m). The parasitism rate was assessed using 'Valencia' sweet orange seedlings, each bearing 35 D. citri fourth-instar nymphs, attached to 26-year-old 'Valencia' sweet orange trees along the perimeter of each radius. For the 7.5-m radius, the highest parasitism rate (74.1%) was observed at the density of 3,200 wasps/ha. However, for the 15-m radius, the density of 3,200 wasps/ha resulted in lower parasitism (30.7%) of D. citri nymphs. No parasitism was observed for densities lower than 800 wasps/ha and release radii above 15 m. The highest parasitoid dispersal radius and area were 18.04 m and 114.02 m2, respectively, when 3,200 wasps were released. Therefore, 3,200 wasps/ha arranged at 56 equidistant release points (approximately 57 wasps/release point) is the recommended protocol for biological control of D. citri in citrus groves.

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Flies of the Sarcophagidae family are widely distributed in the world, occupying different habitats. Some species have a high degree of synanthropy and are therefore often found in households in the urban environment. In Brazil, there is still little information related to the natural enemies of these insects in the urban environment, where population control is strictly chemical. Therefore, larvae and pupae of Peckia (Euboettcheria) collusor (Curran and Walley) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) species were exposed in an urbanized location, and the presence and prevalence of parasitoids in the natural control of these immature stages was evaluated. We report for the first time the species Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Dirhinus anthracia Walker (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), associated with P. (E.) collusor, highlighting the importance of these parasitoids in natural control in the urban environment, in addition to expanding the list of hosts for both parasitoid species and the distribution of this parasitoid-host interaction for Brazil and the Neotropical region.

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Parasitoid wasps are known to be among the most abundant and species-rich on Earth and thus considered an ecologically important group of arthropods. Braconid wasps play a key role in regulating the populations of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. However, the biology and taxonomy of numerous parasitoid species remain poorly known. In Mexico, only 17 species of the subfamily Cheloninae have been described. A new species of Pseudophanerotoma Zettel, 1990 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), P.huichol sp. nov., is described from Nayarit, Mexico. The tortricid moth Cryptaspasmaperseana Gilligan & Brown, 2011 is reported as the host of this parasitoid wasp. Detailed taxonomic and barcoding information are provided.

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The biological pest control has expanded in Brazil with the Trichogramma pretiosumas the main natural enemy. The microsatellite molecular markers Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) have been the most used, as they are multiallelic, robust and reproducible, in several species. In order to optimize future processes of identification and analysis of the parasitoid's genetic diversity, twenty markers, isolated and characterized for the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma dendrolimi,were tested in 15 generations of T. pretiosum. Those markers, ten have been transferred and can be used to evaluate the genetic variation of T. pretiosum.(AU)

O controle biológico de pragas tem expandido no Brasil com o Trichogramma pretiosumcomo o principal inimigo natural. Os marcadores moleculares microssatélites de repetição de sequência simples (SSR) temsido os mais utilizados, por serem multialélicos, robustos e reprodutíveis, em várias espécies. No intuito de otimizar futuros processos de identificação e análise de diversidade genética do parasitoide, 20marcadores, isolados e caracterizados para a vespa parasitoide Trichogramma dendrolimi, foram testados em 15 gerações de T. pretiosum. Destes marcadores, dez foram transferidos e podem ser utilizados para avaliar a variação genética de T. pretiosum.(AU)

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The first record of the genus Deinodryinus Perkins and the description of a new species Deinodryinus noronhensis sp. nov. from oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (Brazil) are performed. Additionally, an illustration of the new species and a modified key are presented together with a discussion on the Deinodryinus records for the northeastern region of Brazil.

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In this paper we describe a new species of Adelius (Braconidae, Cheloninae) from the Afrotropical region, the first record of the genus for Angola, and a significant extension of its geographical distribution.

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Two new species of Bohayella Belokobylskij, 1987 from Costa Rica are described: Bohayella geraldinae Kang, sp. nov. and Bohayella hansoni Kang, sp. nov. These are new distribution records for the genus in the Neotropical region. In addition, a key to species of the genus Bohayella of Costa Rica is presented. The current work elevates the number of species included in Bohayella from nine to eleven.

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Abstract Platydoryctes Barbalho and Penteado-Dias 2000 is a small genus of Neotropical parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) with four described species to date. Two new species of the genus are described from Brazil, and a key to species is presented in this paper.

Resumo Platydoryctes Barbalho and Penteado-Dias 2000 é um pequeno gênero Neotropical de vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae), com quatro espécies descritas até o presente. Duas novas espécies do gênero são descritas para o Brasil e uma chave para espécies é apresentada neste trabalho.

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Resumen En el presente estudio se dan a conocer por primera vez, datos sobre la interacción entre ejemplares de avispas de la especie Epipompilus platensis Roig Alsina, 2017 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) y arañas de la especie Ariadna mollis (Holmberg 1876) (Araneae, Segestriidae), en las localidades de Punta Lara (partido de Ensenada) y José Hernández (partido de La Plata), ambas pertenecientes a la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se recolectaron varios ejemplares de A. mollis en el mes de abril del 2015, y se seleccionaron aquellos que presentaban un huevo o una pequeña larva adherida al dorso del abdomen. Se mantuvieron bajo observación en bioterio hasta completar el desarrollo al estado adulto de la avispa. Del total de las arañas colectadas, el 9.6% se encontró parasitado por avispas. De ese porcentaje, cuatro larvas de E. platensis llegaron al estado adulto (tres hembras y un macho). Los resultados obtenidos contribuyen al conocimiento de una nueva interacción entre avispas y arañas.

Abstract In the present study, data on the interaction between wasp specimens of the species Epipompilus platensis Roig Alsina, 2017 (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) and spiders of the species Ariadna mollis (Holmberg 1876) (Araneae, Segestriidae) are presented for the first time. Present in the localities of Punta Lara (Partido de Ensenada) and José Hernández (Partido de La Plata), both belonging to the province of Buenos Aires. Several specimens of A. mollis were collected on april 2015, and those that presented an egg or a small larva attached to the back of the abdomen were selected. They were kept under observation in a bioterium until completing the development of the wasp's adult state. Of the total spiders collected, 9.6% were parasitized by wasps. Of that percentage, four larvae of E. platensis reached the adult stage (three females and one male). The results obtained contribute to the knowledge of a new interaction between wasps and spiders.

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The endoparasitoid wasp Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is used to control defoliating lepidopteran pests. Chemical insecticides are not compatible with natural enemies, but bioinsecticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt), have great potential for use in integrated pest management. However, interactions between Bt and P. elaeisis still need to be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bt on parental and first-generation P. elaeisis parasitizing Bt-susceptible and -resistant Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). An additional aim was to determine the toxicity of Bt to susceptible third-instar S. frugiperda larvae. Larvae were exposed to lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of Bt and then allowed to be parasitized by P. elaeisis. Parasitoid longevity, immature production, reproductive performance, and behavioral responses were evaluated. Bt repelled P. elaeisis and reduced immature production. Parental and first filial generation parasitoids of both sexes emerged from Bt-treated larvae showed lower survivorship than controls. Parasitoids had poorer reproductive performance in Bt-susceptible and -resistant pupae than in untreated pupae. Palmistichus elaeisis emerged from Bt-susceptible and -resistant S. frugiperda showed altered host-searching behavior and reproductive parameters, which indicates low compatibility between the bioinsecticide agent and the parasitoid wasp.

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Platydoryctes Barbalho and Penteado-Dias 2000 is a small genus of Neotropical parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) with four described species to date. Two new species of the genus are described from Brazil, and a key to species is presented in this paper.(AU)

Platydoryctes Barbalho and Penteado-Dias 2000 é um pequeno gênero Neotropical de vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae), com quatro espécies descritas até o presente. Duas novas espécies do gênero são descritas para o Brasil e uma chave para espécies é apresentada neste trabalho.(AU)

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A new genus, Cerritulus gen. nov., with type species, C. forticrura sp. nov., are described from French Guiana based on a single specimen that is considerably distinct morphologically from all known Neotropical genera. The new genus is only partially similar to the enigmatic, monotypic Asian genera Ceylonspathius Belokobylskij and Termitospathius Beloko-bylskij, whose species were collected inside termite nests. We provide colour pictures for the type species of the above three genera.

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Neste trabalho, reportamos pela primeira vez uma vespa parasitoide associada a ninhos da espécie Mischocyttarus cerberus e também fornecemos informações em relação ao comportamento do parasitoide quando próximo a seu hospedeiro. Nós acreditamos que o processo de parasitismo não é fácil de ser alcançado, porque as fêmeas hospedeiras que se mantêm nos ninhos atacam toda vez que notam qualquer tipo de abordagem por parte da vespa parasitoide. Nossos resultados fornecem informações mais detalhadas e importantes a respeito da interação comportamental envolvendo Pachysomoides sp. e M. cerberus, a qual ainda carece na literatura.

In this work, we are reporting, for the first time, a parasitoid wasp associated to the nests of Mischocyttarus cerberus, also we provide information concerning the parasitoid behavior when close to its host. We believe that the parasitism process is not easily accomplished, because the host resident females keep guarding and attacking whenever they detect any kind of parasitoid approach. Our results provide more detailed and important information about the host-parasitoid interaction behavior involving the Pachysomoides sp. and M. cerberus, which so far is scarce scientific literature.

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Neste trabalho, reportamos pela primeira vez uma vespa parasitoide associada a ninhos da espécie Mischocyttarus cerberus e também fornecemos informações em relação ao comportamento do parasitoide quando próximo a seu hospedeiro. Nós acreditamos que o processo de parasitismo não é fácil de ser alcançado, porque as fêmeas hospedeiras que se mantêm nos ninhos atacam toda vez que notam qualquer tipo de abordagem por parte da vespa parasitoide. Nossos resultados fornecem informações mais detalhadas e importantes a respeito da interação comportamental envolvendo Pachysomoides sp. e M. cerberus, a qual ainda carece na literatura.(AU)

In this work, we are reporting, for the first time, a parasitoid wasp associated to the nests of Mischocyttarus cerberus, also we provide information concerning the parasitoid behavior when close to its host. We believe that the parasitism process is not easily accomplished, because the host resident females keep guarding and attacking whenever they detect any kind of parasitoid approach. Our results provide more detailed and important information about the host-parasitoid interaction behavior involving the Pachysomoides sp. and M. cerberus, which so far is scarce scientific literature.(AU)

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Abstract Platydoryctes Barbalho and Penteado-Dias 2000 is a small genus of Neotropical parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) with four described species to date. Two new species of the genus are described from Brazil, and a key to species is presented in this paper.

Resumo Platydoryctes Barbalho and Penteado-Dias 2000 é um pequeno gênero Neotropical de vespas parasitoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae), com quatro espécies descritas até o presente. Duas novas espécies do gênero são descritas para o Brasil e uma chave para espécies é apresentada neste trabalho.

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ABSTRACT Filling gaps in species distributions is instrumental to increase our understanding of natural environments and underpin efficient conservation policies. For many hyperdiverse groups, this knowledge is hampered by insufficient taxonomic information. Herein we provide 415 new distribution records for the parasitic wasp subfamily Cryptinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in the Neotropical region, based on examination of material from 20 biological collections worldwide. Records span across 227 sites in 24 countries and territories, and represent 175 species from 53 genera. Of these, 102 represent new country records for 74 species. A distinct "road pattern" was detected in the records, at least within Brazil, where 50.2% of the records fall within 10 km of federal roads, an area that occupies only 11.9% of the surface of the country. The results help to identify priority areas that remain poorly sampled and should be targeted for future collecting efforts, and highlight the importance of biological collections in yielding new information about species distributions that is orders of magnitude above what is provided in most individual studies.

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The taxonomic history of Hellwigiella Szépligeti is presented with comments. Ophion similis (Szépligeti, 1905) is diagnosed and illustrated, with the first record for Morocco. Hellwigiella is redescribed and illustrated, with comments on its differentiation from O. similis. A key to the two valid species, H. dichromoptera and H. nigripennis stat. rev., is provided.

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