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Objetivo Analizar mediante el programa de revisión de la medicación, Revisem®, la prevalencia de problemas relacionados con la medicación (PRM) en pacientes de la provincia de Valencia que estaban en tratamiento activo con inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) en 2022. Diseño Estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo. Material y métodos Se analizó el historial farmacoterapéutico (HFT) de 295 pacientes siguiendo los criterios propuestos por la Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe, utilizando la plataforma digital Revisem® del Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos de Valencia (MICOF). Resultados La edad media de los pacientes fue 81,8 ± 11,1 años y 66,4% fueron mujeres. Se detectó al menos un PRM en 97,3% de los pacientes. De los PRM analizados, 46,9% fueron interacciones, de las cuales 29,7% implicaban un IBP, siendo el omeprazol el de mayor frecuencia. Los PRM con IBP se relacionan de forma significativa con determinadas condiciones del paciente y grupos farmacológicos, como son el sexo femenino, la edad superior a 54 años y la polifarmacia. Conclusiones La plataforma digital Revisem®, permite la detección de una alta prevalencia de PRM a nivel provincial. La aplicación de nuevas herramientas tecnológicas para detectar la prevalencia de PRM es fundamental para optimizar los tratamientos de los pacientes. (AU)

Objective To analyze, using the medication review program, Revisem®, the prevalence of drug-related problems (DRP) in patients in the province of Valencia who were on active treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in 2022. Design Descriptive and retrospective observational study. Material and methods The pharmacotherapeutic history of 295 patients was analyzed following the criteria proposed by the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe, using the Revisem® digital platform of the Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos (MICOF). Results The mean age of the patients was 81.8 ± 11.1 years and 66.4% were women. At least one DRP was detected in 97.3% of patients. 46.9% of the DRP analyzed were interactions, of which 29.7% involved a PPI, with omeprazole being the most frequent. DRPs with PPI are significantly related to certain patient conditions and pharmacological groups, such as female sex, age over 54 years and polypharmacy. Conclusions The application of the Revisem® digital platform allows the detection of a high prevalence of DRP at the provincial level. The application of new technological tools to detect the prevalence of DRP is essential to optimize patient treatments. (AU)

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RESUMEN Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) son los medicamentos más potentes para inhibir la secreción gástrica ácida, y se utilizan en el tratamiento de la mayor parte de las afecciones inflamatorias de la mucosa gástrica. Forman parte de los fármacos más recetados y sobreprescritos en todo el mundo; por ejemplo, en los Estados Unidos, según la Encuesta nacional de salud y nutrición, casi duplicaron su uso en los adultos de 40 años de un 4,9 % hasta un 8,3 %, entre los años 1999 a 2012. Aunque, en general, se consideran bien tolerados, algunos estudios epidemiológicos ―que extraen información a partir de grandes bases de datos― han reportado una serie de efectos adversos asociados con su uso prolongado, entre los cuales están el deterioro cognitivo, la enfermedad renal crónica, el infarto de miocardio, el accidente cerebrovascular, las fracturas óseas e incluso la muerte, entre otros. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura acerca de los efectos del uso crónico de los IBP sobre el deterioro cognitivo en los adultos mayores. Se revisaron artículos a partir de una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pudmed, Scopus y Scielo con las palabras clave y términos Mesh/DeCS relacionados tanto en inglés como en español. Los efectos secundarios a nivel neurológico inducidos por el uso crónico de los IBP pueden estar relacionados indirectamente con la presencia de alteraciones sistémicas secundarias (deficiencia de magnesio y vitamina B12) o con efectos directos sobre el funcionamiento neuronal después de pasar a través de la barrera hematoencefálica. Si bien se han descrito varios mecanismos neurobiológicos por medio de los cuales los IBP podrían favorecer el desarrollo de la demencia ―que comprenden el funcionamiento de la proteína tau, la acumulación de beta amiloide (βA) y la deficiencia de cobalamina, entre otros―, la mayor parte de la evidencia clínica disponible no ha encontrado una asociación significativa entre el uso de los IBP y el riesgo de demencia o el deterioro cognitivo. Para establecer de una manera más clara los efectos clínicos adversos del uso crónico de los IBP, en especial, en el funcionamiento cerebral, se necesitan estudios de cohorte bien diseñados, con tamaños de muestra grandes y periodos de seguimiento prolongados, con un método confiable para ajustar los factores de confusión estandarizados y, además, realizar análisis por subgrupos.

ABSTRACT Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most potent drugs to inhibit gastric acid secretion, being used in the treatment of most inflammatory conditions of the gastric mucosa. They are among the most prescribed and overprescribed medications worldwide; for example, in the United States, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, they almost doubled their use in adults aged 40 years and older from 4.9 % to 8.3 % between 1999 and 2012. Although they are generally considered well tolerated, some epidemiological studies extracting information from large databases have reported a number of adverse effects associated with their prolonged use, including cognitive impairment, chronic kidney disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, bone fractures and even death, among others. The objective was to conduct a narrative review of the literature on the effects of chronic use of PPIs on cognitive impairment in older adults. Articles were reviewed based on a search in the PubMed, Scopus and SciELO databases using both English and Spanish keywords and related MeSH/DeCS terms. Neurological side effects induced by chronic PPI use may be indirectly related to secondary systemic disorders (magnesium and vitamin B12 deficiency) or to direct effects on neuronal functioning after passing through the blood-brain barrier. Although several neurobiological mechanisms by which PPIs could favor the development of dementia-which involve Tau protein function, beta-amyloid [βA] accumulation and cobalamin deficiency, among others-have been described, most of the available clinical evidence has not shown a significant association between PPI use and the risk of dementia or cognitive impairment. To establish the adverse clinical effects of chronic PPI use more clearly, especially on brain functioning, well-designed cohort studies with large sample sizes and long follow-up periods, with a reliable method to adjust for standardized confounders, as well as subgroup analyses are needed.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze, using the medication review program, Revisem®, the prevalence of drug-related problems (DRP) in patients in the province of Valencia who were on active treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPI) in 2022. DESIGN: Descriptive and retrospective observational study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pharmacotherapeutic history of 295 patients was analyzed following the criteria proposed by the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe, using the Revisem® digital platform of the Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos (MICOF). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 81.8 ± 11.1 years and 66.4% were women. At least one DRP was detected in 97.3% of patients. 46.9% of the DRP analyzed were interactions, of which 29.7% involved a PPI, with omeprazole being the most frequent. DRPs with PPI are significantly related to certain patient conditions and pharmacological groups, such as female sex, age over 54 years and polypharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the Revisem® digital platform allows the detection of a high prevalence of DRP at the provincial level. The application of new technological tools to detect the prevalence of DRP is essential to optimize patient treatments.

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Introdução: Inibidores de bomba de prótons (IBP) são amplamente utilizados na profilaxia de úlceras de estresse. O omeprazol é o IBP mais prescrito no Brasil, porém, sua formulação oral convencional é inadequada para administração por sonda devido ao risco de obstrução. A apresentação injetável de omeprazol possui custo muito superior à formulação oral. O esomeprazol, por ser constituído de microgrânulos, é uma alternativa ao omeprazol injetável, pois pode ser administrado por sonda e ainda possibilitaria redução de custos. Objetivo: Analisar por meio de custo-minimização o impacto financeiro da incorporação do esomeprazol em um hospital universitário secundário. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal retrospectivo para identificar e analisar o consumo e custo relacionado ao uso de omeprazol injetável e esomeprazol nos anos de 2021 e 2022. A partir dos dados levantados, foi realizada análise de custo-minimização e determinado o impacto financeiro após incorporação do esomeprazol. Resultados: Houve redução de 76,7% no consumo de omeprazol injetável no ano de 2022. A análise de custo-minimização apontou um custo real de R$20.374,96 no ano de 2022, referente às 906 doses utilizadas no período, destas, 46,4% eram de omeprazol injetável e 53,6% de esomperazol. Considerando o cenário com terapia exclusiva com omeprazol injetável, o custo simulado foi de R$ 41.252,05. O impacto financeiro foi de R$ -20.877,09, resultando em economia de recursos de 50,6%. Conclusão: A incorporação de esomeprazol no elenco de medicamentos de um hospital universitário gerou redução significativa de custo, implicando em economia de mais de 50% no consumo global de IBP e de mais de 70% no consumo de omeprazol injetável, no ano de 2022.

Introduction: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in stress ulcers prophylaxis. Omeprazole is the most prescribed PPI in Brazil, but its conventional oral formulation is unsuitable for administration through a tube due to the risk of obstruction. The injectable presentation of omeprazole has a much higher cost than the oral formulation. Esomeprazole, composed of microgranules, is an alternative to injectable omeprazole as it can be administered through a tube and could potentially lead to a cost reduction. Objective: To analyze, through cost minimization, the financial impact of incorporating esomeprazole in a secondary university hospital. Material and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted to identify and analyze the consumption and cost related to the use of injectable omeprazole and esomeprazole in the years 2021 and 2022. Cost-minimization analysis was performed based on the collected data, to determine the financial impact after incorporating esomeprazole. Results: There was a 76.7% reduction in the consumption of injectable omeprazole in 2022. The cost-minimization analysis indicated a real cost of R$20,374.96 in 2022 for the 906 doses used during the period, of which 46.4% were injectable omeprazole and 53.6% were esomeprazole. Considering the scenario with exclusive therapy using injectable omeprazole, the simulated cost was R$41,252.05. The financial impact was R$-20,877.09, resulting in a resource saving of 50.6%. Conclusion: The incorporation of esomeprazole into the list of medications at a university hospital led to a significant cost reduction, resulting in over 50% savings in PPI consumption and over 70% in injectable omeprazole consumption, in 2022.

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O omeprazol é inibidor de bomba de prótons mais prescrito no Brasil e é indicado para o tratamento de doenças por refluxos gastroesofágicos, úlcera péptica, esofagite erosiva, erradicação de Helicobacter pylori, síndrome de Zollinger-Ellison, gastrinomas, gastrite e distúrbios hipersecretores e prevenção de úlcera péptica. O uso indiscriminado e desnecessário, principalmente por idosos, é uma importante questão de saúde pública a ser tratada. Apesar de ser conhecida a existência do uso indiscriminado do omeprazol, identifica-se a necessidade de se verificar como ocorre a prescrição desse medicamento no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil. Além disso, acredita-se que estudos que analisam de modo famacoeconômico a prescrição do omeprazol podem contribuir para a revisão ou implementação de diretrizes e protocolos que envolvam o uso desse medicamento. O objetivo foi caracterizar e realizar análise farmacoeconômica do uso do omeprazol em Unidade de Atenção Primária a Saúde (UAPS) em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo descritivo com análise das prescrições de 41 pacientes idosos atendidos no período de abril/maio de 2018 e foram identificadas as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, dose, indicação, realização de endoscopia, demais medicamentos em uso e custo do tratamento. Na análise farmacoeconômica realizou-se o cálculo do custo médio da quantidade de omeprazol prescrita por paciente e considerou-se a realização ou não de endoscopia. Na população estudada, 29 (70,3%) do sexo feminino com mediana de idade: 69 anos. Apenas em 4 prontuários (9,8%) havia indicação para uso e em 18 (43,9%) pacientes, a utilização era feita há mais de dois anos e em 7 (17,1%) a mais de cinco anos. Apenas 3 (7,3%) realizaram endoscopia e foram utilizados 371 meses totalizando um valor financeiro de R$35.657,23. Os achados sugerem prescrições em longo prazo e sem registro da indicação em prontuário. O custo referente às prescrições poderia ser otimizado com a realização de endoscopia e suspensão do uso, quando constatada ausência de indicação.

Omeprazole is the most prescribed proton pump inhibitor in Brazil and is indicated for the treatment of diseases caused by gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer, erosive esophagitis, eradication of Helicobacter pylori, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, gastrinomas, gastritis, and hypersecretory disorders, as well as peptic ulcer prevention. The indiscriminate and unnecessary use, mainly by the elderly, is an important public health issue to be addressed. Despite the existence of indiscriminate use of omeprazole being known, there is a need to verify how this medication is prescribed in the context of the Unified Health System (UHS) in Brazil. In addition, it is believed that studies that aim to analyze the prescription of omeprazole in a pharmacoeconomic way can contribute to the review or implementation of guidelines and protocols involving the use of this drug. The objective of this study was to characterize and perform a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the use of omeprazole in a Primary Healthcare Centers (PHC) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This is a descriptive study analyzing the prescriptions of 41 elderly patients treated in the period of April/May 2018 and the following variables were identified: age, sex, dose, indication, endoscopy, other medications in use, and cost of treatment. In the pharmacoeconomic analysis, the average cost of the amount of omeprazole prescribed per patient was calculated and whether or not endoscopy was performed was considered. In the studied population, 29 (70.3%) were female with a median age: 69 years. Only in 4 medical records (9.8%) was there indication for use, and 18 (43.9%) patients had been using omeprazole for more than two years and 7 (17.1%) for more than five years. Only 3 (7.3%) patients underwent endoscopy, and 371 months-worth of omeprazole were used, totaling a financial value of R$35,657.23. The findings suggest long-term prescriptions and no record of their indication on medical records. The cost related to prescriptions could be optimized by performing endoscopy and discontinuing its use when no indication is found.

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Heartburn occurs in 75% of patients with digestive discomfort of any origin and is one of the main symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modification and symptomatology management with various drugs; when heartburn is moderate to severe, a proton pump inhibitor is more suitable. Omeprazole (OMZ) combined with sodium bicarbonate (BC) has demonstrated significant and sustained suppression of acid secretion. The objective was to compare the effect of sequential OMZ/BC therapy compared to OMZ monotherapy for the improvement of heartburn in Mexican individuals. The study was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical study including 277 subjects with moderate to severe heartburn. Patients received 7 days of OMZ/BC and 7 days of OMZ (OMZ/BC7) or 14 days of OMZ (OMZ14). The primary endpoint was defined as the change in the number of days a week that the patient has heartburn, it was evaluated at 14 days. Both treatments reduced time (days) with heartburn by less than 4 days (OMZ14 3.9 vs. 4.2 days OMZ/BC7), as well as duration, number of events and intensity of heartburn. The treatments improved the quality of life, and the control of the symptoms. The proportion of adverse events was lower with OMZ/BC. The non-inferiority of OMZ/BC7 with respect to OMZ14 was verified.

La pirosis se presenta en el 75% de los pacientes con molestias digestivas de cualquier origen y es uno de los principales síntomas de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. El tratamiento se enfoca en la modificación del estilo de vida y el manejo de la sintomatología con diversos fármacos; cuando la pirosis es moderada a severa, un inhibidor de la bomba de protones es más adecuado. El omeprazol (OMZ) combinado con bicarbonato de sodio (BC) ha demostrado supresión significativa y sostenida de la secreción ácida. El objetivo fue comparar el efecto de la terapia secuencial de OMZ/BC en comparación con el tratamiento continuo de OMZ para la mejoría de la pirosis en individuos mexicanos. Estudio clínico multicéntrico, doble ciego, controlado, aleatorizado que incluyó 277 sujetos con pirosis moderada a severa. Los pacientes recibieron 7 días de OMZ/BC y 7 días de OMZ (OMZ/BC7) o 14 días de OMZ (OMZ14). La variable primaria fue definida como el cambio del número de días a la semana que el paciente presenta pirosis, se evaluó a los 14 días. Ambos tratamientos redujeron los días con pirosis en menos 4 días (OMZ14 3,9 vs. 4,2 días OMZ/BC7), así como la duración, el número de eventos e intensidad de la pirosis. Los tratamientos mejoraron los indicadores de calidad de vida, y el control del padecimiento. La proporción de eventos adversos fue menor con OMZ/BC. Se comprobó la no-inferioridad de OMZ/BC7 respecto OMZ14.

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Introducción: Los medicamentos antiulcerosos son utilizados frecuentemente en pacientes hospitalizados, sin embargo, a menudo este uso no está indicado. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia de prescripción e indicación de medicamentos para prevenir el sangrado gastrointestinal en pacientes hospitalizados. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte trasversal, descriptivo, prospectivo del servicio de Medicina Interna de la Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá- Hospital de San José de Bogotá, Colombia. Se excluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de sangrado gastrointestinal o antecedente de alergia a los medicamentos antiulcerosos. Se recolectaron datos demográficos, así como fármacos prescritos. Se determinó si la indicación del fármaco era adecuada y se identificó el tipo de error de prescripción. Resultados: Se incluyeron 179 pacientes, 102 (57%) mujeres. Promedio de edad de 61,3 años (±20,2). El principal diagnóstico de ingreso fue enfermedad infecciosa 76 (42,4%). Del total de pacientes, 165 (92,17%) recibieron medicamento para prevención del sangrado gastrointestinal. La indicación fue adecuada en 75 pacientes (41,89%). El error más frecuente fue el uso en pacientes de bajo riesgo de sangrado, 101 (97,1%). Conclusión: Un alto porcentaje de los pacientes recibió medicación para la prevención del sangrado gastrointestinal. En aproximadamente la mitad de estos no estaba indicada.

Introduction: Anti-ulcer medications are frequently used in hospitalized patients, yet their use is not usually indicated. Objective: To describe the frequency of prescription and indication of medications to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding in hospitalized patients. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective study was carried out in the Internal Medicine service of the Surgery Society of Bogota-San Jose Hospital of Bogota (Colombia). Excluded patients were those with either a gastrointestinal bleeding diagnosis or a history of allergy to anti-ulcer medications. Demographic data and information regarding prescribed medications were collected. It was determined whether the medicine indication was adequate and the type of prescription error was identified. Results: 179 patients were included in the study, 57% (102) of which were women. The average age was 61.3 (±20.2) years old. Infectious disease was the main admission diagnosis (76; 42.4%). A 92.17% (165) of the total number of patients received medications to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. This indication was adequate for 75 (41.89%) patients. The most frequent error was their use in bleeding low-risk patients (101; 97.1%). Conclusion: A high percentage of patients received medication to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding. However, in about half of these patients it was not indicated.

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Introducción: La profilaxis de sangrado digestivo alto con omeprazol es una práctica frecuente en pacientes admitidos a la UCI. Actualmente se investigan complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con esta terapia. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia con que se utiliza la profilaxis temprana con omeprazol en pacientes admitidos a la UCI y describir sus resultados clínicos. El objetivo secundario fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a úlceras de estrés más frecuentes.Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo en una muestra de pacientes admitidos a la UCI del Hospital Santo Tomás en el año 2019. Resultados: Se incluyeron 114 pacientes, con mediana de edad de 40 años (IQR, 28-58), predominio del sexo masculino (60.53%) y una mediana de tiempo en UCI de 12 días (IQR, 6-24). 111 pacientes (97.37%) recibieron profilaxis temprana con omeprazol. En el grupo que recibió profilaxis temprana, se presentó sangrado digestivo alto en 2.70% de los casos; 40 pacientes (36.04%) presentaron neumonía nosocomial y 1 paciente (0.90) presentó infección por Clostridium difficile. En la muestra estudiada, 110 pacientes (96.49%) utilizaron ventilación mecánica; 85 pacientes (74.56%) presentaron shock y 44 pacientes (38.60%) desarrollaron lesión renal aguda. Conclusiones: La profilaxis temprana con omeprazol es una práctica habitual en pacientes admitidos a UCI. El sangrado digestivo alto se presentó con poca frecuencia. Un tercio de los pacientes que recibió este tratamiento presentó neumonía nosocomial, siendo la infección por Clostridium difficile una rara complicación. El uso de ventilación mecánica y el shock fueron los factores de riesgo de úlceras de estrés más frecuentes. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis with omeprazole is a frequent practice in patients admitted to the ICU. Infectious complications related to this therapy are currently being investigated. Objective: to determine the frequency with which early omeprazole prophylaxis is used in patients admitted to the ICU and to describe its clinical outcomes. The secondary objective was to determine the risk factors associated with the most frequent stress ulcers. Methods: a retrospective, descriptive study was conducted in a sample of patients admitted to the ICU of Hospital Santo Tomás in 2019. Results: 114 patients were included, with a median age of 40 years (IQR, 28-58), male predominance (60.53%) and a median time in ICU of 12 days (IQR, 6-24). 111 patients (97.37%) received early prophylaxis with omeprazole. In the group that received early prophylaxis, upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 2.70% of cases; 40 patients (36.04%) presented nosocomial pneumonia and 1 patient (0.90) presented Clostridium difficile infection. In the sample studied, 110 patients (96.49%) used mechanical ventilation; 85 patients (74.56%) presented shock and 44 patients (38.60%) developed acute kidney injury. Conclusions: Early prophylaxis with omeprazole is a common practice in patients admitted to ICU. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurred infrequently. One third of the patients who received this treatment presented nosocomial pneumonia, being Clostridium difficile infection a rare complication. The use of mechanical ventilation and shock were the most frequent risk factors for stress ulcers. (provided by Infomedic International)

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INTRODUCTION: Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is commonly used in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). However, strong evidence for this practice is lacking and there is a dire need for paediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our aim was to assess the usefulness of SUP with omeprazole in critically ill children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled open-label trial, including 144 children admitted into a PICU with a paediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) score of less than 16. We randomly allocated patients to SUP with omeprazole or no SUP. The primary outcome was development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or nosocomial infection. RESULTS: The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 27.1%, but clinically significant bleeding developed in only 5.6% of patients. We did not find a significant difference in the incidence of bleeding between the prophylaxis and control groups (27.8% vs 26.4%; P = .85). We also did not find a significant difference between the groups in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (9.6% vs 8.3%; P = .77). The incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) was higher in the prophylaxis group compared to the control group (30.6% vs 12.5%; P = .014). None of the patients developed Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. We did not find significant differences in mortality, length of PICU stay or duration of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation was an independent predictor of bleeding (OR, 6.4; 95%CI, 2.73-14.9). CONCLUSION: In PICU patients with mild to moderate organ dysfunction, omeprazole does not seem to be useful for prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding while at the same time increasing the risk of CLABSI. Thus, we recommend restricting SUP to mechanically ventilated children.

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Abstract Introduction: Erosive esophagitis secondary to radiotherapy is an unusual complication in the oncological treatment of thoracic tumors. This pathological entity is associated with multiple complications, which is a clinical challenge for health workers unfamiliar with the clinical manifestations. Clinical case: A 64-year-old woman with a 3-day clinical picture of chest pain radiating to the epigastrium with 10/10 intensity. On physical examination, she was tachycardic, hypotensive, and with intense pain in the upper hemiabdomen region; she had no signs of peritoneal irritation on deep palpation. Paraclinical tests showed no signs of local or disseminated infection, but endoscopy of the digestive tract reported post-radiation esophagitis. Discussion: Erosive esophagitis after radiotherapy occurs in less than 1 % of cases, and clinical manifestations such as dysphagia, odynophagia, and abdominal pain are common. Initial symptomatic management is preserved, with supportive measures such as intravenous hydration and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). In case of intolerance to the oral route, therapy with nutritional support is indicated via nasogastric tube or gastrostomy in the most severe cases.

Resumen Introducción: la esofagitis erosiva secundaria a la radioterapia es una complicación inusual del tratamiento oncológico de los tumores torácicos. Esta entidad patológica está asociada con múltiples complicaciones, lo que resulta un reto clínico para los profesionales en salud que están poco familiarizados con las manifestaciones clínicas. Caso clínico: mujer de 64 años con cuadro clínico de 3 días de dolor torácico irradiado al epigastrio con intensidad 10/10. En el examen físico se encontró taquicárdica, hipotensa, con dolor intenso en la región hemiabdominal superior; a la palpación profunda no tenía signos de irritación peritoneal. Los paraclínicos no mostraron signos de infección local o diseminada, pero la endoscopia de vías digestivas reportó esofagitis posirradiación. Discusión: la esofagitis erosiva posterior a la radioterapia se presenta en menos del 1 % de los casos, las manifestaciones clínicas como disfagia, odinofagia y dolor abdominal son frecuentes; el manejo sintomático inicial es conservado, con medidas de soporte como hidratación intravenosa e inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP). En caso de intolerancia a la vía oral se indica terapia con soporte nutricional por sonda nasogástrica o gastrostomía en los casos más graves.

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INTRODUCTION: There are no previously described training models for learning or teaching how to remove lithiasis from the salivary ducts. Therefore, we present a new simulation model to enable us to faithfully represent the process of endoscopic lithiasis extraction by sialoendoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simulation model was developed using a pig's head, omeprazole spheres were used to simulate lithiasis in the various ducts of each salivary gland and a Dormia basket was used to train in extraction of the lithiasis model. RESULTS: Twenty-seven residents in training and/or young specialists were successfully trained in this technique using this model. Twenty-six (96.3%) considered the model useful for training in the use of baskets; all of them were able to capture the omeprazole sphere in the salivary duct. A satisfaction rate of 92.25 out of 100 points was obtained through an anonymous survey. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel simulation model using omeprazole spheres, which allows the surgeon to practice how to diagnose and treat obstructive pathology of the salivary glands in a risk-free environment guaranteeing the reproducibility of the technique in conditions similar to those of normal practice.

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La infección por Helicobacter pylori es muy frecuente entre la población española y representa la causa fundamental de gastritis crónica, úlcera péptica y cáncer gástrico. Previamente se han llevado a cabo cuatro reuniones de Consenso sobre el manejo de la infección por H. pylori en España, la última de ellas en 2016. Los cambios en los esquemas de tratamiento y la creciente evidencia disponible al respecto han justificado la organización de esta V Conferencia Española de Consenso en mayo de 2021, centrada en el tratamiento de esta infección. Participaron 14 expertos sobre el tema, que realizaron una búsqueda sistemática de la evidencia científica y elaboraron una serie de recomendaciones que fueron sometidas a un proceso de interacción de votaciones anónimas seriadas mediante metodología Delphi. Para clasificar la evidencia científica y la fuerza de las recomendaciones, se utilizó el sistema GRADE. Este consenso establece, como punto de partida, un aumento de la exigencia en la eficacia de los tratamientos recomendados, que deben alcanzar, o preferiblemente superar, el 90% de curación al ser administrados empíricamente. De este modo, tanto en primera como en segunda línea se recomiendan tratamientos cuádruples con o sin bismuto, generalmente prescritos durante 14 días. Como tratamiento de primera línea se recomienda una pauta cuádruple concomitante sin bismuto (inhibidor de la bomba de protones, claritromicina, amoxicilina y metronidazol) o una combinación cuádruple con bismuto (inhibidor de la bomba de protones, bismuto, tetraciclina y metronidazol). En el presente consenso se revisan también con detalle otras alternativas de tratamiento de rescate.(AU)

Helicobacter pylori infection is very common in the Spanish population and represents the main cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The last iteration of Spanish consensus guidelines on H. pylori infection was conducted in 2016. Recent changes in therapeutic schemes along with increasing supporting evidence were key for developing the V Spanish Consensus Conference (May 2021). Fourteen experts performed a systematic review of the scientific evidence and developed a series of recommendations that were subjected to an anonymous Delphi process of iterative voting. Scientific evidence and the strength of the recommendation were classified using GRADE guidelines. An eradication therapy, when prescribed empirically, is considered acceptable when it reliably achieves, or preferably surpass, 90% cure rates. Currently, only quadruple therapies (with or without bismuth) and generally lasting 14 days, accomplish this goal in first- and second-line therapies. A non-bismuth quadruple concomitant regimen (proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole) or a quadruple bismuth-based combination (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole), are recommended as first-line regimens. Rescue therapies after eradication failure and management of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease were also reviewed.(AU)

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Introducción: No existen modelos de entrenamiento previamente descritos para aprender o enseñar cómo extraer litiasis de los conductos salivales. Es por ello que presentamos un novedoso modelo de simulación que nos permite representar fielmente el proceso de extracción endoscópica de litiasis mediante sialoendoscopia. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló un modelo de simulación utilizando la cabeza de un cerdo, se utilizaron esferas de omeprazol para simular la existencia de litiasis en los diversos conductos de cada glándula salival y se utilizó una cesta Dormia para entrenar la extracción del modelo de litiasis. Resultados: Veintisiete residentes en formación y/o jóvenes especialistas han entrenado con éxito esta técnica utilizando este modelo. Veintiséis (96,3%) consideraron útil el modelo para entrenar el uso de cestas, siendo todos ellos capaces de capturar la esfera de omeprazol en el conducto salival. Se obtuvo un porcentaje de satisfacción mediante una encuesta anónima de 92,25 sobre 100 puntos. Conclusión: Describimos un novedoso modelo de simulación mediante esferas de omeprazol, que permite al cirujano practicar cómo realizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad obstructiva de glándulas salivales en un entorno libre de riesgos, garantizando la reproducibilidad de la técnica en condiciones similares a las de la práctica habitual.(AU)

Introduction: There are no previously described training models for learning or teaching how to remove lithiasis from the salivary ducts. Therefore, we present a new simulation model to enable us to faithfully represent the process of endoscopic lithiasis extraction by sialoendoscopy. Materials and methods: A simulation model was developed using a pig's head, omeprazole spheres were used to simulate lithiasis in the various ducts of each salivary gland and a Dormia basket was used to train in extraction of the lithiasis model. Results: Twenty-seven residents in training and/or young specialists were successfully trained in this technique using this model. Twenty-six (96.3%) considered the model useful for training in the use of baskets; all of them were able to capture the omeprazole sphere in the salivary duct. A satisfaction rate of 92.25 out of 100 points was obtained through an anonymous survey. Conclusion: We describe a novel simulation model using omeprazole spheres, which allows the surgeon to practice how to diagnose and treat obstructive pathology of the salivary glands in a risk-free environment guaranteeing the reproducibility of the technique in conditions similar to those of normal practice.(AU)

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Introducción:La profilaxis de las úlceras por estrés (PUE) se utiliza comúnmente en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (PICU). Sin embargo, no hay pruebas sólidas que apoyen esta práctica y se necesitan urgentemente ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios (ECCA) pediátricos. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el valor de la PUE con omeprazol en pacientes críticos pediátricos.Pacientes y métodos:Ensayo controlado aleatorizado abierto, con inclusión de 144 niños ingresados en la UCI con una puntuación en la escala pediátrica de evaluación del fallo multiorgánico secuencial (pSOFA) inferior a 16. Los pacientes fueron asignados al azar a recibir omeprazol para el PUE o a no recibir profilaxis. La variable de resultado principal fue el desarrollo de hemorragia digestiva alta o infecciones nosocomiales.Resultados:La frecuencia de hemorragia gastrointestinal fue del 27,1%, aunque solo desarrollaron hemorragia clínicamente significativa el 5,6% de los pacientes. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la incidencia de hemorragia entre los grupos de profilaxis y de control (27,8 vs. 26,4%; p = 0,85). Tampoco surgieron diferencias significativas en la incidencia de la neumonía asociada al ventilador (NAV) entre ambos grupos (9,6 vs. 8,3%; p = 0,77). La incidencia de bacteriemia asociada a catéter venoso central (BACVC) fue mayor en el grupo de profilaxis en comparación con el grupo de control (30,6 vs. 12,5%; p = 0,014). Ningún paciente desarrolló diarrea por Clostridium difficile. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la tasa de mortalidad, la duración de la estancia en la UCIP o la duración de la ventilación mecánica. La ventilación mecánica fue un predictor independiente de hemorragia (OR 6,4; IC 95%: 2,73-14,9). (AU)

Introduction:Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is commonly used in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). However, strong evidence for this practice is lacking and there is a dire need for paediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our aim was to assess the usefulness of SUP with omeprazole in critically ill children.Patients and methods:We conducted a randomized, controlled open-label trial, including 144 children admitted into a PICU with a paediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) score of less than 16. We randomly allocated patients to SUP with omeprazole or no SUP. The primary outcome was development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or nosocomial infection. Results:The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 27.1%, but clinically significant bleeding developed in only 5.6% of patients. We did not find a significant difference in the incidence of bleeding between the prophylaxis and control groups (27.8 vs. 26.4%; p = 0.85). We also did not find a significant difference between the group in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (9.6 vs. 8.3%; p = 0.77). The incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) was higher in the prophylaxis group compared to the control group (30.6% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.014). None of the patients developed Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. We did not find significant differences in mortality, length of PICU stay or duration of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation was an independent predictor of bleeding (OR 6.4; 95% CI, 2.73-14.9). (AU)

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Helicobacter pylori infection is very common in the Spanish population and represents the main cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. The last iteration of Spanish consensus guidelines on H. pylori infection was conducted in 2016. Recent changes in therapeutic schemes along with increasing supporting evidence were key for developing the V Spanish Consensus Conference (May 2021). Fourteen experts performed a systematic review of the scientific evidence and developed a series of recommendations that were subjected to an anonymous Delphi process of iterative voting. Scientific evidence and the strength of the recommendation were classified using GRADE guidelines. An eradication therapy, when prescribed empirically, is considered acceptable when it reliably achieves, or preferably surpass, 90% cure rates. Currently, only quadruple therapies (with or without bismuth) and generally lasting 14 days, accomplish this goal in first- and second-line therapies. A non-bismuth quadruple concomitant regimen (proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole) or a quadruple bismuth-based combination (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole), are recommended as first-line regimens. Rescue therapies after eradication failure and management of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease were also reviewed.

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Introducción: Los inhibidores de la bomba de protones son fármacos usados en múltiples gastropatías. El omeprazol pertenece a este grupo de medicamentos y es aprobado y catalogado como indispensable por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Esto ha causado que su uso se vuelva constante y hasta cierto punto equívoco. Pese a ser medicamentos seguros muestran efectos secundarios, dentro de los cuales uno ocasional es el trastorno hidroelectrolítico. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico en el cual se constató la presencia de efectos secundarios tras el uso de un fármaco de uso constante por la comunidad médica: el omeprazol. Caso clínico: Se presenta a continuación el caso clínico de un paciente masculino con antecedente de hipertensión arterial y gastropatía crónica que muestra uso por 8 años consecutivos de inhibidores de la bomba de protones, al cual se le diagnostica hipomagnesemia e hipocalcemia. Se obtuvieron resultados de laboratorio normales tras administración de suplementos orales y uso de ranitidina con supresión de terapéutica con omeprazol. Conclusiones: Un control constante de los fármacos que usan los pacientes crónicos es fundamental en atención primaria de salud. El uso de inhibidores de la bomba de protones se ha convertido en rutinario y es necesario corroborar siempre la dosis y el tiempo de uso de los fármacos además de la relación con otros medicamentos que use el paciente(AU)

Introduction: Proton-pump inhibitors are drugs used in multiple gastropathies. Omeprazole belongs to this group of medicines; it is approved and classified as essential by the World Health Organization. This has permitted for its use to become constant and, to some extent, misleading. Despite being safe drugs, they show side effects, among which an occasional one is fluid and electrolyte disorders. Objective: To present a clinical case in which the occurrence of side effects was verified after the administration of a drug constantly used by the medical community. Clinical case: The following is a clinical case of a male patient with a history of arterial hypertension and chronic gastropathy, characterized by the usage of proton-pump inhibitors for eight consecutive years, diagnosed with hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. Normal laboratory results were obtained after oral supplementation and usage of ranitidine with suppression of omeprazole therapy. Conclusions: Constant control of the drugs used by chronic patients is essential in primary health care. The usage of proton-pump inhibitors has become a routine. It is always necessary to check the dose and time for using the drugs as well as the relationship with other drugs used by the patient(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: There are no previously described training models for learning or teaching how to remove lithiasis from the salivary ducts. Therefore, we present a new simulation model to enable us to faithfully represent the process of endoscopic lithiasis extraction by sialoendoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simulation model was developed using a pig's head, omeprazole spheres were used to simulate lithiasis in the various ducts of each salivary gland and a Dormia basket was used to train in extraction of the lithiasis model. RESULTS: Twenty-seven residents in training and/or young specialists were successfully trained in this technique using this model. Twenty-six (96.3%) considered the model useful for training in the use of baskets; all of them were able to capture the omeprazole sphere in the salivary duct. A satisfaction rate of 92.25 out of 100 points was obtained through an anonymous survey. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel simulation model using omeprazole spheres, which allows the surgeon to practice how to diagnose and treat obstructive pathology of the salivary glands in a risk-free environment guaranteeing the reproducibility of the technique in conditions similar to those of normal practice.

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INTRODUCTION: Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is commonly used in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). However, strong evidence for this practice is lacking and there is a dire need for paediatric randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our aim was to assess the usefulness of SUP with omeprazole in critically ill children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled open-label trial, including 144 children admitted into a PICU with a paediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) score of less than 16. We randomly allocated patients to SUP with omeprazole or no SUP. The primary outcome was development of upper gastrointestinal bleeding or nosocomial infection. RESULTS: The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding was 27.1%, but clinically significant bleeding developed in only 5.6% of patients. We did not find a significant difference in the incidence of bleeding between the prophylaxis and control groups (27.8 vs. 26.4%; p = 0.85). We also did not find a significant difference between the group in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (9.6 vs. 8.3%; p = 0.77). The incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) was higher in the prophylaxis group compared to the control group (30.6% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.014). None of the patients developed Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. We did not find significant differences in mortality, length of PICU stay or duration of mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation was an independent predictor of bleeding (OR 6.4; 95% CI, 2.73-14.9). CONCLUSION: In PICU patients with mild to moderate organ dysfunction, omeprazole does not seem to be useful for prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding while at the same time increasing the risk of CLABSI. Thus, we recommend restricting SUP to mechanically ventilated children.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate omeprazole prescriptions for older adults based on the Beers Criteria, with an analysis of indications and duration of use longer than eight weeks. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, data were collected from the electronic medical records of older adults with an omeprazole prescription seen at two health care units in Curitiba, Brazil, between June and August 2019. Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis, Student t and χ2 tests. RESULTS: Medical records of 386 patients were analyzed, and 69.95% were female. The mean age was 71 (SD, 8.15) years. Most patients had incomplete primary education (50.52%) and income level ranging from one to two Brazilian minimum monthly wages (39.90%). No indication for omeprazole prescription was found in 23.83% of medical records. Use longer than eight weeks was predominant for all indications in 96.60% of medical records. Duration of use more extended than the Beers Criteria recommendation was independent of sex (p = 0.327), education (p = 0.805), and income level (p = 0.629). A relationship between polypharmacy and long-term drug use was demonstrated (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest the need for periodic review of omeprazole prescriptions considering deprescribing when they appropriate.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as prescrições de omeprazol para idosos de acordo com os Critérios de Beers, por meio das indicações e do tempo de uso do medicamento por período superior a oito semanas. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, no qual foram coletados dados dos prontuários eletrônicos de idosos com prescrição de omeprazol atendidos entre junho e agosto de 2019 em duas unidades de saúde em Curitiba. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e aos testes t de Student e do χ2 . RESULTADOS: Foram analisados prontuários de 386 usuários, sendo 69,95% do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 71 anos (DP, 8,15). A maioria dos usuários tem ensino fundamental incompleto (50,52%) e faixa de renda de um a dois salários mínimos (39,90%). Não foi encontrada a indicação para a prescrição de omeprazol em 23,83% dos prontuários. O uso por período superior a oito semanas foi predominante, para todas as indicações, em 96,60% dos prontuários. Demonstrou-se que o tempo de uso superior ao recomendado nos Critérios de Beers independe do sexo (p = 0,327), da escolaridade (p = 0,805) e da faixa de renda (p = 0,629). Evidenciou-se a relação entre polifarmácia e uso do medicamento por períodos prolongados (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de revisão periódica das prescrições de omeprazol, considerando-se a desprescrição quando apropriado.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the pharmaceutical interventions of a vertical clinical pharmacy service to promote the rational use of intravenous omeprazole. Methods: A prospective and descriptive study carried out at a university hospital in the Midwestern Region of Brazil, from November 2014 to May 2015. The service consisted of the analysis of adequacy of the route of administration of omeprazole in relation to the clinical conditions of the patient, as well as the use of the appropriate diluent. Interventions were recorded in medical records and subsequently evaluated for acceptance. Results: A total of 770 prescriptions were evaluated. Interventions related to diluent replacement were more accepted (p<0.001), and surgeons were the specialty that used the intravenous route inappropriately (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although partially accepted, pharmaceutical interventions could contribute to improve patient safety, since they allowed the use of a safer route of administration.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as intervenções farmacêuticas de um serviço farmacêutico clínico vertical, para a promoção do uso racional do omeprazol intravenoso. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e descritivo realizado em um hospital universitário da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, no período de novembro de 2014 a maio de 2015. O serviço consistia na análise da adequabilidade da via de administração do omeprazol em relação às condições clínicas do paciente, bem como a utilização do diluente adequado. As intervenções eram registradas em prontuário e, posteriormente, avaliadas quanto à aceitação. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 770 prescrições. As intervenções relacionadas à substituição do diluente foram mais aceitas (p<0,001), e os cirurgiões foram a especialidade que utilizou a via intravenosa de maneira inadequada (p<0,001). Conclusão: Embora parcialmente aceitas, as intervenções farmacêuticas puderam contribuir com a melhoria da segurança dos pacientes, uma vez que permitiram a utilização de uma via de administração mais segura.

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