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SUMMARY: The Olympic Games always offer great interest when it comes to water polo. Currently, many selections have an approximate quality and details determine who will win. Prior to the tournament the authors wanted to verify body composition and anthropometric characteristics of players of the three national teams, Serbia, the United States of America (USA) and Montenegro. The purpose of this research was to determine the differences in body composition and anthropometric characteristics between the water polo players of the national team of Serbia and Olympic champion in Tokyo 2021, the national team of USA which took sixth place and the national team of Montenegro, which took the eighth place. Body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass (body composition variables) were evaluated by Bioelectric Impedance type MC-980 and body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, upper leg skinfold, lower leg skinfold (other anthropometric characteristics) were evaluated by an anthropometer and a calliper. ANOVA showed that there was a statistically significant difference in fat percentage. The LSD post hoc test showed statistically significant differences between the water polo players of the Montenegrin national team (13.33 %) compared to the water polo players of the USA national team (16.67 %). It can be stated that water polo players from Montenegro had a statistically significantly lower fat percentage than water polo players from the USA and a lower level of fat than water polo players from Serbia, though this was not statistically significant. Although the fat percentage is a disruptive factor with athletes, it had no effect on the result at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, because Serbia eventually won the gold medal, the USA obtained sixth place, and Montenegro eighth place. It means that some other abilities influenced the results at the Tokyo Olympics in water polo, for example tactical, physical, psychological, technical... which is to be shown by some other research.

Los Juegos Olímpicos siempre ofrecen un gran interés en lo que respecta al waterpolo. Actualmente, muchas selecciones tienen una calidad aproximada y los detalles determinan quién ganará. Antes del torneo, los autores deseaban comprobar la composición corporal y las características antropométricas de los jugadores de las tres selecciones nacionales: Serbia, Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) y Montenegro, que siempre tienen las mayores ambiciones en las grandes competiciones. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias en composición corporal y características antropométricas entre los jugadores de waterpolo de la selección nacional de Serbia, que fue campeona olímpica en Tokio 2021, la selección nacional de Estados Unidos que ocupó el sexto lugar y la selección nacional de Montenegro, que acabó octavo. El índice de masa corporal, el porcentaje de grasa y la masa muscular (variables de composición corporal) se evaluaron mediante Impedancia Bioeléctrica tipo MC-980 y la altura corporal, el peso corporal, el pliegue del tríceps, el pliegue del bíceps, el pliegue de la espalda, el pliegue abdominal, el pliegue de la parte superior de la pierna y la parte inferior de la pierna. Los pliegues cutáneos (otras características antropométricas) fueron evaluados mediante un antropómetro y un calibrador. ANOVA mostró que había una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de grasa. La prueba post hoc de LSD mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los jugadores de waterpolo de la selección nacional de Montenegro (13,33 %) en comparación con los jugadores de waterpolo de la selección de Estados Unidos (16,67 %). Se puede afirmar que los jugadores de waterpolo de Montenegro tenían un porcentaje de grasa estadísticamente significativamente menor que los jugadores de waterpolo de EE. UU. y un nivel de grasa más bajo que los jugadores de waterpolo de Serbia, lo que no es estadísticamente significativo. Aunque el porcentaje de grasa es un factor perturbador para los atletas, no tuvo ningún efecto en el resultado de los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio, ya que al final Serbia ganó la medalla de oro, Estados Unidos quedó en sexto lugar y Montenegro en el octavo lugar. Esto significa que en los resultados de los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio en el waterpolo influyeron otras habilidades, por ejemplo tácticas, físicas, psicológicas y técnicas, tal como lo demostrarán investigaciones a futuro.

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Purpose: Our purpose was to verify the existence of birthplace and relative age effect (RAE), as well as the association between birthplace effect and RAE among Brazilian athletes competing in the Olympic Games. Methods: Data included information about Brazilian Summer Olympic athletes from 1920 to 2021. To investigate RAE, athletes' birthdate was distributed into birth quartiles (Q1: Jan-Mar; Q2: Apr-Jun; Q3: Jul-Sep; Q4: Oct-Dec), while birthplace effect was assessed considering the state and the region (Southeast; Northeast; South; North; and Midwest) of birth. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to verify differences between the birthplace effect and RAE. Results: The sample consisted of 388 Brazilian athletes of both sexes, distributed in 38 sports modalities from 23 Brazilian states (Southeast = 66.5%; South = 14.4%; Northeast = 12.1%; North = 1.5%; Midwest = 5.4%). For both sexes, most of the athletes were from the São Paulo state (37.4%), followed by Rio de Janeiro (18.3%), both from the Southeast region. For birthdate distribution according to birthplace, it was observed that the North region presented the highest frequency of athletes born in Q1 (50%), followed by the Northeast and Southeast regions. No significant differences were found for the birthplace effect (χ2 = 5.69, value of p = 0.128) and RAE between sexes (χ2 = 0.530, value of p = 0.912), nor was shown an association between the birthplace effect and RAE. Conclusion: Most Brazilian Olympic athletes are from the Southeast region, but no RAE was established regarding their birthplace. Results from the present study can guide sports public policies in Brazilian regions, especially in the Midwest, North, and Northeast regions, which are underrepresented in Brazilian high-performance sports.

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Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender os sentidos construídos por atletas sul-americanos sobre sua experiência nos Jogos Olímpicos da Juventude de Buenos Aires em 2018. Para tanto, esta investigação centrou-se em uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa, baseada nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da etnometodologia, com o uso da entrevista guiada. Os resultados apontaram que os referidos Jogos reificam o saber comum e socialmente compartilhado entre os sujeitos como membros de um grupo de elite esportiva, veiculado, sobretudo, pela identificação com a dimensão relativamente proporcional à versão adulta dos JO. Conclui-se que, embora sejam oriundos de lugares diversos e, em alguns casos, falem línguas diferentes, esses sujeitos compartilham simultaneamente um conjunto de sonhos, objetivos e valores específicos no contexto dos Jogos realizados na capital da Argentina.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es comprender los significados construidos por los atletas sudamericanos sobre su experiencia en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud de Buenos Aires 2018. Para ello, esta investigación se centró en un enfoque cualitativo, basado en los supuestos teórico-metodológicos de la etnometodología, utilizando la entrevista guiada. Los resultados mostraron que los mencionados Juegos cosifican el conocimiento común y compartido socialmente entre estos sujetos, considerados como miembros de un grupo deportivo de élite, transmitido principalmente por la identificación de una dimensión relativamente proporcional a la versión adulta de los Juegos. Se concluye que, si bien provienen de diferentes lugares y, en algunos casos, hablan diferentes idiomas, estos sujetos comparten simultáneamente un conjunto de sueños, metas y valores específicos en el contexto de los Juegos realizados en la capital argentina.

Abstract This research aims to understand the meanings constructed by South American athletes about their most remarkable and meaningful experiences in the YOG-2018. For such a purpose, we focused on a qualitative approach based on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of ethnomethodology using guided interviews. The results indicate that the mentioned games reify the common and socially shared knowledge among a select group of elite athletes, especially linked to the identification of the dimension similar to the adult version of the OG. We conclude that despite their different origins, in some cases, different languages, such individuals share a set of dreams, goals, and certain values in the context of the games performed in the capital of Argentina.

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Participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games demanded great efforts and had become extremely challenging compared with previous competitions. In addition to the physical performance of each modality, athletes had to deal with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and jet lag. The present manuscript pointed out negative factors that encompass the COVID-19 pandemic and the features brought out by the jet lag experienced by the athletes of this last Olympics. The influences of the pandemic and the procedures adopted to reduce transmission risk of the virus may have amplified the weight of jet lag for the athletes of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, even more considering the occurrence of this event in the far east of the globe.

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The 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico included innovative practices and technological knowledge of human biology. The first time that cytogenetic techniques had been applied to athletes was in the 1966 European Athletics Championship in Budapest and used on Olympic athletes for the first time in Mexico in 1968. The Genetics and Human Biology Program (Programa de Genética y Biología Humanas, PGBH) was created for this purpose in 1966 in close collaboration with the Local Organizing Committee (Comité Organizador, CO), by Mexican geneticists Alfonso León de Garay and Rodolfo Félix Estrada who led the project. The main objective was to study the genetic and anthropological components which determine an Olympic athlete's abilities. This investigation studied 1,265 game participants and included family studies, cytological analyses, research on single genes, and the study of sex determination. In terms of influence beyond Mexico, this Program was significant as a site of transnational collaboration. It mobilized cognitive and financial resources, scientific practices, and material culture to set up a clinical laboratory in the Olympic Village. The Program also hosted three international seminars in Mexico City, two before the games, to calibrate clinical trials and anthropological tests. One in 1969 to analyze the results and proceed to their publication in 1974. This manuscript will focus on the PGBH to show how its work fits in the larger tapestry of post-1945 human biological studies. Also, to explore how the Olympic athlete populations studied can be considered laboratories of knowledge production or sites of cognition conceived as specific entities for scientific inquiry, standardization of medical practices, and the production or application of medicines. Finally, through the narrative of the different trajectories and collaborations of the leaders of the PGBH, this manuscript will show how contact between their scientific practices brought cytogenetics and sports together.

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The present work aimed to establish potential changes in the ecotoxicological effects on C. elegans induced by the exposure of coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter collected during dry and rainy periods. We also analyzed the probable influence on the change of a city's activities as the mega-events result in air quality. The element levels evaluation was performed on PM, on the solutions of exposure, and C. elegans after exposure. Biochemical essays were performed to evaluate damage to C. elegans. The results showed that infrastructure works increased the levels of pollutants, generating increases in the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. The biochemical results suggested effects mediated by different mechanisms, where PM2.5 induced an increase in antioxidant capacity with activation of the defense system and lipoperoxidation. Results suggest that PM10 reduces the antioxidant capacity and activates the glutathione S-transferase activity enzymatic action, but also induces lipoperoxidation in all groups of animals exposed to samples collected during the dry period of 2016. Individuals exposed to PM2.5 in 2017 wet and dry periods and PM10 in 2016 and 2017 dry periods shown a decrease in size compared to controls, while for fertility data, there was a decrease only in individuals exposed to PM2.5 in the periods that the highest levels of PM concentration. We conclude that despite the positive issues linked to the hosting of mega-events, their infrastructure requirements can compromise air quality and bring damage related to lipoperoxidation and physiological changes in the life cycle of biological systems, such as what happened to C. elegans exposed to tested extracts. Also, rainy events reduced the presence of these pollutants, washing the atmosphere.

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A realização dos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio de Janeiro em 2016 teve investimentos, principalmente no atletismo, que estão distribuídos em todo o território nacional. A Rede Nacional de Treinamento é uma política pública anunciada como legado esportivo dos Jogos. Identificamos o convênio (n° 813831/2014), oriundo de uma chamada pública em 2013, firmado entre a Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo (CBAt) e o Ministério do Esporte como central nesta implementação. Utilizando a dependência de trajetória (path dependence) analisamos documentos, realizamos entrevistas e cotejamos com o debate conceitual do esporte e suas relações como negócio e consumo. Ao final, conclui-se que a Rede Nacional de Treinamento se coloca com uma proposta inovadora, que veste a mesma roupagem da política esportiva brasileira. Ou seja, não há ruptura com o velho modelo piramidal e o investimento que chega sempre para o topo e é irrisório para as categorias que mais precisariam deste incentivo.(AU)

The Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016 had investments, mainly in athletics, which are distributed throughout the national territory. The National Training Network is a public policy announced as a sporting legacy of the Games. We identified the agreement (n° 813831/2014), arising from a public call in 2013, signed between the Brazilian Athletics Confederation (CBAt) and the Ministry of Sport as central to this implementation. Using path dependence we analyzed documents, conducted interviews and compared them with the conceptual debate of sport and its relations as business and consumption. In the end, it is concluded that the National Training Network presents an innovative proposal, which uses the same approach as the Brazilian sports policy. In other words, there is no rupture with the old pyramidal model and the investment that always reaches the top and is negligible for the categories that would most need this incentive.(AU)

La realización de los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro en 2016 contó con inversiones, principalmente en atletismo, que están distribuidas en todo el territorio nacional. La Red Nacional de Entrenamiento es una política pública anunciada como legado deportivo de los Juegos. Identificamos el convenio (n° 813831/2014), derivado de una convocatoria pública en 2013, firmado entre la Confederación Brasileña de Atletismo (CBAt) y el Ministerio del Deporte como factor central para esta implementación. Utilizando la dependencia de trayectoria (path dependence) analizamos documentos, realizamos entrevistas y cotejamos con el debate conceptual del deporte y sus relaciones como negocio y consumo. Al final, se concluye que la Red Nacional de Entrenamiento presenta una propuesta innovadora, que se alinea con la política deportiva brasileña. En otras palabras, no hay ruptura con el viejo modelo piramidal, y la inversión siempre llega a la cima, mientras que es ínfima para las categorías que más necesitarían este incentivo.(AU)

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Este estudo teve como objetivo interpretar e analisar como o Jornal Folha de São Paulo retratou os Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016 como evento esportivo na cobertura esportivo-midiática da Folha de São Paulo. Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, tendo como corpus o Jornal Folha de São Paulo, referente às edições de 1º de julho a 30 de setembro de 2016. A análise deu-se através de períodos temporais, de acordo com o que estava acontecendo em cada período. A cobertura do pré-evento muito se preocupou com o término das estruturas e se o país tinha condições de sediar JO. Por outro lado, a cobertura durante o evento mostrou que o país tinha condições de sediar megaeventos. Por fim, a cobertura do pós-evento retratou o legado que os jogos deixaram para o país sede das OlimpíadasRio-2016.

This study aimed to interpret and analyze how the newspaper Folha de São Pauloportrayed Rio 2016 Olympic Games as a sports event in the sports media coverage of Folha de São Paulo. This paper is the result of a qualitative descriptive research, using as corpusthe newspaper Folha de São Paulo, editions from July 1stto September 30thof 2016. The analysis was carried out through time periods, according towhat was happening in each period. The pre-event coverage was really concerned about the structure completion and whether the country was ready to host the OG. On the other hand, the coverage during the event showed that the country had the ability to host mega-events. Lastly, the post-event coverage portrayed the legacy that the games left to the host country of Rio 2016 Olympics.

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O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender os sentidos construídos por atletas de elite sobre a sua experiência de participação na abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos da Juventude de Buenos Aires. Para tanto, o propósito desta investigação apontou para uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa, a partir dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da etnometodologia. Os resultados apontaram que a cerimônia de abertura representou para os atletas entrevistados uma espécie de "rito de passagem", compondo-se pela incorporação dos etnométodos próprios a um determinado grupo de elite esportiva. Conclui-se que a produção de sentidos desses sujeitos foi mediada pela identificação de alguns símbolos e ritos que também aparecem na versão adulta (AU).

The objective of the present study is to understand the significations constructed by elite athletes from the experience of participating in the opening of the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires. For the purpose of this investigation pointed to a qualitative approach, based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of ethnomethodology. The results show that the opening ceremony represented a kind of 'rite of passage' for the athletes interviewed, consisting of the incorporation of ethnomethods belonging to a certain group of the sports elite. It was concluded that the production of the signification of these subjects was mediated by the identification of some symbols and rituals that also appear in the adult version (AU)

El objetivo del presente estudio es comprender los sentidos construidos por los deportistas de élite sobre la experiencia de participar en la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud en Buenos Aires. Para el propósito de esta investigación se apuntó a un abordaje cualitativo, basado en los supuestos teóricos y metodológicos de la etnometodología. Los resultados muestran que la ceremonia inaugural representó una especie de 'rito de paso' para los deportistas entrevistados, consistente en la incorporación de etnometodos pertenecientes a un determinado grupo de la élite deportiva. Se concluyó que sus producciones de sentidos fueron mediadas por la identificación de algunos símbolos y rituales que también aparecen en la versión adulta (AU).

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Ao longo de duas décadas trabalhamos na investigação do universo do chamado olimpismo, na história do Movimento Olímpico e, especialmente, no registro das histórias de vida daqueles que são os protagonistas desse fenômeno sociocultural: os atletas. Tal trabalho é realizado com base na metodologia das Narrativas Biográficas. O objetivo deste texto é destacar os processos de construção das narrativas de vida dos atletas com o auxílio de acervo de patrimônio particular. O material de acervo compõe amplo espectro de formas, desde recortes de mídias impressas até a variedade dos objetos biográficos. A preservação de tais acervos, mesmo que realizada de maneira particular, é um elemento fundamental para a memória pública acerca do olimpismo (AU).

Over the past two decades, we worked in the investigation of the universe of the so-called Olympism, in the history of the Olympic Movement and, especially, in the recording of the life stories of those who are protagonists of this socio-cultural phenomenon: the athletes. This job is based in the methodology of the Biographical Narratives. The purpose of this article is to highlight the processes of construction of life narratives with the aid of a private heritage collection. The collection material comprises an extensive spectrum of shapes, from cutouts of printed media to a variety of biographical objects. The preservation of such collections, even if carried out in a particular way, is a fundamental element for public memory around Olympism (AU).

Durante dos décadas, trabajamos en investigar el universo del llamado Olimpismo, en la historia del Movimiento Olímpico y, especialmente, en registrar las historias de vida de los protagonistas de este fenómeno sociocultural: los atletas. Este trabajo es hecho con base en la metodología de Narrativas Biográficas. El propósito de este texto es destacar los procesos de construcción de narrativas de vida con la ayuda de un acervo de patrimonio privado. El material de colección comprende un amplio conjunto de formas, desde recortes de medios impresos, hasta la variedad de objetos biográficos. La preservación de los acervos, aunque sea de manera particular, es un elemento fundamental para la memoria pública en torno al Olimpismo (AU).

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O presente estudo visa compreender como a participação de atletas do remo sul-rio-grandense na delegação brasileira dos Jogos Olímpicos de 1948 mobilizou representações sobre amadorismo e profissionalismo em alguns órgãos da imprensa gaúcha e carioca. Para tanto, procedeu-se a análise documental de reportagens de jornais dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul. Evidenciou-se que a convocação de dois remadores de clubes externos ao eixo Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo, os sul-rio-grandenses Paulo Diebold e Pércio Zancani, para compor a delegação olímpica brasileira acirrou o debate sobre amadorismo e profissionalismo esportivo na imprensa nacional e ancorou conflitos de representação entre a imprensa gaúcha e carioca. Assunto este, que já se fazia presente no cenário internacional desde o início do período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial e, na conjectura dos Jogos Olímpicos de 1948, foi exacerbado no Brasil, tendo nas imprensas regionais a manifestação de embates de representações estaduais, afloradas pela busca de resultados no esporte. Neste contexto, tem-se que as discussões em torno do amadorismo - como prática de distinção - e do profissionalismo no esporte, possivelmente foram empregadas pela mídia impressa a fim de beneficiar alguns remadores em detrimento de outros. Em meio a tal polêmica e lançando mão de diversas estratégias, atraiam-se leitores interessados na latente competição estabelecida fora das raias das regatas. Conclui-se que, no Brasil, a despeito de indícios da profissionalização de atletas olímpicos ter começado a ganhar força na década de 1950, o processo se manifestou antes no remo, possivelmente, ancorado em polêmicas geradas pelas imprensas regionais, como a sobre os remadores que foram aos Jogos Olímpicos de 1948. (AU)

The presente study aims to understand how the participation of athletes of Rio Grande do Sul rowing team in the Brazilian delegation of the Olympic Games in 1948 mobilized representations about amateurism and professionalism in some organs of the "Gaúcha" and "Carioca" press. To this end, we proceeded to documentary analysis of newspaper reports from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. We realized that the call of two rowers from clubs outside the Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo axis, the Rio Grande do Sul Paulo Diebold and Pércio Zancani, to compose the Brazilian Olympic delegation, intensified the debate on amateurism and sports professionalism in the national press and anchored representation conflicts between the two presses. This subject, which has been present on the international scene since the beginning of the post-World War II period and, in the conjecture of the Olympic Games 1948, was exacerbated in Brazil, having in regional presses the manifestation of clashes of state representations, touched by the search results in sport. In this context, the discussions around amateurism - as a practice of distinction - and professionalism in sport, possibly were employed by the print media in order to benefit some rowers over the others. Amid such controversy and launching diverse strategies, readers were attracted, interested in the lat ente competition established outside the race lanes. It is concluded that, in Brazil, despite evidence of professionalization of Olympic athletes having begun gaining strength in the 1950s, the process first manifested itself in rowing, possibly anchored in controversies generated by regional presses, like the one about the rowers that went to the 1948 Olympic Games. (AU)

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As ginastas começaram a competir na GA nas primeiras décadas do Século XX, quando o sistema ideológico de gênero ditava os papeis e valores da mulher e, consequentemente, o que ela poderia ou não fazer na sociedade e no esporte. O intuito desse estudo foi lançar luz sobre a consolidação dos aparelhos oficiais no formato competitivo da GA feminina, por meio da análise das barras paralelas assimétricas, um aparelho inicialmente adaptado da categoria masculina. Percebe-se que, ao longo do tempo, as mulheres foram subjugadas ao discurso médico e social que direcionava o uso de seus corpos no cerne da modalidade e na sociedade. Mas, por meio de passos pequenos e do desenvolvimento imposto pelas próprias atletas, houve a necessidade de se construir um aparelho próprio que, simbolicamente, revela que as mulheres queriam ditar os direcionamentos da GA feminina nos seus próprios termos.

Permeated by the ideological system of gender, which influenced the roles and values that dictated what women could and could not do in society and in sport, female gymnasts began to compete in Artistic Gymnastics (AG) in the first decades of the 20th century. The aim of this study was to shed light on the consolidation of official apparatus in the competitive format of women's AG through the analysis of uneven parallel bars, a apparatus initially adapted from the male discipline. It is perceived that, over time, women were subjugated to the medical and social discourse that dictated the use of their bodies at the core of this sport and in society. But through small steps and the development imposed by the athletes themselves, there was a need to build their own apparatus that symbolically reveals that women wanted to direct women's AG on their own terms.

Las gimnastas empezaron a competir en GA en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, cuando el sistema ideológico de género dictaba lo que ella podía y no podía hacer en la sociedad y en el deporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue lanzar luz sobre la consolidación de los aparatos oficiales en el formato competitivo de GA femenina a través del análisis de las barras paralelas asimétricas, aparato inicialmente adaptado de la disciplina masculina. Se percibe que, con el tiempo, las mujeres fueron sometidas al discurso médico y social que dictaba el uso de su cuerpo en este deporte y en la sociedad. Pero a través de pequeños pasos y el desarrollo impuesto por las propias atletas, surgió la necesidad de construir su propio aparato que revelara simbólicamente que las mujeres querían dictar las direcciones de la GA femenina en sus propios términos.

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O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender os sentidos construídos por atletas de elite sobre a sua experiência de participação na abertura dos Jogos Olímpicos da Juventude de Buenos Aires. Para tanto, o propósito desta investigação apontou para uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa, a partir dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da etnometodologia. Os resultados apontaram que a cerimônia de aber-tura representou para os atletas entrevistados uma espécie de "rito de passagem", compondo-se pela incorporação dos etnométodos próprios a um determinado grupo de elite esportiva. Conclui-se que a produção de sentidos desses sujeitos foi mediada pela identificação de alguns sím-bolos e ritos que também aparecem na versão adulta.

The objective of the present study is to understand the significations constructed by elite athletes from the experience of participating in the opening of the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires. For the purpose of this investigation pointed to a qualitative approach, based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of ethnomethodology. The results show that the opening ceremony represented a kind of 'rite of passage' for the athletes interviewed, consisting of the incorporation of ethnomethods belonging to a certain group of the sports elite. It was concluded that the production of the signification of these subjects was mediated by the identification of some symbols and rituals that also appear in the adult version.

El objetivo del presente estudio es comprender los sentidos construidos por los deportistas de élite sobre la experiencia de participar en la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud en Buenos Aires. Para el propósito de esta investigación se apuntó a un abordaje cualitativo, basado en los supuestos teóricos y metodológicos de la etnometodología. Los resultados muestran que la ceremonia inaugural representó una especie de 'rito de paso' para los deportistas entrevistados, consistente en la incorporación de etnometodos pertenecientes a un determinado grupo de la élite deportiva. Se concluyó que sus producciones de sentidos fueron mediadas por la identificación de algunos símbolos y rituales que también aparecen en la versión adulta.

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Ao longo de duas décadas trabalhamos na investigação do universo do chamado olimpismo, na história do Movimento Olímpico e, especialmente, no registro das histórias de vida daqueles que são os protagonistas desse fenômeno sociocultural: os atletas. Tal trabalho é realizado com base na metodologia das Narrativas Biográficas. O obje-tivo deste texto é destacar os processos de construção das narrativas de vida dos atletas com o auxílio de acervo de patrimônio particular. O material de acervo compõe amplo espectro de formas, desde recortes de mídias impressas até a variedade dos objetos biográficos. A preser-vação de tais acervos, mesmo que realizada de maneira particular, é um elemento fundamental para a memória pública acerca do olimpismo.

Over the past two decades, we worked in the investigation of the universe of the so-called Olympism, in the history of the Olympic Movement and, especially, in the recording of the life stories of those who are protagonists of this socio-cultural phenomenon: the athletes. This job is based in the methodology of the Biographical Narratives. The purpose of this article is to highlight the processes of construction of life narratives with the aid of a private heritage collection. The collection material comprises an extensive spectrum of shapes, from cutouts of printed media to a variety of biographical objects. The preservation of such collections, even if carried out in a particular way, is a fundamental element for public memory around Olympism.

Durante dos décadas, trabajamos en investigar el universo del llamado Olimpismo, en la historia del Movimiento Olímpico y, especialmente, en registrar las historias de vida de los protagonistas de este fenómeno sociocultural: los atletas. Este trabajo es hecho con base en la metodología de Narrativas Biográficas. El propósito de este texto es destacar los procesos de construcción de narrativas de vida con la ayuda de un acervo de patrimonio privado. El material de colección comprende un amplio conjunto de formas, desde recortes de medios impresos, hasta la variedad de objetos biográficos. La preservación de los acervos, aunque sea de manera particular, es un elemento fundamental para la memoria pública en torno al Olimpismo.

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Over the last decades, the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (RFL), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been impacted by the release of untreated domestic sewage, causing eutrophication processes with negative effects on its biota. Recently, the RFL underwent urban interventions to fulfill the demands of the 2016 Olympic Games, which included building the waist gallery and monitoring clandestine waste discharges into the underground drainage network. Organic-source tracing methods can be successfully used to characterize the organic matter transported from the urbanized areas to the RLF. The application of the elemental (C, N) and stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) fingerprint methods in sediments from the RLF indicated a reduction in the domestic sewage inputs from 32 ± 16 to 12 ± 13% between 2015 and 2017. However, the sewage inputs continue being worrying. Our results also suggest that the main source of organic matter pollution in the lagoon comes from indiscriminate domestic sewage release from river channels. Secondary pollution sources are associated with the underground drainage network that still shows punctual and irregular releases of domestic sewage. Petroleum products, mainly from sewers, also show as possible organic pollution sources. Finally, the findings indicate that the interventions carried out in the RFL are promising. However, they were insufficient to cease the pollutant inputs and mitigate the negative impacts of eutrophication.

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Na Copa do Mundo Futebol 2014 e Olimpíadas Rio 2016 foram investidos 66 Bilhões de Reais, grande parte em estádios e parques esportivos: o sistema jurídico brasileiro permite estes gastos? O objetivo é cotejar disposições da ordem jurídica do país sobre esporte, saúde, educação e lazer, em face da opção pelos onerosos megaeventos esportivos. Metodologicamente, é um estudo analítico-comparativo correlacionando os gastos com estádios e parques olímpicos com os principais documentos sobre os referidos direitos sociais. Como resultados, não há compatibilidade entre o ordenamento jurídico e os gastos. O país investiu equivocadamente porque o sistema jurídico brasileiro prioriza a infraestrutura de base para a saúde, educação, esporte e lazer. Os atletas e medalhistas olímpicos merecem todo respeito, mas, pela imposição jurídica, megaeventos esportivos desta magnitude não deveriam ter sido realizados no Brasil.

In the 2014 Soccer World Cup and Rio 2016 Olympics 66 Billion Reais were invested, mostly in stadiums and sports parks: does the Brazilian legal system allow these expenses? The objective is to compare provisions of the country's judicial system on sports, health, education and leisure, in view of the option for the expensive sports mega-events. Methodologically, it is an analytical-comparative study correlating the expenditures with stadiums and Olympic parks with the main documents on the referred social rights. As a result, there is no compatibility between the judicial system and spending. The country invested wrongly because the Brazilian legal system prioritizes the basic infrastructure for health, education, sport and leisure. Olympic athletes and medalists deserve all respect, but due to legal requirements, sports mega-events of this magnitude should not have been held in Brazil.

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SUMMARY: Success in artistic gymnastics certainly depends on the morphological characteristics of the athletes, some of which are basic body height and weight. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in body height and weight between the male and female participants on the Olympic Games from 1996 to 2016. The following variables were chosen: body weight (kg), body height (cm). The results did show significant differences between women's artistic gymnastics in body weight and height over a 20-year period. In men's artistic gymnastics we didn't find the difference. This research is important in setting comparative parameters in the selection process and sport specialization regarding morphological characteristics according to different events of gymnasts at the elite level.

RESUMEN: El éxito en la gimnasia artística depende de las características morfológicas de los atletas, algunas de las cuales son la altura y el peso del cuerpo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la altura y el peso corporal en los participantes masculinos y femeninos en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1996 a 2016. Se eligieron las siguientes variables: peso corporal (kg), altura corporal (cm). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre la gimnasia artística femenina en el peso corporal y la altura durante un período de 20 años. En la gimnasia artística masculina no se observó diferencia. Esta investigación es importante para establecer parámetros comparativos en el proceso de selección y la especialización deportiva con respecto a las características morfológicas, de acuerdo a los eventos en que participan gimnastas de nivel de élite.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as práticas dos jovens atletas de elite nos Jogos Olímpicos da Juventude diante das atividades culturais e educacionais a partir da observação direta e dos registros iconográficos atinentes à edição de Buenos Aires, cuja análise apoiou-se na teoria do cotidiano. Constata-se que a Vila Olímpica da Juventude é um ambiente deveras intercultural, cujo cotidiano é capaz de ensejar uma pluralidade de práticas tanto no plano estratégico, a partir da sua organização estrutural e da sua programação de atividades culturais e educacionais, quanto no plano tático, a partir dos usos e apropriações diferenciados dos jovens atletas, mobilizando táticas de desvio ou resistência e táticas de bricolagem. Conclui-se que os jovens atletas produziram sentidos que transcendiam as questões culturais e educacionais, associando-se, sobretudo, ao seu crescimento profissional enquanto atleta de elite.

The objective of this study was to analyze the practices of young high performance athletes in the Youth Olympic Games in the face of cultural and educational activities based on direct observation and iconographic records related to the Buenos Aires edition, whose analysis was based on the theory of daily life. It seems that the Youth Olympic Village is a truly intercultural environment, whose daily life is capable of giving rise to a plurality of practices both at a strategic level, from its structural organization and from its program of cultural and educational activities, and at a tactical level, based on the different uses and appropriations of young athletes, using diversion or resistance tactics and diy tactics. It is concluded that young athletes produced meanings that transcended cultural and educational issues, and were associated, mainly, with their professional growth as high performance athletes.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las prácticas de los jóvenes atletas de alto rendimiento en los Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud frente a actividades culturales y educativas basadas en la observación directa y los registros iconográficos relacionados con la edición de Buenos Aires, cuyo análisis se basó en la teoría de la vida cotidiana. Parece que la Villa Olímpica de la Juventud es un entorno verdaderamente intercultural, cuya vida diaria es capaz de dar lugar a una pluralidad de prácticas tanto a nivel estratégico, desde su organización estructural y su programa de actividades culturales y educativas, como a nivel táctico, basado en los diferentes usos y apropiaciones de los atletas jóvenes, utilizando tácticas de desviación o resistencia y tácticas de bricolaje. Se concluye que los atletas jóvenes produjeron significados que trascendieron cuestiones culturales y educativas, y se asociaron, mayormente, con su crecimiento profesional como atletas de alto rendimiento.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and the distribution of degenerative disc disease (DDD) detected in athletes who underwent spine MRI in the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: Data on spine MRI examinations from the 2016 Summer Olympics were retrospectively analyzed. We assessed the frequency of DDD of the cervical (Cs), thoracic (Ts), and lumbar (Ls) spine using Pfirrmann's classification. Grade II and III were considered as mild, grade IV as moderate, and grade V as severe disc degeneration. Data were analyzed according to the location of the degenerative disc, type of sport, age-groups, and gender of the athletes. RESULTS: One hundred out of 11,274 athletes underwent 108 spine MRI's (21 C, 6 T, and 81 L) (53% Females (F), 47% Males (M)). The frequency of DDD was 40% (42% F, 58% M) over the entire spine (28% mild, 9% moderate and 3% severe). There were 58% (12%F, 88%M) of the cervical spine discs that showed some degree of degeneration (44% mild, 13.5% moderate and 1% severe). Athletics, Boxing, and Swimming were the sports most affected by DDD in the Cs. There were 12.5% of the thoracic discs that showed some degree of degeneration, all were mild DDD and were exclusively seen in female athletes. There were 39% (53% F, 47% M) of the lumbar discs with DDD (26% mild, 9% moderate, and 4% severe). CONCLUSION: Athletes who underwent spine MRI during the 2016 Summer Olympic Games show a high frequency of DDD of cervical and lumbar spines. Recognition of these conditions is important to develop training techniques that may minimize the development of degenerative pathology of the spine.

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Fundamentado no aporte teórico-metodológico da História Oral, este texto tematiza a participação de ginastas do Rio Grande do Sul nos Jogos Olímpicos, tendo como foco suas narrativas. Como fontes foram utilizadas entrevistas realizadas com os/as sete ginastas gaúchos/as participantes desse megaevento e outras narrativas cujo conteúdo se relaciona com o tema. As entrevistas foram cotejadas com outras fontes como reportagens, livros, artigos acadêmicos e atlas esportivos. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada como ferramenta analítica, considerando as etapas de pré-análise, exploração do material empírico e tratamento dos dados. Do entrecruzamento entre as fontes, identificamos que os/as ginastas iniciaram sua trajetória esportiva na escola e posteriormente se transferiram para clubes, onde tiveram formação básica na ginástica, e para aprimorar suas performances migraram para outros estados. A participação nos Jogos Olímpicos foi representada como um momento ímpar em suas trajetórias, inscrevendo a ginástica em suas memórias, histórias e corpos.

Founded on Oral History's theoretical and methodological contribution, this essay talks about the participation of gymnasts from Rio Grande do Sul in the Olympic Games, focusing on their own narratives. The sources used are the interviews made with the seven gymnasts and other narratives that are related to the subject matter. The interviews were compared with other sources such as reports, books, academic articles and sports atlas. Content analysis was used as analytical tool, taking into consideration the stages of pre-analysis, exploration of empirical material and data processing. Using source crossing, we identified that the gymnasts started their sports careers in the school and were transferred to teams afterwards, where they had basic teaching of gymnastics, and to improve their performance, they migrated to other States. The participation in the Olympic Games was marked as a lifetime period in their careers, inscribing the gymnastics in their memories, histories and bodies.

Fundado en el aporte teórico-metodológico de la Historia Oral, este texto tematiza la participación de gimnastas de Rio Grande do Sul en los Juegos Olímpicos, teniendo como foco sus narrativas. Como fuentes se utilizaron entrevistas realizadas con las siete gimnastas y otras narrativas cuyo contenido se relaciona con el tema. Las entrevistas fueron cotejadas con otras fuentes como reportajes, libros, artículos académicos y atlas deportivos. El análisis de contenido fue utilizado como herramienta analítica, considerando las etapas de pre-análisis, exploración del material empírico y tratamiento de los datos. De entrecruzamiento entre las fuentes, identificamos que los/las gimnastas iniciaron su trayectoria deportiva en la escuela y posteriormente se trasladaron a clubes, donde tuvieron formación básica en la gimnasia, y para perfeccionar sus performances emigraran a otros estados. La participación en los Juegos Olímpicos fue representada como un momento impar en sus trayectorias, inscribiendo la gimnasia en sus memorias, historias y cuerpos.