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Introduction: the availability of oocytes is fundamental to in vitro fertilization (IVF). The factors associated with optimal or suboptimal oocyte recovery rates (ORR) in low-resource settings are not well known. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with ORR by comparing demographic and IVF cycle data of women undergoing IVF in our Centre. Methods: this was a prospective study of 110 infertile women undergoing IVF at Nisa Premier Hospital, Abuja Nigeria, from October 2020 to September 2021. All women had reached the stage of oocyte retrieval or further, after receiving ovarian stimulation with our routine protocols. Treatment was monitored by serial transvaginal ultrasonography. The oocyte retrieval procedures were performed under conscious sedation, 36 hours after the ovulatory trigger. Optimal ORR was when eggs were obtained from at least 80% of follicles punctured. Sub-optimal ORR was when it was less than 80%. Data analyses utilized SPSS statistical software and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: the mean age of all women was 34.1±4.9 years. Sixty-nine women (62.7%) had sub-optimal ORR while 41 (37.3%) had optimal ORR. Six women (5.5%) had no oocytes retrieved. Significantly more women with sub-optimal ORR were obese (70.6 vs 29.4%) and had higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (8.11 vs 6.34 miu/ml), p-value- 0.039. Women with sub-optimal ORR had higher mean prolactin levels (17.10 ± 13.93 miu/ml) than women with optimal ORR 11.43 ± 6.65 miu/ml), p-value- 0.019). Significantly more oocytes (5.99 vs 10.37, p-value 0.001), and MII oocytes (5.78 vs 7.56, p-value 0.035) were retrieved in women with optimal than sub-optimal ORR. The duration of stimulation, total amounts of gonadotropins administered, and fertilized oocytes were not significantly different among both groups (p-value >0.05). Conclusion: this study has shown the factors associated with ORR in our setting to be basal FSH, prolactin, and obesity.

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AIM: The aim is to study the effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) administration on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trigger on the assisted reproductive technique (ART) outcomes in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study was conducted in the ART center of our hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ninety IVF/ICSI cycles performed between September 2012 and August 2017 were included in the study. Patients who received 375 IU of FSH on the day of hCG trigger (149 cycles) were compared with those who did not receive FSH on the day of trigger (141 cycles). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Chi-square test and Student's t-test were used. RESULTS: The FSH co-administered group had a significantly higher number of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes, and fertilization rate compared to those who did not receive FSH on the day of trigger (p < 0.001). The total number of embryos, the number of grade 1 embryos and the number of embryos available for cryopreservation were also significantly higher in the FSH administered group (p < 0.001). Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and live birth rate were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that FSH administration on the day of the trigger may be considered in IVF cycles receiving hCG trigger to improve the oocyte recovery and maturity if the patient is not at increased risk of ovarian hyperstimulation and serum estradiol on the day of the trigger is <4500 pg/ml. However, there is only an increase in the total number of oocytes retrieved and the number of mature oocytes but no significant change in the implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates.

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RESEARCH QUESTION: Does the time interval between the last gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist dose and the GnRH agonist trigger affect the efficacy of the trigger in IVF treatments? DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study involved 53 normogonadotrophic patients undergoing GnRH antagonist-based IVF cycles, in a single academic centre between June 2019 and February 2020, in whom a GnRH agonist was used for final ovulation triggering. RESULTS: The mean time interval between the last GnRH antagonist dose and GnRH agonist triggering was 4.6 ± 2.7 h (range 1-12 h). There was no correlation between the antagonist-agonist interval and the oocyte recovery rate (Spearman's correlation coefficient [CC] 0.02, P = 0.89) or metaphase II oocyte rate (CC 0.006, P = 0.96). On multivariate analysis, the antagonist-agonist interval was not associated with treatment outcomes, after adjusting for the women's age and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study assessing the efficacy of the GnRH agonist trigger in relation to the time interval between the last GnRH antagonist dose and the agonist trigger within the first half-life of the GnRH antagonist and in less than 12 h. In normogonadotrophic patients, a GnRH agonist trigger can successfully induce an effective LH surge and oocyte maturation and release, irrespective of the time interval between the last antagonist dose and the agonist trigger. Once confirmed by randomized clinical trials, these finding may simplify treatment, improve patients' convenience and promote patient adherence to treatment.

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Abstract Background: Oocyte quality and maturation are influenced by protein supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the influence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations on the recovery and in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes. Methods: The study was divided into Stage 1 (oocyte recovery), and Stage 2 (IVM). In the first stage, three experiments were conducted according to the recovery (R) medium used: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; and (R3) the best results from R1, R2, and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%). Within the second stage, the maturation medium was supplemented according to three experiments: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0.4 vs. 0.8% BSA; and (M3) better results of M1, M2, and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+0.8%). Results: In Stage 1 (R1 and R2), the media with 10% FBS and 10% BSA showed better oocyte quality results and were defined for experiment R3. In R3, the 10% FBS and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%) allowed recovery of better-quality oocytes. In Stage 2 (M1 and M2), media with both levels of FBS (5 and 10%) and 0.8% BSA were defined as better according to the maturation and viability rates of cumulus cells, so they were defined for experiment M3. In M3, no difference was noted among the supplements. Conclusions: For oocyte recovery, 10% FBS and the combination of FBS+BSA (5+5%) can be used to obtain immature oocytes. For the in vitro maturation, FBS (both levels, 5 and 10%) and BSA (0.8%) can be used alone or in combination.

Resumen Antecedentes: La calidad y maduración de los ovocitos son influenciados por la suplementación proteica. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de concentraciones de suero fetal bovino (FBS) y albúmina sérica bovina (BSA) en la recuperación y maduración in vitro (IVM) de ovocitos bovinos. Métodos: El estudio se dividió en Etapa 1 (recuperación de ovocitos) y Etapa 2 (IVM). En la primera etapa, tres experimentos se realizaron de acuerdo con el medio de recuperación: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; y (R3) los mejores resultados de R1, R2 y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+5%). En la segunda etapa, el medio de maduración fue suplementado para tres experimentos: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0,4 vs. 0,8% BSA; y (M3) mejores resultados de M1, M2 y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+0,8%). Resultados: En la Etapa 1 (R1 y R2), los medios con 10% FBS y 10% BSA mostraron mejores resultados de calidad oocitaria y fueron definidos para el experimento R3. En R3, 10% FBS y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+5%) permitieron la recuperación de ovocitos de mejor calidad. En la Etapa 2 (M1 y M2), los medios con ambos niveles de FBS (5 y 10%) y 0,8% de BSA se definieron como mejores de acuerdo con las tasas de maduración y viabilidad de las células del cumulus, por lo que se definieron para el experimento M3. En M3, no se observó diferencia entre los suplementos. Conclusiones: Para la recuperación de ovocitos, se puede utilizar 10% de FBS y la combinación de FBS+BSA (5+5%) para obtener ovocitos inmaduros. Para la maduración in vitro, FBS (ambos niveles, 5 y 10%) y BSA (0,8%) se pueden usar solos o en combinación.

Resumo Antecedentes: A qualidade e a maturação de oócitos são influenciadas pela suplementação proteica. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de concentrações de soro fetal bovino (FBS) e albumina sérica bovina (BSA) sobre a recuperação e maturação in vitro (IVM) de oócitos bovinos. Métodos: O estudo foi dividido em Etapa 1 (recuperação de oócitos) e Etapa 2 (IVM). Na primeira etapa, três experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o meio de recuperação: (R1) 10 vs. 20% FBS; (R2) 5 vs. 10% BSA; e (R3) melhores resultados de R1, R2 e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+5%). Na segunda etapa, o meio de maturação foi suplementado de acordo com três experimentos: (M1) 5 vs. 10% FBS; (M2) 0,4 vs. 0,8% BSA; e (M3) melhores resultados de M1, M2 e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+0,8%). Resultados: Na Etapa 1 (R1 e R2), os meios com 10% FBS e 10% BSA mostraram melhores resultados de qualidade oocitária e foram definidos para o experimento R3. Em R3, 10% FBS e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+5%) permitiram a recuperação de oócitos de melhor qualidade. Na segunda etapa (M1 e M2), meios com ambos os níveis de FBS (5 e 10%) e 0,8% BSA foram definidos como os melhores de acordo com as taxas de maturação e viabilidade de células do cumulus, então foram definidos para o experimento M3. No M3, não houve diferença entre os suplementos. Conclusões: Para a recuperação oocitária, 10% FBS e a combinação de FBS+BSA (5+5%) podem ser usados para obter oócitos imaturos. Para maturação in vitro, FBS (ambos os níveis, 5 e 10%) e BSA (0,8%) podem ser usados sozinhos ou em combinação.

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The objective of this study was to assess the reproductive response of adult and prepubertal goats subjected to repeated laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU). The study animals were divided into two groups, specifically, adult nanny goats (GA, n=10) and prepubertal nanny goats (GP, n=10), which were subjected to estrous synchronization and ovarian stimulation for LOPU. Both groups underwent six LOPU procedures at seven-day intervals and were subsequently subjected to controlled mating and pregnancy diagnosis to evaluate their future fertility. The study showed a reduction in the number of follicles visualized and in the amount and quality of the oocytes that were recovered and exposed to in vitro maturation. As indicated by the fertility test, however, no complications were found during the laparoscopic procedures that would impair the reproductive future of the animals. Therefore, a viable number of oocytes were obtained even with the decreased reproductive efficiency, proving that repeated LOPUs do not interfere with the reproductive of adult and prepubertal nanny goats. These results indicate a positive aspect of this procedure, allowing for increasing reproductive performance of this kind, when used for the production in vitro.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta reprodutiva de cabras adultas e pré-púberes submetidas a repetidas aspirações foliculares por videolaparoscopia (LOPU). Os animais do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos, especificamente cabras adultas (GA, n = 10) e pré-púberes (GP, n = 10), que foram submetidas a sincronização de estro e estimulação ovariana para LOPU. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a seis procedimentos LOPU em intervalos de sete dias e foram posteriormente submetidos à monta controlada e posterior diagnóstico de gestação para avaliar sua fertilidade. O estudo mostrou uma diminuição do número de folículos visualizados, na quantidade e na qualidade dos oócitos que foram recuperados e expostos à maturação in vitro. Tal como indicado pelo teste de fertilidade, no entanto, não foram observadas grandes complicações durante os procedimentos laparoscópicos que pudessem prejudicar o futuro reprodutivo dos animais. Portanto, foi obtido um número de oócitos viáveis, mesmo com a diminuição da eficiência reprodutiva, provando que repetidas LOPU não interferem na reprodutividade de animais adultos e pré-púberes. Estes resultados indicam um aspecto positivo desse procedimento, possibilitando um aumento da eficiência reprodutiva dessa espécie quando utilizado para a produção in vitro.

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A brief overview of the progress made during the past approximately 40 years on the development of methods for in vitro production of cat embryos and intra- and interspecies embryo transfer is described. The presentation is focused primarily on research done over the past 30 years at the Cincinnati Zoo (1980-1995) and at the Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans (1996-present) beginning with original studies on determining optimal doses of porcine FSH for ovarian stimulation and uterine embryo recovery, cryopreservation, and transfer. A key early finding was the ability of cats to respond to multiple gonadotropin (porcine FSH) treatments by repeated stimulation of follicular development. With a ≥ 6-month interval between FSH treatments, over the past 15 years (1998-2013), we have done 1603 laparoscopic oocyte retrievals on 337 cats and recovered >38,000 mature oocytes (mean = 24.1 per laparoscopic oocyte retrieval). The limited information available on in vivo blastocyst development in the cat during the latter portion of the preimplantation period (approximately Days 8 to 12 after coitum or approximately Days 7 to 11 after ovulation) was assembled for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it with the growth, expansion, and zona functioning of in vitro-derived blastocysts. Also, results of transferring morulae and/or blastocysts into synchronous recipients are described to emphasize evidence that appears to allude to an essential role for an intact zona pellucida in successful implantation and subsequent development in the cat. Until 2003, our in vitro-derived embryos were transferred into the uterine horns of recipients to determine the feasibility of producing offspring from such primary methods as IVF, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, SCNT, and embryo cryopreservation. With the exception of SCNT embryos, pregnancy rates were satisfactory, but embryo survival rates were not. Subsequently, after finding that SCNT embryo survival rate could be improved using laparoscopic transfer of early cleavage stage embryos into the oviduct, we applied the technique to embryos derived using IVF with sex-sorted sperm, oocyte vitrification, and embryo cryopreservation. Overall, a pregnancy rate of 67% (14/21) has resulted. Most recently, with the oviductal embryo transfer technique, two litters of Black-Footed cat kittens have been born from intra- and interspecies transfer of cryopreserved embryos.

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The Canindé breed of goats (Capra hircus) is currently endangered. The aims of this study were to characterize the estrus behavior, ovulatory responses and progesterone profiles, and to evaluate the in vitro embryo production (IVP) in this breed. In Experiment 1, ten nulliparous and seven pluriparous females received medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP)-containing sponges (60mg) plus 75µg d-cloprostenol for estrus synchronization and their reproductive parameters were evaluated. In Experiment 2, oocytes obtained by laparascopy from hormonally stimulated females (n=15) were used for IVP. There was no difference (p>0.05) between nulliparous and pluriparous goats in terms of estrus response (40.0% vs. 85.7%), time from progestagen sponge removal to the onset of estrus (62.0±15.5 vs. 50.7±19.2h; mean±SEM), duration of estrus (25.0±16.1 vs. 30.0±15.1h), percentage of ovulating animals (60.0% vs. 85.7%), number of ovulations (1.2±0.4 vs. 1.3±0.8), and diameter of the preovulatory follicle (5.8±0.5 vs. 6.1±0.3mm). Progesterone concentrations were also similar (p>0.05) in both groups. During laparoscopic recovery, there were average 12.2 aspirated follicles and 9.1 oocytes per goat, resulting in a high recovery rate (74.3%, 182/245). A total of 78 embryos were produced (51.0%). The mean number of cells in the blastocysts at day 7 of in vitro culture was 170.3±12.5. In conclusion, nulliparous and pluriparous Canindé goats exhibited similar reproductive profiles. It was possible to produce embryos in vitro, allowing the instigation of an embryo bank for preservation of this breed.

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