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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Orthostatic hypotension (Ohypo) and hypertension (Ohyper) have emerged early markers for high risk of cardiovascular events. Data on the prevalence and risk factors of Ohypo and Ohyper in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are scarce. METHODS: Within the framework of the Brazilian Diabetes Study, this is an observational, cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of Ohypo was based on drops in systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥20mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥10mmHg when transitioning from sitting to standing. Ohyper was defined by either a SBP increase ≥20mmHg during this transition or a sustained elevation to 140 mmHg in otherwise normotensive individuals. RESULTS: The study population (n = 900) had a mean age of 57 ± 8 years, 57% male and the median T2D duration was 8 years. Sitting SBP and DBP were 140 ± 20 mmHg and 82 ± 11 mmHg, respectively. Of the total sample, 108 (12%) had Ohypo and 83 (9%) had Ohyper. Each 1-year increase in age was associated with 3.7% higher odds of orthostatic hypotension (OHypo). Additionally, each 1 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) corresponded to a 3.0, 5.5, and 5.4% increase in the odds of OHypo, respectively. Ohyper risk did not associate with age but showed an inverse relationship with sitting BP values. CONCLUSIONS: Ohypo and Ohyper are common occurrences in patients with T2D. Advanced age significantly elevates the risk of developing Ohypo, whereas sitting BP emerges as an independent risk factor for both Ohypo and Ohyper.

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The genetic basis of Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension (NOH) in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been inadequately explored. In a cross-sectional study, we examined the association between NOH and PD-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mapped their effects on gene expression and metabolic and signaling pathways. Patients with PD, free from pathological conditions associated with OH, and not taking OH-associated medications were included. NOH was defined as per international guidelines. Logistic regression was used to relate SNPs to NOH. Linkage-disequilibrium analysis, expression quantitative trait loci, and enrichment analysis were used to assess the effects on gene expression and metabolic/signaling pathways. We included 304 PD patients in the study, 35 of whom had NOH (11.5%). NOH was more frequent in patients with SNPs in SNCA, TMEM175, FAM47E-STBD1, CCDC62, SCN3A, MIR4696, SH3GL2, and LZTS3/DDRGK1 and less frequent in those with SNPs in ITGA8, IP6K2, SIPA1L2, NDUFAF2. These SNPs affected gene expression associated with the significant hierarchical central structures of the autonomic nervous system. They influenced several metabolic/signaling pathways, most notably IP3/Ca++ signaling, the PKA-CREB pathway, and the metabolism of fatty acids. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiology of NOH in PD and may provide targets for future therapies.

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BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a frequent disabling feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is treatable and may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the relationship between OH with PD-associated minimal cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and dementia (PDD) and assess the mitigating effects of potential confounding factors. METHODS: Observational studies published in English, Spanish, French, or Portuguese up to January 2022 were searched for in PubMed, EBSCO, and SciELO databases. The primary aim of this study was to revise the association between OH with PD-MCI and PDD. Alongside, we assessed OH as related to cognitive rating scales. Fixed and random models were fitted. Meta-regression was used to assess the mitigating effects of confounding variables. RESULTS: We identified 18 studies that reported OH association with PDD or PD-MCI, 15 of them reporting OH association with cognitive rating scales. OH was significantly associated with PDD/PD-MCI (OR, 95% CI: 3.31, 2.16-5.08; k = 18, n = 2251; p < 0.01). OH association with PDD (4.64, 2.68-8.02; k = 13, n = 1194; p < 0.01) was stronger than with PD-MCI (1.82, 0.92-3.58; k = 5, n = 1056; p = NS). The association between OH and PD-MCI/PDD was stronger in studies with a higher proportion of women and in those with a lower frequency of supine hypertension. Global cognition rating scale scores were lower in patients with OH (SMD, 95% CI: - 0.55, - 0.83/ - 0.26; k = 12, n = 1427; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic hypotension shows as a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment in PD, especially in women and patients not suffering from hypertension.

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RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad de Parkinson es un trastorno neurodegenerativo frecuente que se caracteriza por manifestaciones de tipo motor y no motor, tales como disautonomía, trastornos del sueño, disfunción sexual, alteraciones psiquiátricas y cognitivas, entre otros. Según su fenotipo motor, se puede clasificada en tremórica dominante (TD), dificultad para la marcha/inestabilidad postural (DMI) y un fenotipo indeterminado. En el estudio se determina la influencia del fenotipo motor en la disautonomía cardiovascular del paciente con Parkinson en los pacientes de la consulta de neurología del hospital del IVSS "Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruiz" entre mayo del 2015 y abril del 2016. METODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en pacientes mayores de 40 años con EP idiopática. Se evaluó el MDS-UPDRS, Hoehn y Yahr, Scopa-AUT , Hipotensión Ortostática y Rines-Valcardi. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo una muestra de 57 pacientes; luego de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se estudiaron 37 sujetos. Todos los pacientes tuvieron algún grado de disautonomía (medida con la escala Scopa-AUT). El Scopa-AUT fue mayor en los pacientes con hipotensión ortostática (p = ,003), observándose igual diferencia para la subescala cardiovascular (p = ,026). Se observó que la neuropatía autonómica (medida con Rines-Valcardi) fue más frecuente en aquellos pacientes con fenotipo DMI (p = < ,001), y que la hipotensión ortostática fue también más frecuente en aquellos pacientes con dicho fenotipo (DMI) (p = ,016). CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de disautonomía es frecuente en los pacientes con EP; hubo diferencias en la puntuación total y la subescala cardiovascular del Scopa-AUT, de acuerdo CON la presencia de hipotensión ortostática; aquellos sujetos que cursan con fenotipo motor DMI tienen mayor riesgo de presentar hipotensión ortostática y neuropatía autonómica cardíaca.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease is a frequent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor manifestations, such as dysautonomia, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, and psychiatric and cognitive disorders. It can be classified according to their motor phenotype in tremor-dominant (TD), postural instability/gait difficulty (DMI), and indeterminate subtypes. This study established the influence of motor phenotype on the cardiovascular dysautonomia of patients with Parkinson's disease from the neurology outpatient clinic at the IVSS hospital "Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruiz," from May 2015 to April 2016. METHODS: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study in patients older than 40 years with idiopathic PD. The MDS-UPDRS scale, Hoehn and Yahr scale, Scopa-AUT scale, Orthostatic Hypotension, and RINES-VALCARDI were evaluated. RESULTS: A sample of 57 was obtained, and after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 37 subjects were studied. All the patients had some degree of dysautonomia (measured with SCOPA- AUT scale). The SCOPA-AUT was higher in patients with orthostatic hypotension (p= .003), finding this same difference for the cardiovascular subscale (p = .026). Both autonomic neuropathy (measured with RINES-VALCARDI) and orthostatic hypotension were found more frequently on the DMI phenotype (p= <.001 and p=.016). CONCLUSION: Dysautonomia is frequent in PD patients; there was a difference between SCOPA-AUT total score and cardiovascular subscale according to orthostatic hypotension; those with DMI phenotype have a greater risk of orthostatic hypotension and cardiac autonomic neuropathy.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the association between orthostatic changes in blood pressure and mortality in elderly cardiopath patients. METHODS: A cohort of 455 elderly cardiopath patients, monitored at a referral outpatient cardiology clinic in Pernambuco, Brazil, from October 2015 to July 2018. The exposure groups were formed according to their orthostatic changes in blood pressure following the requirements of the Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension. RESULTS: Orthostatic hypotension was present in 46 patients (10.1%), 91 had orthostatic hypertension (20%), and 318 had no orthostatic alterations (69.9%). There were 52 deaths during follow-up. The results demonstrated that there was no statistically significant association between orthostatic hypotension and overall mortality (HR 1.30; 95%CI 0.53-3.14; p=0.567) nor between orthostatic hypertension and overall mortality (HR 0.95; 95%CI 0.65-1.39; p=0.34). Survival in relation to the exposure groups presented no statistically significant difference (p=0.504). CONCLUSION: There was a low frequency of orthostatic hypotension and a mild high frequency of orthostatic hypertension when compared with previous studies, and no association was observed with overall mortality or with the survival time of elderly patients with heart disease.

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RESUMEN La enfermedad de Parkinson es la segunda enfermedad neurodegenerativa más prevalente en el mundo, y sus manifestaciones cardinales son la bradicinesia, el temblor y la rigidez. Aunque ha sido considerado un trastorno motor, actualmente se considera como un trastorno neurológico complejo que afecta diferentes sistemas, por lo que genera manifestaciones motoras y no motoras variadas, además de manifestaciones autonómicas sistémicas. Las manifestaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson son frecuentes y, además, provocan un gran impacto sobre la calidad de vida. A continuación, se realiza una revisión narrativa de las principales manifestaciones cardiovasculares de la enfermedad de Parkinson, y de sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos.

SUMMARY Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and is characterized by bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Although it has been considered as a motor system disease, it is currently considered as a complex neurological disease with different motor, non-motor, and autonomic manifestations. Cardiovascular manifestations in patients with Parkinson's disease are frequent and they have a great impact on quality of life. This article seeks to carry out a narrative review of the pathophysiological mechanisms and the main cardiovascular clinical manifestations in patients with Parkinson's disease.

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Maintenance of upright blood pressure critically depends on the autonomic nervous system and its failure leads to neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH). The most severe cases are seen in neurodegenerative disorders caused by abnormal α-synuclein deposits: multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and pure autonomic failure (PAF). The development of novel treatments for NOH derives from research in these disorders. We provide a brief review of their underlying pathophysiology relevant to understand the rationale behind treatment options for NOH. The goal of treatment is not to normalize blood pressure but rather to improve quality of life and prevent syncope and falls by reducing symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion. Patients not able to recognize NOH symptoms are at a higher risk for falls. The first step in the management of NOH is to educate patients on how to avoid high-risk situations and providers to identify medications that trigger or worsen NOH. Conservative countermeasures, including diet and compression garments, should always precede pharmacologic therapies. Volume expanders (fludrocortisone and desmopressin) should be used with caution. Drugs that enhance residual sympathetic tone (pyridostigmine and atomoxetine) are more effective in patients with mild disease and in MSA patients with spared postganglionic fibers. Norepinephrine replacement therapy (midodrine and droxidopa) is more effective in patients with neurodegeneration of peripheral noradrenergic fibers like PAF. NOH is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases, most notably supine hypertension, and treatment should be adapted to their presence.

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Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is a rare disorder belonging to the group of synucleinopathies, characterized by autonomic nervous system degeneration. Severe orthostatic intolerance with recurrent syncope while standing are the two most disabling manifestations. Symptoms may start at middle age, thus affecting people at their working age. The aims of this study were to evaluate the autonomic and work ability impairment of a group of PAF patients and assess the relationships between cardiovascular autonomic control and work ability in these patients. Eleven PAF patients (age 57.3 ± 6.7 years), engaged in work activity, participated in the study. They completed the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS-31, range 0 no symptom-100 maximum symptom intensity) and Work Ability questionnaires (Work Ability Index, WAI, range 7-49; higher values indicate better work ability and lower values indicating unsatisfactory or jeopardized work ability). Electrocardiogram, blood pressure and respiratory activity were continuously recorded for 10 min while supine and during 75° head-up tilt (HUT). Autoregressive spectral analysis of cardiac cycle length approximated as the time distance between two consecutive R-wave peaks (RR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) variabilities provided the power in the high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.40 Hz) and low frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) bands of RR and SAP variabilities. Cardiac sympatho-vagal interaction was assessed by LF to HF ratio (LF/HF), while the LF power of SAP (LFSAP) quantified the vascular sympathetic modulation. Changes in cardiovascular autonomic indexes induced by HUT were calculated as the delta (Δ) between HUT and supine resting positions. Spearman correlation analysis was applied. PAF patients were characterized by a moderate autonomic dysfunction (COMPASS-31 total score 47.08 ± 20.2) and by a reduction of work ability (WAI 26.88 ± 10.72). Direct significant correlations were found between WAI and ΔLFRR (r = 0.66, p = 0.03) and ΔLF/HFRR (r = 0.70, p = 0.02). Results indicate that patients who were better able to modulate heart rate, as revealed by a greater cardiac sympathetic increase and/or vagal withdrawal during the orthostatic stimulus, were those who reported higher values of WAI. This finding could be relevant to propose new strategies in the occupational environment to prevent early retirement or to extend the working life of these patients.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of and factors related to orthostatic syndromes in recently diagnosed drug-naïve patients with Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included 217 drug-naïve patients with PD and 108 sex- and age-matched non-parkinsonian controls from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) prospective cohort study who were devoid of diabetes, alcoholism, polyneuropathy, amyloidosis, and hypotension-inducing drugs. Orthostatic symptoms were evaluated using the Scales for Outcomes in PD-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT). Ioflupane-I123 single-photon emission computerized tomography was used to evaluate striatal dopamine active transporter (DaT) levels. Blood pressure was assessed both in the supine position and 1-3 min after the switch to a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) was defined by international consensus, and orthostatic intolerance (OI) was defined as the presence of orthostatic symptoms in the absence of OH. RESULTS: Compared with non-parkinsonian controls, patients with PD experienced a mild fall in systolic blood pressure upon standing (p = 0.082). The prevalence of OH was 11.1% in PD patients and 5.6% in controls (p = 0.109). The prevalence of OI was higher in patients with PD than in controls (31.3 vs. 13.3%; p = 0.003). Logistic regression revealed that OH and OI were related to a lower striatal DaT level and higher SCOPA-AUT gastrointestinal score. CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic syndromes were common in the recently diagnosed drug-naïve patients with PD enrolled in the study, but only the prevalence of OI was higher in PD patients than in the non-parkinsonian controls. Unlike motor or functional disability indicators, markers of dopaminergic striatal deficit and gastrointestinal dysfunction were associated with OH and OI.

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A narrative review was made on orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment / dementia. The PubMed and PsycInfo databases were used and the original studies published in English between 2013 and 2018 were identified. The keywords used during the search were the following: "orthostatic hypotension", "adults" and "cognitive" / "cognitive impairment" / "dementia". We found 20 original studies that explore the relationship between orthostatic hypotension and cognitive / dementia. Most of the studies reviewed provide evidence in favor of the existence of an association between orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment / dementia in adults: 8 out of 11 papers provide evidence in favor of the existence of an association between orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment, 6 out of 7 papers provide evidence in favor of the existence of an association between orthostatic hypotension and dementia, and 2 out of 2 papers provide evidence in favor of the existence of an association between orthostatic hypotension and mild cognitive impairment. The authors suggest that both brain hypoperfusion and cellular damage could partially explain the link between orthostatic hypotension and the cognitive disorders described in the literature. Future studies may identify mechanisms that explain the association between orthostatic hypotension and cognitive impairment / orthostatic hypotension and dementia in adults to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment / dementia or at least slow down its progression

Se realizó una revisión narrativa sobre la hipotensión ortostática (HTO) y el deterioro cognitivo/la demencia. Se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed y PsycInfo. Se identificaron los estudios originales publicados en idioma inglés entre 2013 y 2018, inclusive. Las palabras clave utilizadas durante la búsqueda fueron las siguientes: "orthostatic hypotension", "adults" and "cognitive"/ "cognitive impairment"/ "dementia". Se encontraron 20 estudios originales que exploran la relación entre la HTO y el/la deterioro cognitivo/demencia. La mayoría de los trabajos revisados aportan datos a favor de la existencia de una asociación entre HTO y deterioro cognitivo/demencia en adultos: 8 de 11 trabajos suministran información a favor de la existencia de una asociación entre HTO y deterioro cognitivo, 6 de 7 estudios brindan datos a favor de la existencia de una asociación entre HTO y demencia, y 2 trabajos aportan datos a favor de la asociación entre HTO y deterioro cognitivo leve. Los autores sugieren que tanto la hipoperfusión cerebral como el daño celular podrían explicar, al menos parcialmente, la vinculación entre la HTO y las alteraciones cognitivas descriptas en la bibliografía. Estudios realizados en el futuro podrán identificar los mecanismos que expliquen la asociación entre HTO y deterioro cognitivo, así como entre HTO y demencia en adultos, con el fin de reducir el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo/demencia o, al menos, enlentecer su progresión.

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A neuropatia autonômica cardíaca (NAC) é uma complicação comum do diabetes mellitus (DM) e frequentemente, subdiagnosticada. A NAC está associada ao aumento da mortalidade, cardiovascular e renal, doença renal crônica e maior morbidade em pacientes com DM. Apesar dessas consequências, muitas vezes, a NAC permanece sem diagnóstico por um período prolongado. Isso geralmente porque a doença é assintomática até a fase avançada, bem como pela falta de informações e de estratégias de triagem. Clinicamente NAC se manifesta por distúrbios funcionais ou condições clínicas que envolvem desajuste das atividades reflexas cardiovasculares, tais como taquicardia em repouso, intolerância ao exercício, hipotensão ortostática, instabilidade cardiovascular intraoperatória, disfunção elétrica do coração traduzida por arritmias e isquemia miocárdica silenciosa. Essas alterações comprometem a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida dos pacientes. A NAC, segundo sua evolução, pode ser subdividida em subclínica (fase em que predominam alterações funcionais reversíveis) e clínica (quando as alterações neuronais estruturais estão plenamente estabelecidas). A avaliação da integridade do sistema nervoso autonômico é realizada por meio de exploração da atividade parassimpática, analisando o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC) em resposta à respiração profunda, ortostatismo ou manobra de Valsalva. A atividade simpática é explorada por meio de aferição da pressão arterial em resposta a mudança de postura (ortostatismo) e esforço isométrico. A análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC), no domínio do tempo, no domínio da frequência e por métodos gráficos complementam essa avaliação. Neste artigo de revisão, analisamos recentes informações sobre a epidemiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, e tratamentos da NAC

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common and often-underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). CAN is associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and morbidity in patients with DM, but despite these significant consequences CAN often remains undiagnosed for a prolonged period. This is commonly due to the disease being asymptomatic until the later stages, as well as a lack of easily available screening strategies. Clinically, CAN is manifested by functional disorders or clinical conditions that involve maladjustment of cardiovascular reflex activities, such as tachycardia at rest, exercise intolerance, orthostatic hypotension, intraoperative cardiovascular instability, electrical dysfunction of the heart translated by arrhythmias and silent myocardial ischemia. These changes compromise patients' quality of life and survival. CAN, according to its evolution, can be subdivided into subclinical (phase in which reversible functional changes predominate) and clinical (when structural neuronal changes are fully established). The assessment of the integrity of the autonomic nervous system is performed by exploring parasympathetic activity, analyzing the heart rate in response to deep breathing, orthostatism or Valsalva maneuver. Sympathetic activity is explored by measuring blood pressure in response to a change in posture (orthostatism) and isometric effort. The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), in the time domain, in the frequency domain and by graphic methods, complement this assessment. In this article, we review the latest developments in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, consequences, and treatments of CAN in patients with DM.

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BACKGROUND: Autonomic dysfunction is a hallmark feature of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. The aim of this study was to summarize the characteristics and natural history of autonomic dysfunction in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. METHODS: A systematic review of the natural history and clinical trials of patients with ATTR amyloidosis was performed. Alternative surrogate markers of autonomic function were analyzed to understand the prevalence and outcome of autonomic dysfunction. RESULTS: Patients with early-onset disease displayed autonomic dysfunction more distinctively than those with late-onset disease. The nutritional status and some autonomic items in the quality-of-life questionnaires were used to assess the indirect progression of autonomic dysfunction in most studies. Gastrointestinal symptoms and orthostatic hypotension were resent earlier than urogenital complications. Once symptoms were present, their evolution was equivalent to the progression of the motor and sensory neuropathy impairment. CONCLUSION: The development of autonomic dysfunction impacts morbidity, disease progression, and mortality in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis.

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RESUMEN Los síntomas por disfunción autonómica son comunes en la enfermedad de Parkinson y están presentes en todas las fases de la enfermedad. Cubren una amplia variedad de síntomas, como manifestaciones gastrointestinales, urinarias, disfunción eréctil e hipotensión ortostática, entre otros, lo que genera discapacidad y deterioro en la calidad de vida. Afortunadamente, con intervenciones no farmacológicas y farmacológicas estos síntomas pueden mejorar sustancialmente, por lo que su evaluación resulta vital para el bienestar del paciente.

SUMMARY Symptoms due to autonomic dysfunction are common in Parkinson's Disease, being present in all phases of the disease. It covers a wide variety of symptoms including gastrointestinal, urinary, erectile dysfunction, and orthostatic hypotension among others, generating disability and deterioration in quality of life. Fortunately, with non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions, these symptoms can improve substantially, making the evaluation of these symptoms vital for the patient's well-being.

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PURPOSE: Autonomic dysfunction is a very common, early and distressing aspect of hereditary transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis leading to significant loss of quality of life and morbidity for patients. Although the clinical variability of ATTR has been well characterized as neuropathic, cardiac or mixed phenotype, the extent of autonomic involvement remains poorly understood. Despite the fact that the autonomic nervous system has not been specifically evaluated in any of the clinical trials of tafamidis, and that, for some primary and secondary endpoints used in these trials, the behavior cannot be separated from non-autonomic items, an attempt was made to use published material to indirectly access the efficacy of tafamidis in treating dysautonomia. METHODS: Literature review summarizing the results of primary and secondary endpoints related to the autonomic features used in the original tafamidis trials, the post hoc publications, and real-world data, on the effect of tafamidis on autonomic dysfunction in patients with ATTR amyloidosis. RESULTS: There is some evidence that indirectly demonstrates that tafamidis is safe and could slow or arrest the progression of autonomic neuropathy in patients with ATTR amyloidosis, in addition to its well-described effects to ameliorate sensory-motor peripheral neuropathy. CONCLUSION: Although the current evidence is scarce, tafamidis might be effective in arresting the progression of autonomic neuropathy in patients with ATTR amyloidosis. Tafamidis might be more effective at the early stage of the disease; however, individual responses must be monitored.

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INTRODUCTION: L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (droxidopa), a pro-drug metabolized to norepinephrine in nerve endings and other tissues, has been commercially available in Japan since 1989 for treating orthostatic hypotension symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with a Hoehn & Yahr stage III rating, as well as patients with Multiple System Atrophy (MSA), familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and hemodialysis. Recently, the FDA has approved its use in symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (NOH). Areas covered: The authors review the effects of droxidopa in NOH with a focus on the neurodegenerative diseases PD, MSA, and pure autonomic failure (PAF). Expert opinion: A few small and short placebo-controlled clinical trials in NOH showed significant reductions in the manometric drop in blood pressure (BP) after posture changes or meals. Larger Phase III studies showed conflicting results, with two out of four trials meeting their primary outcome and thus suggesting a positive yet short-lasting effect of the drug on OH Questionnaire composite score, light-headedness/dizziness score, and standing BP during the first two treatment-weeks. Results appear essentially similar in PD, MSA, and PAF. The FDA granted droxidopa approval in the frame of an 'accelerated approval program' provided further studies are conducted to assess its long-term effects on OH symptoms.

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Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar os fatores associados à presença de hipotensão ortostática em 14.833 indivíduos de 35-74 anos. Estudo transversal realizado com os dados da linha de base (2008-2010) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O teste postural foi realizado após repouso de 20 minutos na posição supina e adoção ativa da postura ortostática. A pressão arterial foi medida em supino e aos três minutos de ortostase com aparelho oscilométrico (HEM 705 CP, Omron, São Paulo, Brasil). A hipotensão ortostática foi definida por queda ≥ 20mmHg na pressão arterial sistólica e/ou queda ≥ 10mmHg na pressão arterial diastólica. As covariáveis analisadas foram sexo, faixa etária, raça/cor, escolaridade, estado nutricional, circunferência da cintura, alteração no índice tornozelo braquial, velocidade de onda de pulso, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, hipertensão, diabetes, uso de anti-hipertensivos, colesterol, triglicérides, sorologia para a doença de Chagas, ocorrência de sintomas e variação de frequência cardíaca no teste postural, relato de doença cardíaca, infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM)/revascularização e acidente vascular cerebral. A hipotensão ortostática foi significativamente associada à maior faixa etária, OR = 1,83 (IC95%: 1,14-2,95); alteração no índice tornozelo braquial, OR = 2,8 (IC95%: 1,13-6,88), IAM/revascularização, OR = 1,70 (IC95%: 1,01-2,87); relato de doença cardíaca, OR = 3,03 (IC95%: 1,71-5,36); pressão arterial sistólica aumentada, OR = 1,012 (IC95%: 1,006-1,019); sorologia positiva para a doença de Chagas, OR = 2,29 (IC95%: 1,23-4,27) e ocorrência de sintomas na mudança postural, OR = 20,81 (IC95%: 14,81-29,24). A presença de hipotensão ortostática pode ser alerta de potencial comprometimento cardiovascular, e, portanto, uma ferramenta de rastreamento e prevenção.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate factors associated with orthostatic hypotension in 14,833 individuals 35-74 years of age. This was a cross-sectional study of baseline data (2008-2010) from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Postural testing was performed after 20 minutes resting in supine position and active adoption of orthostatic posture. Blood pressure was measured in supine position and at 3 minutes in orthostatic position with an oscillometer (HEM 705 CP, Omron, São Paulo, Brazil). Orthostatic hypotension was defined as a drop of ≥ 20mmHg in systolic blood pressure and/or a drop of ≥ 10mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. The target covariates were sex, age bracket, race/color, schooling, nutritional status, waist circumference, alteration in the ankle-brachial index, pulse wave velocity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, diabetes, use of antihypertensives, cholesterol, triglycerides, Chagas disease serology, symptoms, and heart rate variation in the postural test, self-reported heart disease, acute myocardial infarction (AMI)/revascularization, and stroke. Orthostatic hypotension was significantly associated with higher age bracket, OR = 1.83 (95%CI: 1.14-2.95); alteration in the ankle-brachial index, OR = 2.8 (95%CI: 1.13-6.88); AMI/revascularization, OR = 1.70 (95%CI: 1.01-2.87); report of heart disease, OR = 3.03 (95%CI: 1.71-5.36); increased systolic blood pressure, OR = 1.012 (95%CI: 1.006-1.019); positive Chagas disease serology, OR = 2.29 (95%CI: 1.23-4.27); and occurrence of symptoms with postural change, OR = 20.81 (95%CI: 14.81-29.24). Presence of orthostatic hypotension can be a warning sign for cardiovascular disorders and thus a useful tool for screening and prevention.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar los factores asociados a la presencia de hipotensión ortostática en 14.833 individuos de 35-74 años. Se realizó un estudio transversal con los datos de la línea de base (2008-2010) del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). El examen postural se realizó tras un reposo de 20 minutos en posición supina y la adopción activa de la postura ortostática. Se midió la presión arterial en supino y a los 3 minutos de ortostasis con aparato oscilométrico (HEM 705 CP, Omron, São Paulo, Brasil). La hipotensión ortostática se definió por la caída ≥ 20mmHg en la presión arterial sistólica y/o caída ≥ 10mmHg en la presión arterial diastólica. Las covariables analizadas fueron sexo, franja de edad, raza/color, escolaridad, estado nutricional, circunferencia de la cintura, alteración en el índice tobillo-brazo, velocidad de onda de pulso, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, hipertensión, diabetes, uso de antihipertensivos, colesterol, triglicéridos, serología para a enfermedad de Chagas, ocurrencia de síntomas y variación de frecuencia cardíaca en el examen postural, informe de enfermedad cardíaca, infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM)/revascularización y accidente vascular cerebral. La hipotensión ortostática estuvo significativamente asociada a la mayor franja de edad, OR = 1,83 (IC95%: 1,14-2,95); alteración en el índice tobillo-brazo, OR = 2,8 (IC95%: 1,13-6,88), IAM/revascularización, OR = 1,70 (IC95%: 1,01-2,87); relato de enfermedad cardíaca, OR = 3,03 (IC95%: 1,71-5,36); presión arterial sistólica aumentada, OR = 1,012 (IC95%: 1,006-1,019); serología positiva para a enfermedad de Chagas, OR = 2,29 (IC95%: 1,23-4,27) y ocurrencia de síntomas en el cambio postural, OR = 20,81 (IC95%: 14,81-29,24). La presencia de hipotensión ortostática puede ser una alerta de potencial comprometimiento cardiovascular, y, por tanto una herramienta de seguimiento y prevención.

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Introdução: A lipoaspiração é o sendo segundo procedimento mais realizado no Brasil. Com os avanços da técnica, melhores equipamentos e aumento da segurança no ambiente cirúrgico, passaram-se a ser lipoaspiradas grandes áreas. Contudo, existe uma preocupação com a segurança do paciente. Comitês de segurança têm feito recomendações sobre a infiltração, anestesia, seleção do paciente, volume aspirado, entre outros. A Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica e o Conselho Federal de Medicina também determinaram parâmetros de volumes de segurança do aspirado e superfície corporal aspirada. Ainda assim, a literatura de apoio para as recomendações é escassa. O objetivo é avaliar as alterações dos níveis de hemoglobina, ferro sérico e proteínas totais no pré e pós-operatório mediato (7-10 dias), assim como seus reflexos nos pacientes. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo prospectivo, com pacientes submetidos à lipoaspiração isolada e associada à dermolipectomia abdominal, por indicações estéticas. Avaliamos 30 pacientes, sendo coletados dados demográficos, peso, Índice de Massa Corporal, níveis de hemoglobina, ferro sérico e proteínas totais, no pré-operatório, e entre 7 a 10 dias de pós-operatório. Resultados: A queda da hemoglobina foi entre 2-6g/dl, com média de 3,1g/dl aos 7-10 dia de PO. Tivemos como valor mínimo de hemoglobina 7,8g/dl no pós-operatório com 7-10 dias, enquanto o ferro sérico apresentou redução média de 44,87g/dl. Conclusão: A redução no nível da hemoblogina foi responsável pela sintomatolgia clinica apresentada. A reposição de ferro se mostrou necessária no pós-operatório imediato.

Introduction: Liposuction is the second commonest procedure performed in Brazil. The scope for liposuction has broadened with advances in the technique, with better equipment, and increased safety in the surgical environment. However, there are concerns about patient safety. Safety committees have made recommendations on various aspects of the procedure including infiltration, anesthesia, patient selection, and aspirated volume. The Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery and the Federal Council of Medicine have also determined the parameters for aspiration safety volumes, and for the aspiration of body surface. However, supporting literature for the recommendations is scarce. The objective is to evaluate changes in hemoglobin, serum iron, and total protein levels in the peri-operative days (between 7 and 10 days), in addition to its impact in patients. Methods: We performed a prospective study, with patients submitted to either liposuction alone, or in conjunction with abdominal dermolipectomy for esthetic indications. We evaluated 30 patients, collecting their demographic data, weight, body mass index, hemoglobin, serum iron, and total protein levels in both, the pre-operative period, and between 7 and 10 post-operative days. Results: The fall in hemoglobin levels were between 2 and 6 g /dL, with an average of 3.1 g /dL between 7 and 10 post-operative days . A minimum hemoglobin value of 7.8 g/dL was noted between 7 and 10 days after surgery, while the mean reduction of serum iron was found to be 44.87 g/dL. Conclusion: The reduction in hemoglobin levels was responsible for the clinical symptoms. Iron supplementation was required in the immediate post-operative period.

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Students presenting with syncope and/or seizure occur occasionally in the school setting. Several studies have shown that seizures as well as respiratory distress are the most common medical emergencies that prompt school nurses and staff to contact emergency medical services (EMS) to transport students to the closest emergency department (Knight 1999, Olympia 2005). It is important to develop a differential diagnosis for syncope, to initiate stabilization of the student with life-threatening symptoms, and to triage these students to an appropriate level of care (back to the classroom, home with their guardian with follow-up at their primary health care provider's office, or directly to the closest emergency department via EMS). This article describes the initial assessment and management of two students presenting after syncopal events.

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A case of a 76 year old Colombian patient who developed an episode of postural hypotension, after using 4mg of doxazosin for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is presented. Because of his age and severity of symptoms (asthenia, weakness, adynamia), the patient was hospitalized. Changing doxazosin by tamsulosin allowed control of symptoms of BPH with no further episodes of orthostatic hypotension.

Se presenta el caso de un paciente colombiano de 76 años quien sufrió un episodio de hipotensión postural, después de tomar doxazosina de 4 mg para el manejo de la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). Debido a la severidad de los síntomas (astenia, debilidad y adinamia), el paciente fue hospitalizado. El cambio de doxazosina por tamsulosina permitió el control de los síntomas de la HPB sin episodios ulteriores de hipotensión ortostática.

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El síncope es una perdida súbita y transitoria del estado de conciencia y el tono postural con restitución completa. Según su etiología se clasifica como reflejo (neuromediado), cardíaco, neurológico (isquemia vertebrobasilar) o indeterminado. Los síncopes neurológicos se observan en contexto de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico o accidente isquémico transitorio; frecuentemente se asocian a signos deficitarios focales. Presentamos el caso de un síncope no neurológico con signos deficitarios focales en una paciente con marcada enfermedad ateromatosa. (AU)

Syncope is the abrupt and transient loss of consciousness associated with absence of postural tone, followed by complete and usually rapid spontaneous recovery. In terms of etiology, syncope is classified as reflex (neurally mediated), cardiac, neurologic (vertebrobasilar ischemia) or indeterminate. The neurologic syncope occurs in the setting of stroke or transient ischemic attack, being most frequently associated with focal neurologic symptoms. We report a case of non-neurologic syncope followed with focal neurologic symptoms in a patient with atherosclerosis disease. (AU)

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