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Biochar production from unconventional biomass, specifically onion peel (OP) and chicken feathers (CF), was investigated in this study. Two distinct biochars were produced by doping each biomass with the other, with the aim of exploring the synergistic effects of different feedstock combinations on biochar properties. The biochar production process was conducted using a retort heating method and characterized using several techniques. A yield of 36 % was obtained for OP-doped biochar (OP92CF8-BC) and 23 % for CF-doped biochar (F92OP8-BC). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis revealed characteristic functional groups from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in OP92CF8-BC, while CF92OP8-BC displayed keratin-related peaks. Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging showed surface morphology differences, with OP92CF8-BC exhibiting a rougher and more porous structure compared to CF92OP8-BC. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy analysis confirmed the elemental composition, with OP92CF8-BC having higher carbon, calcium, and sulfur contents and CF92OP8-BC having higher nitrogen and oxygen contents. The biochar had specific surface areas of 342.4 and 200.80 m2/g for OP92CF8-BC and CF92OP8-BC, respectively. According to the results, using biochar treatments-more especially, CF92OP8-BC-can significantly enhance cob weight. This could be good for agricultural productivity. These findings highlight the influence of feedstock composition on the properties of biochar and provide insights for its potential applications in soil amendment and pollutant removal.

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Alternate antibiotics developed through the involvement of nanomaterials are gaining interest due to their economical and lower toxicity concerns. A newly developed biopolymer-based polyvinylpyrrolidone/zinc oxide (PVP/ZnO) nanocomposite (NCs) was efficiently synthesized by an environment-friendly approach, utilizing onion and garlic peel extract as a bio-surfactant, zinc acetate as the source, PVP as the stabilizing agent, and sodium hydroxide as the precipitant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations verified the crystalline properties of ZnO, PVP, and PVP/ZnO-based NCs. The structure of the biopolymer-linked ZnO particles interpolated inside the PVP array was seen to have a layered and flaky structure, as validated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis, which revealed its occurrence in the nanometer range. The XRD examination verified that the surface topographical image of PVP/ZnO NCs had an average thickness of 21 nm. The PVP/ZnO nanocrystals demonstrated exceptional photocatalytic efficacy, with a breakdown rate of 88% and almost 92% for the methylene blue dye. Therefore, the PVP/ZnO matrix exhibits superior antibacterial activity compared to other extracts, resulting in greater microbial suppression. The results above indicate that the ZnO-intercalated PVP array has a stronger reinforcing effect than other components. Hence, PVP/ZnO nanocrystals exhibit enormous potential as a favorable substance for environmental and biomedical intentions.

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Onion peels (OP) are byproduct of food processing industries that poses economic and environmental challenges. However, being rich source of bioactive compounds like Quercetin (Qt), a polyphenolic antioxidant with potential health benefits, harnessing value from such waste can imbibe sustainable practices and protect environment. With this view, the present study targets selective recovery of Qt from OP waste using rationally designed molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). Density Functional Theory (DFT) was used for the theoretical selection of the best conformer of Qt (template), methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, ratio of Qt-MAA for getting stable pre-polymerization complex, and to avoid hit and trial experiments. The theoretical results were validated experimentally by synthesizing MIP/ control polymer (NIP) using MAA as functional monomer, EGDMA as a cross-linker and AIBN as initiator. Synthesized MIP/NIP were characterized using various characterization techniques to confirm successful imprinting. Prepared MIP and NIP could effectively rebind the Qt molecule with binding capacity of 46.67 and 20.89 mg g-1 respectively. Furthermore, synthesized MIP could selectively recover 62.81 % of Qt from 1 g of dry onion peel powder. This study can be effectually used for sustainable recovery of Qt in large scale for various foods, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

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In recent years, agricultural by-products have generated increasing interest as ruminant feed. In a completely randomized design with five experimental treatments, this in vitro study investigated the nutritional value of citrus pulp and onion peel as alternative feed for ruminants and their effects on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and gas production. The first group was the control (50% grass hay/50% concentrate mixture). The other four treatments represented citrus pulp and onion peel at inclusion levels of 10 and 20%, replacing the expensive, high-quality feed ingredients such as the concentrate mixture. The chemical composition showed that citrus pulp is an energy-rich material that could be included up to 20% to replace part of the concentrate in a mixed diet without any adverse impacts on rumen fermentation parameters. The onion peels were rich in fiber and minerals. Their inclusion in the diet of over 10% had detrimental effects on rumen fermentation. The inclusion of either citrus pulp or onion peel in the diet did not have the potential to reduce enteric methane production. In conclusion, citrus pulp showed promising results as a new feed for ruminants. It was effective when included in up to 20% of a ruminant diet, replacing the concentrate mixture.

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Microalgae demonstrate significant potential as a source of liquid-based biofuels. However, increasing biomass productivity in existing cultivation systems is a critical prerequisite for their successful integration into large-scale operations. Thus, the current work aimed to accelerate the growth of C. vulgaris via exogenous supplementation of biostimulant derived from onion peel waste. Under the optimal growth conditions, which entailed a biostimulant dosage of 37.5% v/v, a pH of 3, an air flow rate of 0.4 L/min, and a 2% v/v inoculum harvested during the mid-log phase, yielded a maximum biomass concentration of 1.865 g/L. Under the arbitrarily optimized parameters, a comparable growth pattern was evident in the upscaled cultivation of C. vulgaris, underscoring the potential commercial viability of the biostimulant. The biostimulant, characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, revealed a composition rich in polyphenolic and organo-sulphur compounds, notably including allyl trisulfide (28.13%), methyl allyl trisulfide (23.04%), and allyl disulfide (20.78%), showcasing potent antioxidant properties. Additionally, microalgae treated with the biostimulant consistently retained their lipid content at 18.44% without any significant reduction. Furthermore, a significant rise in saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was observed, with C16:0 and C18:1 dominating both bench-scale (44.08% and 14.01%) and upscaled (51.12% and 13.07%) microalgae cultures, in contrast to the control group where C18:2 was prevalent. Consequently, SFA contents reached 54.35% and 65.43% in bench-scale and upscaled samples respectively, compared to 33.73% in the control culture. These compositional characteristics align well with the requirements for producing high-quality crude biodiesel.

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BACKGROUND: Allium cepa, or onion, boosts numerous health benefits, including anti-diabetic effects. Its rich array of antioxidants and sulfur compounds not only aids heart health by lowering cholesterol and blood pressure but also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Onion's antibacterial and antiviral properties help combat infections, while its compounds like quercetin show promise in cancer prevention. Additionally, Allium cepa supports respiratory health by relieving coughs and colds and aids digestion with its prebiotic properties. Incorporating onions into a balanced diet can enhance overall well-being, including managing blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine if the ethanolic extract from the dried peel of Allium cepa holds potential as an anti-diabetic agent, with a focus on its ability to manage diabetes and reduce blood sugar levels. METHODOLOGY: To prepare the ethanolic extract from dried onion peel, the peel was finely ground and soaked in ethanol. The mixture was then agitated and filtered to separate the liquid extract. Finally, the filtrate was concentrated using methods such as rotary evaporation or vacuum distillation to obtain a concentrated extract for further analysis like alpha-amylase inhibition assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay. RESULTS: The ethanolic extracts derived from dried onion peel demonstrate inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Additionally, this inhibition prompts an increase in insulin production. CONCLUSION: The study underscores that the efficacy of the ethanolic extract of dried onion peel increases with concentration. It highlights the presence of beneficial compounds like total phenolics, flavonoids, quercetin, and its derivatives in onion peel, known for their therapeutic roles in cardiovascular health, weight management, diabetes control, cancer prevention, and antimicrobial activity. These findings affirm the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic properties of Allium cepa's ethanolic leaf extract.

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In this work, we report a supercapacitor electrode material based on nano-flower like cobalt molybdate decorated on porous activated carbon derived from waste onion peels (ß-CoMoO4-POAC). The obtained POAC exhibits highly porous structure and after the hydrothermal treatment with salts of cobalt and molybdenum, we observed a uniform distribution of ß-cobalt molybdate (ß-CoMoO4) as nano-flowers on the surface of POAC. The chemical composition, morphology and porosity of the materials were thoroughly analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area measurement. Due to its flower like and highly porous morphology, ß-CoMoO4@POAC exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1110.72 F/g at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 with superior cyclic retention of 96.03% after 2000 cycles. The best electrochemical performance exhibited by ß-CoMoO4@POAC is mainly due to its high surface area and porous nature of the material which assists in active transport of ions. This study reveals the exceptional electrochemical properties of ß-CoMoO4@POAC which could be considered as a potential material for advanced energy storage devices.

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The aim of this study was to modify carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films with onion peel extract (OPE) (0-2 g), onion peel powder (OPP) (0-2 g) and boron nitride nanoparticles (BN) (0-100 mg). 17 different CMC/OPE/OPP/BN films were provided and the physicochemical properties of films were studied. The release of active compounds of the composite film was investigated over time. The obtained results showed that OPE, OPP and BN increased the physical resistance and flexibility of the films. The percentage of moisture and solubility of the films decreased with the increase of OPE, OPP and BN. By adding BN, OPE and OPP, the structure of the film became stronger and the permeability to water vapor decreased. Addition of OPE and OPP significantly increased the antioxidant property of the film. In general, it can be said that the antioxidant substances of the onion peel are protected inside the film by preparing a CMC/OPE/OPP/BN film, which, in addition to stabilizing the antioxidants, can play an effective role in the controlled release of these antioxidant substances.

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The aqueous onion peel extract (OPE) was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-onion), samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3-onion), and silver/samarium oxide core/shell nanoparticles (Ag@Sm2O3-onion). The produced nanoparticles were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectra (FT-IR), absorption spectra (UV-Vis), energy band gap, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). OPE and NPs were tested for the disinfection of some water microbes. XRD analysis exhibited an amorphous structure of samarium oxide in both Sm2O3-onion and Ag@ Sm2O3-onion. The isolated bacteria from the water sample were Bacillus subtilis (OQ073500) and Escherichia coli (MW534699), while the isolated fungi were Alternaria brassicae (MZ266540), Aspergillus flavus (MT550030), Aspergillus penicillioides (MW957971), Pythium ultimum (MW830915), Verticillium dahlia (MW830379), Fusarium acuminatum (MZ266538), Candida albicans (MW534712), and Candida parapsilosis (MW960416). High levels of antimicrobial activity were seen in both the nanoparticles and the aqueous onion peel extract. Based on experimental results, Ag@Sm2O3 demonstrated the highest activity as an effective disinfectant, indicating the effectiveness of the modification process.

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The growing concern regarding the adverse effects of synthetic UV filters found in sunscreens has spurred significant attention due to their potential harm to aquatic ecosystems and human health. To address this, the present study aimed to extract and microencapsulate sensitive bioactive compounds derived from by-product onion peel (OP) by molecular inclusion using ß-cyclodextrin as the wall material. Identification and quantification of bioactive compounds within the extract were conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) analysis, revealing quercetin and resveratrol as the primary constituents. The photoprotection capacity, evaluated by the sun protection factor (SPF), revealed a protection factor comparable to the value for a synthetic UV filter. The produced microparticles presented high antioxidant capacity, significant photoprotection capacity, encapsulation efficiency of 91.8%, mean diameter of 31 µm, and polydispersity of 2.09. Furthermore, to comprehensively evaluate the performance of OP extract and its potential as a natural UV filter, five O/W emulsions were produced. Results demonstrated that microparticles displayed superior ability in maintaining SPF values over a five-week period. Photoprotection evaluation-skin reactivity tests revealed that both extract and microparticles absorb UV radiation in other regions of UV radiation, revealing their potential to be used as a natural UV filter to produce a sustainable and eco-friendly value-added sunscreen.

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The present study aimed to assess the impact of grape seed extract (GSE), onion peel extract (OPE), and rosemary extract (ROE) on Diquat-induced growth restriction and oxidative stress in Lohmann chicks. A total of 200 chicks were randomly assigned to 5 diets: the positive control (PC) group, the negative control (NC) group, GSE group, OPE group, and ROE group. During the first 7 d of trial, compared with NC and PC groups, the GSE group enhanced average daily feed intake (ADFI). From day 8-21, diquat injection resulted in reduced growth performance, increased platelet volume distribution width (PWD), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in chick serum; it also decreased total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB) concentration, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in chick serum; furthermore, it increased MDA concentration while decreasing GST activities in liver. The NC group exhibited lower average daily gain (ADG) than other groups. Compared with NC group, GSE group reduced ALT activities, MDA levels, and red cell distribution width (RDW), and PDW concentration; it also increased SOD, GST activities. The ROE group lowered ALT activities and MDA concentration. The OPE group decreased ALT activities, and MDA levels, RDW, and PDW concentration, and increased SOD activities of chicks. These results suggest that supplementing antioxidants in diets alleviated oxidative stress in chicks challenged by improving antioxidant capacity and liver function.

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Globally, fruits and vegetables are consumed as raw, processed, or as an additive, accounting for approximately 50% of total food wastage. Among the fruits and vegetables, onion is well known for its potential bioactive components; however, peels of onion are a major concern for the environmental health and food industries. Effective utilization methods for valorizing the onion peel should be needed to develop value-added products, which are more eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable. Therefore, this review attempts to emphasize the conventional and emerging valorization techniques for onion peel waste to generate value-added products. Several vital applications including anticancerous, antiobesity, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities are thoroughly discussed. The findings showed that the use of advanced technologies like ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic extraction, demonstrated improved extraction efficiency and higher yield of bioactive compounds, which showed the anticancerous, antiobesity, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, in-depth studies are recommended to elucidate the mechanisms of action and potential synergistic effects of the bioactive compounds derived from onion peel waste, and to promote the sustainable utilization of onion peel waste in the long-term.

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Onions are rich in bioactive compounds and have been found to prevent various chronic diseases, including obesity. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the antiobesity effect of onions. Studies were identified in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL focusing on clinical trials evaluating the antiobesity effects of onion in obese subjects. The risk of bias in the studies was evaluated using Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool. The effect of onions was analyzed using data from the selected studies, and the results were indicated by weighted mean difference with 95% CI. The I 2 static test was used to examine heterogeneity between the studies. A total of 38 studies were reviewed, of which five clinical trials meeting the criteria were selected. As investigational products, onion peels were used in four studies and onions were used in one study. Following systematic review, it was determined that the risk of bias was generally low, and body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and triglyceride levels were significantly reduced in the onion groups compared to the placebo. In conclusion, onion intake had an antiobesity effect by reducing body weight and body fat, and this effect was particularly pronounced with onion peel.

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UV-initiated green synthesis of metal nanoparticles by using plant extracts as photoreducing agents is of particular interest since it is an environmentally friendly, easy-to-maintain, and cost-effective method. Plant molecules that act as reducing agents are assembled in a highly controlled way which makes them suitable for metal nanoparticle synthesis. Depending on the plant species, their application for green synthesis of metal nanoparticles for diverse applications may contribute to the mediation/reduction in organic waste amounts, thus enabling the implementation of the circular economy concept. In this work, UV-initiated green synthesis of Ag nanoparticles in hydrogels and hydrogel's thin films containing gelatin (matrix), red onion peel extract of different concentrations, water, and a small amount of 1 M AgNO3 have been investigated and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM and EDS analysis, XRD technique, performing swelling experiments and antimicrobial tests using bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), yeasts (Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans) and microscopic fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus). It was found that the antimicrobial effectiveness of the silver-enriched red onion peel extract-gelatin films was higher at lower AgNO3 concentrations as compared to those usually used in the commercially available antimicrobial products. The enhancement of the antimicrobial effectiveness was analyzed and discussed, assuming the synergy between photoreducing agent (red onion peel extract) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the initial gel solutions leading to the intensification of Ag nanoparticles production.

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Mammalian oocytes not fertilized immediately after ovulation can undergo ageing and a rapid decline in quality. The addition of antioxidants can be an efficient approach to delaying the oocyte ageing process. Onion peel extract (OPE) contains quercetin and other flavonoids with natural antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of OPE on mouse oocyte ageing and its mechanism of action. The oocytes were aged in vitro in M16 medium for 16 h after adding OPE at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/ml). The addition of 100 µg/ml OPE reduced the oocyte fragmentation rate, decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, increased the glutathione (GSH) level, and improved the mitochondrial membrane potential compared with the control group. The addition of OPE also increased the expression of SOD1, CAT, and GPX3 genes, and the caspase-3 activity in OPE-treated aged oocytes was significantly lower than that in untreated aged oocytes and similar to that in fresh oocytes. These results indicated that OPE delayed mouse oocyte ageing by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis and enhancing mitochondrial function.

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An eco-friendly approach to inhibit the corrosion of boiler quality (BQ) steel by onion waste in acidic media was investigated. The extract from onion peel was characterized using the conventional extraction method and was characterized using HPLC. The efficacy of the onion peel extract (OPE) as a green corrosion inhibitor was studied using the weight loss method and a variety of electrochemical techniques, including open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Tafel polarization revealed that at 200 mg L-1 of onion peel extract (OPE), corrosion current density was reduced maximum in both 1 (M) HCl and 0.5 (M) H2SO4 media. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, the maximum inhibition efficiencies of 91.30% and 90.71% were found at 200 mg L-1 in 1 (M) HCl and 0.5 (M) H2SO4, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was determined to be the best-fitting model, and the thermodynamic parameter, such as free energy Δ G ads ∘ , was computed, which indicated the physisorption of OPE onto the BQ surface. In theoretical investigations, density functional theory DFT was used to determine the adsorption efficiency and reactive sites of the OPE molecule by exploring various quantum chemical parameters. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-022-02549-7.

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Functional food development is rapidly increasing as a result of consumer consciousness concerning healthy and nutritious foods. In turn, research exploring novel ingredients for formulating functional foods has been accelerated. Onion peel or skin is a byproduct obtained from onion processing that contains abundant phytochemicals, contributing to its antioxidant potential. The main focus of this review is to highlight different extraction techniques (both conventional and nonconventional) that can be implemented to extract the bioactive compounds from onion peel and assess their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the major areas for the application of onion peel and its extract as prospective functional ingredients, thus aiding in the preparation of designer foods with additional health benefits. The use of onion peel could also assist in redesigning popularly consumed processed foods, such as baked products, noodles or pasta, as packaging material, meat quality improvers, colorants, and juice clarifiers. This review serves as a preliminary document that can assist in exploring different ways of incorporating bioactive onion peels or skin into the functional food industry and concludes that future research can assist in the effective and efficient utilization of this resource.

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ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of different concentrations (0.0005, 0.005, 0.05, 0.25, and 0.5%) of onion extract (OE) and onion peel extract (OPE) on the formation of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in charcoal-grilled pork patties. Both OE and OPE inhibited the formation of four PAHs in charcoal-grilled pork patties, with the highest inhibition rate reaching 88.33% on 0.50% OE addition and 98.79% on 0.05 and 0.25% OPE addition. OPE has greater inhibitory effect on the formation of four PAHs than OE does; this may be related to OPE's higher concentrations of flavonoids and higher free-radical scavenging activities. Both OE and OPE worked to lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of charcoal-grilled pork patties. The inhibitory effect of OE and OPE on four PAHs showed the same trend as their antilipid oxidation effects, but the correlation was not strong. In addition to antilipid oxidation, other pathways are also involved in the inhibition of PAH formation.

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Nanoparticles and nanomaterials have gained a huge amount of attention in the last decade due to their unique and remarkable properties. Metallic nanoparticles like zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been used very widely as plant nutrients and in wastewater treatment. Here, ZnONPs were synthesized by using onion peel and characterized by various sophisticated instruments like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM). FTIR confirmed ZnONPs synthesis due to the formation of the band in the region of 400-800 cm-1, while FESEM confirmed the spherical shape of the particles whose size varies in the range of 20-80 nm. FTIR revealed several bands from 1000-1800 cm-1 which indicates the capping by the organic molecules on the ZnONPs, which came from onion peel. It also has carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, due to the organic molecules present in the Allium cepa peel waste. The average hydrodynamic size of ZnONPs was 500 nm as confirmed by DLS. The synthesized ZnONPs were then used as a plant nutrient where their effect was evaluated on the growth of Vigna radiate (mung bean) and Triticum aestivum (wheat seeds). The results revealed that the germination and seedling of mung and wheat seeds with ZnONPs were grown better than the control seed. However, seeds of mung and wheat with ZnONPs at median concentration exposure showed an enhancement in percent germination, root, and shoot length in comparison to control. Thus, the effect of ZnONPs has been proved as a nano-based nutrient source for agricultural purposes.

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A large amount of onion waste is produced by the food industries. This onion waste contains high-value functional ingredients, since several compounds and nutrients are present in onion peel. The objective of this work is to extract and stabilize the anthocyanin from onion peel waste in various forms. The major component present in onion peel is anthocyanin. The anthocyanin was extracted from onion peel by the microwave-assisted extraction process. A fractional factorial experiment was used to carry out 16 possible extractions instead of 64 possible extractions. The highest yield of total anthocyanin content such as 21.99 attains when using 2 g of onion peel with the extraction time 5 minutes, power as 700 W, ethanol concentration as 75 mL, and solvent feed ratio as 20 g/mL. The anthocyanin was stabilized in three ways such as co-pigmentation, a combination of buffer and hardpan coating. The most stable and colorless anthocyanin was observed by the co-pigmentation method. Stable and red color anthocyanin is obtained using a combination of buffer and dark brown color stable anthocyanin is perceived using hard pan coating. The antioxidant activity of each sample was studied during 3 weeks of storage. Sample A (co-pigmented sample) showed 75% of antioxidant activity, sample B (hardpan coating) exhibited 60% of antioxidant activity and sample C (buffer combination) confirmed 81% of antioxidant activity. This anthocyanin study can be used in future studies for various applications such as the preservation of meat and natural colorant.

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