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Human ocular toxocariasis (OT), caused by pet roundworm Toxocara canis (Nematoda Ascaridoidea), is a worldwide ocular parasitic infection that poses a severe threat to eyesight, especially in school-aged children. However, the infection process and pathological mechanism of Toxocara are difficult to study in the human body. This study was designed to explore long-term ocular manifestations in different rodents infected with Toxocara canis, uncovering the specific pathological mechanism and migration pathway of larvae after infection. The three types of experimental animals we selected were C57BL/6 mice, Mongolian gerbils and Brown Norway rats. Mice were randomly divided into five groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; gerbils were randomly divided into four groups and infected orally with 1000, 2000, 4000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs; rats were randomly divided into three groups and infected orally with 2000, 6000 and 10,000 T. canis eggs. Their ocular changes were closely observed and recorded for at least 2 months. We also enucleated the eyeballs of some animals to perform pathological sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining. After 3 dpi (days post-infection), hemorrhagic lesions, mechanical injury of the retina and larval migration could be observed in some infected animals. The ocular infection and mortality rates tended to be stable at 7 dpi. Larval tissue, structure disorder and inflammation could be observed in the pathological sections. In conclusion, the mice infected with 2000 T. canis eggs and gerbils infected with 1000, 2000 and 4000 T. canis eggs showing obvious ocular lesions and lower mortality rates could provide a basis for long-term observation.

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BACKGROUND: To present the clinical characteristics of neuroretinitis in Korea. METHODS: Twelve patients with neuroretinitis between January 2009 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Neuroretinitis was diagnosed based on fundus findings, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. The serological findings of each patient were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifteen eyes of 12 patients (9 male and 3 female), with a mean age of 46.0 ± 10.7 years were included. Of the nine patients who underwent serological testing for Toxocara antibodies, six (66.6%) were positive. One patient had high titers of Toxoplasma immunoglobulins M and G. One patient diagnosed with dengue fever was suspected to have neuroretinitis in both eyes. There were no related abnormalities in the serological findings in four patients (33.3%) out of 12 patients. There were no suspected cases of cat-scratch disease. The six patients who were positive for Toxocara antibodies were older (mean age: 54.5 ± 9.1 years) than the others (mean age: 37.5 ± 4.4 years, p = 0.004). The four patients without any abnormal serological findings were relatively younger (mean age: 35.7 ± 3.0 years) than the other 8 patients (mean age: 51.1 ± 10.1 years, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Two-thirds of neuroretinitis patients were seropositive for Toxocara in the current cohort from Koreans. Causative factors in cases of neuroretinitis may vary according to age and region.

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Objective:To summarize the characteristics of color doppler flow imaging (CDFI) of ocular toxocariasis (OT) in children.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. From July 2014 to June 2020, 61 OT patients with 61 eyes diagnosed through clinical and laboratory testing in the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University were included in the study. There were 45 males with 45 eyes and 16 females with 16 eye (male: female=2.81:1). Age were (6.93±2.50) years. The right eye and left eye were 29 and 32 eyes, respectively. Both eyes of the patient underwent two-dimensional ultrasound and CDFI examination. Two dimensional ultrasound was used to estimate the axial length (AL) of the affected eyes and healthy eyes on the opposite side. Among them, 52 cases were measured for AL using optical biometry and/or A-mode ultrasound. Vitreoretinal surgery was performed within one week after ultrasound examination. Two-dimensional ultrasound was used to observe the morphology of vitreous opacity, its connection to the eyeball wall, and whether posterior vitreous detachment and retinal detachment have occurred. CDFI examination was used to observe the presence of blood flow signals on the pathological membrane. The detection rates of different forms of vitreous opacity and traction retinal detachment were calculated. The location of proliferative lesions in the eye was analyzed. Paired t-test was performed to compare the AL of the affected eye and the healthy eye on the opposite side. Perform Kappa consistency test on the location of proliferative lesions was used during CDFI examination and vitreoretinal surgery. Results:All affected eyes have varying degrees of vitreous opacity. Among them, 23 eyes (37.7%, 23/61) showed typical "Christmas tree" like turbidity; 27 eyes (44.3%, 27/61) had clustered and striped echoes; 9 eyes (14.8%, 9/61) had weak punctate and strip echoes. Two eyes (3.3%, 2/61) showed a large amount of dense punctate and strip-shaped echoes. There were 50 eyes (82.0%, 50/61) with traction retinal detachment, of which 46 eyes (92.0%, 46/50) had visible blood flow signals on the detached retina, and the remaining 4 eyes (8.0%, 4/50) had no blood flow signals. During CDFI and surgery, there were 5 (8.2%, 5/61) and 4 (6.6%, 4/61) eyes with visible proliferative lesions in the periphery, respectively; 18 (29.5%, 18/61) and 14 (23.0%, 14/61) eyes were distributed in the posterior pole, respectively; there were 38 (62.3%, 38/61) and 43 (70.5%, 43/61) eyes with both peripheral and posterior polar regions, respectively. The consistency between CDFI and surgery in detecting the location of proliferative lesions was good ( κ=0.832, 95% confidence interval 0.691-0.973, P<0.001). The two-dimensional ultrasound measurement results showed that the AL of the affected eye was shorter than that of the contralateral healthy eye in 46 cases (75.4%, 46/61). Among the 52 patients who underwent AL biometry, the AL of the affected eye was shorter than that of the contralateral healthy eye by (0.63±0.68) mm, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-6.738, P<0.05). Conclusions:CDFI can clearly display various intraocular lesions (vitreous opacity and traction retinal detachment) and eyeball sizes in children with OT. Vitreous opacity is often manifested as "Christmas tree" like, clustered, strip-shaped.

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DESIGN: Case Report Case description: This report describes the case of a female patient diagnosed with oculo-cerebral toxocariasis manifesting initially in the form of isolated bilateral cystoid macular edema. Diagnosis was made by means of positive anterior chamber and lumbar puncture western blots. The unusual presentation, ancillary findings and treatment are discussed. The control of intraocular inflammation that was only partially responsive to steroids was eventually achieved with pegylated interferon alfa-2a. CONCLUSION: Isolated macular edema is a rare presentation of ocular toxocariasis. Interferon alfa-2a may prove useful in case of insufficient control of inflammation.

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Typical clinical manifestations of ocular toxocariasis are central posterior granuloma, peripheral granuloma and chronic endophthalmitis. Herein we report the presence of peripheral subretinal cysts in two cases with a presumed ocular toxocariasis (OT).

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Purpose: This article aims to report a case of successful treatment of peripheral granulomatous ocular toxocariasis (OT) in an 8-year-old patient using intravitreal injection of dexamethasone (DEX) implant (Ozurdex) under ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) guidance. Case presentation: A previously healthy 8-year-old boy with a history of long-term close contact with dogs complained of blurring of vision in the right eye for a year. Ophthalmic examination of his right eye showed chronic uveitis. Notably, UBM examination identified granulomas and peripheral vitreous strand in the ciliary body from 3 to 8 o'clock positions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results of the intraocular fluid (IF) and serum showed increased anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, leading to a diagnosis of peripheral granulomatous OT in the right eye. Intraocular surgery was not indicated in this case. The treatment goal was to alleviate uveitis, improve visual acuity, and prevent complications. He was treated with an intravitreal injection of DEX implant, administered as a single dose every three months, total two doses, combined with albendazole, an oral anthelmintic. Under preoperative UBM guidance, two injections were performed at the 12 and 10 o'clock positions in the pars plana where there were no granulomas and peripheral vitreous strand, successfully preventing complications associated with intravitreal injection. After two injections, the patient's right eye vision improved significantly, with the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) increasing from 20/400 to 20/50. Vitreous opacity and retinal edema were reduced, preretinal proliferative membrane was stabilized, and no adverse events occurred. Conclusion: UBM can accurately determine the location and extent of peripheral granulomas in OT patients, facilitating the avoidance of granulomas during intravitreal injection and preventing complications associated with intravitreal injection. Under the close follow-up and strict adherence to indications, preoperative UBM-guided intravitreal injections of DEX implant treatment for pediatric peripheral granulomatous OT are safe and effective, providing a new therapeutic option for pediatric peripheral granulomatous OT.

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Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente la toxocariasis ocular. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal con pacientes diagnosticados de toxocariasis ocular, atendidos en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en el período de abril de 2019 a diciembre de 2022. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (53,7 por ciento) y el grupo etario de 0 a 10 años (73,1 por ciento). El 56,1 por ciento de los pacientes vivían en área rural. La convivencia con animales domésticos representó el 75,6 por ciento. El síntoma más referido fue la disminución de la agudeza visual (48,8 por ciento). La forma de presentación más frecuente fue el granuloma periférico de forma unilateral en ojo derecho (52,4 por ciento). La complicación más observada fue el desprendimiento de retina (58,5 por ciento). Conclusiones: La infección ocular por Toxocara spp. es una enfermedad prevenible e incapacitante que limita el desenvolvimiento educacional, laboral y de la vida en general de los pacientes afectados, particularmente la población infantil, el sexo masculino y los que residen en área rural en convivencia con animales domésticos, en especial perros(AU)

Objective: To characterize ocular toxocariasis clinically and epidemiologically. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with patients diagnosed with ocular toxocariasis, attended at the Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer in the period from April 2019 to December 2022. Results: The male sex predominated (53.7 percent), together with the age group 0-10 years (73.1 percent). 56.1 percent of the patients lived in rural areas. Cohabitation with domestic animals accounted for 75.6 percent. The most frequently reported symptom was decreased visual acuity (48.8 percent). The most frequent form of presentation was peripheral granuloma in the right eye (52.4 percent). The most observed complication was retinal detachment (58.5 percent). Conclusions: Ocular infection by Toxocara spp. is a preventable, as well as incapacitating, disease that limits the educational, occupational and general life development of affected patients, particularly children, males and those living in rural areas cohabitating with domestic animals, especially dogs(AU)

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A healthy 57-year-old man present to outpatient ophthalmological services in southwestern Connecticut with a 16-month history of unilateral periorbital pain, photophobia, and progressively decreasing visual acuity in his left eye. Prior extensive work-up for uveitis in his home state of Mississippi had yielded no etiology for his symptoms, and empiric therapy with glucocorticoid eye drops had not halted their decline. Fundoscopic examination demonstrated total combined retinal detachment of the left eye. Extensive repeat serological and immunological screening was positive for Toxocara immunoglobulin-G, consistent with a diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis, and the patient completed a course of albendazole with stabilization of symptoms. Despite toxocara being endemic to the United States, diagnoses of ocular toxocariasis are extremely uncommon, with the majority of cases occurring in young children. This unusual case of ocular toxocariasis in a healthy adult serves to illustrate that significant, irreversible morbidity can result from lack of both clinician and public awareness of this parasitic infection.

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Objective:To observe the clinical characteristics and treatment prognosis of patients with ocular toxocariasis (OT).Methods:A retrospective clinical trial. From March 2018 to September 2021, 40 eyes of 40 OT patients diagnosed by ophthalmic examination in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were included in the study. All patients underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) examination. Color Doppler ultrasound flow imaging (CDFI), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed in 25, 26 and 26 eyes, respectively. Among the 40 patients, there were 23 males (57.5%, 23/40) and 17 females (42.5%, 17/40). All patients were monocular. Thirty patients (75.0%, 30/40) were younger than 18 years old, with the mean age of (9.60±0.60) years. Ten patients (25.0%, 10/40) were great than or equal to 18 years old, with the mean age of (34.60±4.52) years. Thirty-three patients (82.5%, 33/40) lived in rural areas for a long time. There were 27 patients (67.5%, 27/40) with a history of contact with dogs and cats. In 40 eyes, peripheral granuloma (peripheral type), posterior pole granuloma (posterior pole type), vitreous opacity similar to endophthalmitis (turbid type) and hybrid type were 18(45.0%, 18/40), 11(27.5%, 11/40), 6(15.0%, 6/40) ang 5(12.5%,5/40), respectively. All patients were treated with drugs and/or surgery after definite diagnosis. There were 28 eyes of peripheral type, posterior pole type and hybrid type, 17 eyes were treated with surgery and 11 eyes with drug treatment, respectively. Five eyes with turbid type were only treated with drugs. In 40 patients, 33 patients participated in follow-up. The follow-up time after treatment was (18.78±9.44) months. The improvement of BCVA was observed. The number of eyes with different BCVA before and after treatment was compared by χ2 test or Fisher's test. Results:At the first visit, the BCVA ranged from light perception to 0.6, including 20 eyes with BCVA <0.1, 13 eyes with BCVA 0.1-0.3, and 7 eyes with BCVA >0.3. The posterior vitreous anterior limiting membrane was thickened in 24 eyes (60.0%, 24/40). There were 27 eyes (67.5%, 27/40) with lamellar vitreous opacity and 22 eyes (55.0%, 22/40) with peripheral/posterior pole granulomas. Among 25 eyes examined by CDFI, 14 eyes (56.0%, 14/25) showed characteristic stratified or diffuse opacity in vitreous body. Of the 26 eyes examined by FFA, 15 eyes (57.7%, 15/26) had "fern-like" leakage of retinal capillaries, and the lesion had a patchy non-perfused area. In 26 eyes examined by OCT, epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular edema and vitreoretinal traction were 8 (30.8%, 8/26), 5 (19.2%, 5/26) and 2 (7.7%, 2/26) eyes, respectively. At the last follow-up, compared with before treatment, the BCVA of 5 eyes with turbid type increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). In 28 eyes with peripheral type, posterior pole type and hybrid type, 17 eyes with surgical treatment improved BCVA, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=6.258, P<0.05). In 11 eyes only treated with drugs, BCVA remained unchanged, and the difference was not statistically significant ( χ2=0.594, P>0.05). Conclusions:OT patients are mostly children; retinal granulomas, gray-white hyperplastic membrane behind lens or vitreous stratified opacity are specific characteristics. OT is mainly treated by glucocorticoid drugs and vitrectomy.

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BACKGROUND: Toxocara larva entity has seldom been reported on the surface of the retina. We report on an unusual case of recurrent vitreous opacity caused by intraocular Toxocara larva after vitrectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old male was referred to our clinic with a 6-month history of decreased visual acuity in the right eye characterized as red, painless, and progressive. Optos fundus photograph showed optic disc elevation with granuloma, and proliferative membrane starting from the optic disc and running towards the superior temporal retina due to the movement of a Toxocara larva, which was covered by the proliferative membrane in the superior temporal retina. Since it adhered closely to the retina, the lesion in the superior temporal retina was not removed to avoid induction of an iatrogenic retinal break and the larva was not found during the first diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy. Intraocular Anti-Toxocara IgG was 45.53U (< 3, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)), and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient was 8.55, confirming the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. After this operation, visual acuity improved to 20/200. However, vitreous opacity worsened again, and the proliferative membrane expanded around the Toxocara larva three weeks after the operation. Toxocara larva was found and removed in the superior temporal region during the second operation. His visual acuity improved to 20/100, vitreous opacity disappeared, and the retina was stable two months after the second operation. CONCLUSION: It is advisable to remove suspected Toxocara larva to prevent the reoccurrence of ocular toxocariasis.

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Ocular toxocariasis in humans is caused by infection with larvae of Toxocara species, which are common ascarid roundworms of mammals, kept in close proximity to human. Four cases with a history of contact with dogs and cats and blurred vision and visual impairment over periods of variable duration were examined. We screened patients diagnosed with ocular larva migrans syndrome between March and June 2021 at the Ophthalmology clinics affiliated with Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. Detailed demographics, clinical characteristics, and fundus photography were recorded. Anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera and vitreous fluid detected by ELIZA. Complete recovery in all four patients was achieved following treatment with oral albendazole. The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis can be challenging, because both the condition is relatively uncommon and its presentation varies from patient to patient. There are lots of differential diagnoses like retinoblastoma, therefore correct, quick diagnosis, and treatment is very important.

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Purpose: Ocular toxocariasis (OT) is a vision-threatening disease with a largely unknown intraocular pathogenesis. Herein, we determined the cytokine expression profile in aqueous humor (AH) of patients with OT. Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study of cytokine levels in AH of patients with OT and uveitis and control subjects. Thirty samples from eyes with OT, 23 from eyes with non-OT uveitis, and 25 from eyes with age-related cataract were analyzed using a multiplexed magnetic bead immunoassay. Thirty-one cytokines were detected and classified into 5 categories: T-helper type 1 (Th1) -associated cytokines, Th2-associated cytokines, Th17 cytokine, proinflammatory mediators, and growth factors. Results: In the 31 cytokines, 9 cytokines were undetectable, including IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-3, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TGF-a, TNF-ß, and IFN-g. From the 22 cytokines, 13 exhibited significantly increased expression in the OT group than in the control group, including TNF-a, IFN-a2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, sCD40L, PDGF-AA, PDGF-AB/BB, FLT3l, and EGF. There were 5 cytokines exhibited significantly increased expression in the OT group than in non-OT group, including IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, and PDGF-AA. There was no significantly decreased expression in any cytokines in the OT group when compared with control or non-OT groups. To the 5 cytokines that showed significant difference in OT group alone, IL-10 and IL-13 exhibited more than 13-fold increase, and IL-5 showed the most obvious as 27-fold increase in OT patients, when compared with that in control group. Conclusion: The cytokine profile expression in aqueous humor from patients with ocular toxocariasis was investigated, and our findings suggest that Th1 and Th17 cytokine responses are not enhanced, whereas the cytokine status was polarized toward a Th2 response. Our findings also suggest the involvement of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 in the immunopathogenesis of ocular toxocariasis.

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Toxocariasis is one of the most common geohelminth infections in several parts of the world. We describe a rare case of ocular toxocariasis with secondary exudative retinal detachment treated with albendazole and an intravitreal dexamethasone implant. A 13-year-old boy with counting finger vision was diagnosed with retinal vasculitis and exudative retinal detachment in his right eye. Fundoscopic examination revealed retinal hemorrhage, retinal vasculitis, and exudative retinal detachment. Serological test using serum and intraocular aqueous humor were positive for anti-Toxocara specific IgG antibodies. He received repeated doses of intravitreal dexamethasone implants combined with oral albendazole. A sequential follow-up optical coherence tomography revealed that the retina was successfully reattached. His visual acuity subsequently improved to 20/400.

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Introduction: To evaluate and compare the specificity of Toxocara canis-specific antibody detection in the serum and aqueous samples for the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis (OT) and explore the cytokine profiles associated with the condition in children. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective cohort study. The inclusion criteria were the clinical presentations of OT, which included unilateral vision reduction, typical peripheral or posterior pole granuloma with variable degrees of vitritis, and exclusion of other diagnoses. The titer of antibody against the excretory-secretory antigen of Toxocara canis [T-immunoglobulin G (IgG)] was measured in serum and aqueous samples that were taken from the affected eyes. The diagnosis of OT was made upon positive detection of T-IgG either in the serum or aqueous. The rest with typical clinical presentations as described above but a positive serum or aqueous T-IgG could not be confirmed were diagnosed as suspected OT. Cytokines were measured using multiplexed cytometric bead array system. Results: Two hundred and eleven eyes of 211 patients had participated in the study. One hundred and twenty-eight eyes were diagnosed as OT. The median age of the cohort was 7.7 years with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. Major initial symptoms were decreased vision (74%) and strabismus (22%). The percentages of eyes with peripheral granuloma, posterior granuloma, and endophthalmitis were 40, 18, and 41%, respectively. Vitritis (100%), vitreous strands (64%), retinal fibrotic bands (57%), and retinal detachment (42%) were the most common signs. T-IgG was positive in 66.7% of the aqueous and 57.2% of the serum samples. Forty-four patients were diagnosed T-IgG negative in both serum and aqueous of the affected eyes. Interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, eosinophil chemotactic protein (Eotaxin), MCP-1ß, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were higher in T-IgG negative eyes when compared to controls and further increased in T-IgG positive eyes. However, only T-IgG positive eyes showed increased IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-12, IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-4 were undetectable in all eyes. Conclusions: Pediatric OT is often present with severe retinal complications. Polarized intraocular Th2 response was only found in aqueous T-IgG positive eyes. Our results supported an aqueous sample-based antibody test for the more specific diagnosis of OT.

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AIM: To investigate the clinical features of adult patients with ocular toxocariasis (OT) in north China and to diagnose adults OT patients in early stage. METHODS: Clinical data of 24 adults with OT were retrospectively analyzed. Slit lamp photographs and fundus photographs and other imaging examinations of all the patients were reviewed. A questionnaire concerning the pet ownership and place of residence was completed to investigate the possible infection origin. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed on the demographic data, clinical features, funduscopic findings and ELISA results. RESULTS: Among the 24 patients diagnosed with OT by Toxocara IgG antibody in intraocular fluid, 16 (66.7%) eyes were right eye. The onset age of 12 eyes (50.0%) was between 30 and 40 years old, and 21 (87.5%) eyes were of peripheral granuloma type. The most common sign was vitreous opacity. Granulomas were detected in all the eyes, and 20 (83.3%) patients resided in rural area. In 4 patients, the concentration of anti-Toxocara antibody both in anterior humor and in vitreous humor were detected, and the results showed the concentration in vitreous humor was much higher than aqueous humor. CONCLUSION: Our study analyzes the clinical manifestation of OT in adults, which may have been under-recognized before. Eye side, residence, and detection of granuloma may help us in diagnosis of OT in patients with monocular vitreous opacity. For adult patients with presumed OT, negative results of anti-Toxocara antibody in anterior humor cannot rule out the possibility of OT, further detection of vitreous humor is suggested for final diagnosis.

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A two-year-old full-term boy with a history of an intermittent exotropia presented to the pediatric ophthalmology clinic for routine follow-up. He was found to have a stable sensorimotor examination however dilated funduscopic examination of the right eye was significant for a dim foveal reflex with a new discrete, white, elevated retinal lesion superotemporal to the fovea with surrounding subretinal exudates. An examination under anesthesia (EUA) was performed two days later that revealed a subretinal posterior pole granuloma with hyperfluorescence and late leakage from the lesion without telangiectatic vessels on fluorescein angiography. A repeat EUA one month later demonstrated an increase in surrounding subretinal and overlying intraretinal fluid. The patient was started on topical 1% prednisolone with a presumed diagnosis of Toxocara granuloma. At EUA, three months later, the subretinal and intraretinal fluid had resolved. The topical steroids were tapered, and the patient continues to be followed closely.

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@#Ocular toxocariasis(OT)is an ocular parasitic disease involving ocular tissue infection by the ascarid-omatidae nematode. OT is usually caused by toxocara canis or toxocara cati. Susceptible population are more likely to be affected by their own hygiene, the frequency of exposure to dogs and cats, and the consumption of food or water contaminated with toxocariasis larvae. Most cases have been reported worldwide in children, but cases in adults have also been reported in recent years, which may be due to the lack of systematic induction and summary of its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In this paper, the four clinical manifestations of OT, advanced noninvasive diagnostic techniques, and laboratory immunological tests were sorted out and supplemented by reviewing domestic and international literature. Meanwhile, this paper introduced the treatment progress of OT in recent years, such as the combination of anthelmintic and hormone, and the application of intravitreal injection and vitreous surgery. It is expected that clinicians should pay more attention to this disease, improve the accuracy of early diagnosis of toxocariasis and protect patients' vision.

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PURPOSE: To report a case of acute endophthalmitis and hyphema mimicking pink hypopyon associated with ocular toxocariasis. OBSERVATIONS: An immunocompetent 56-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a sudden onset and a three-day history of decreased visual acuity in her left eye. There were no known inciting factors for her symptoms; however, she had a history of eating undercooked beef five days prior. On examination, the best-corrected visual acuity of her left eye was light perception and the intraocular pressure was 24 mmHg. Hyphema mimicking pink hypopyon and vitreous opacity suggestive of acute endophthalmitis were observed in her left eye. The patient underwent an emergency pars plana vitrectomy. The intraoperative findings included iridodialysis, severe vitritis, multiple whitish spots on the retina, white sheathed retinal vessels, and whitish peripheral granuloma. The aqueous humor tap and vitreous tap cultures were negative. Blood tests showed elevated eosinophil and total immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of her intraocular fluid showed positive anti-Toxocara canis IgG reactions; the patient was therefore diagnosed with ocular toxocariasis. Subsequent treatment with oral albendazole and prednisone resulted in significant improvement and recovery of visual acuity to 20/12.5. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Acute endophthalmitis with hyphema mimicking pink hypopyon is a rare clinical presentation of ocular toxocariasis. The findings from this case highlight the importance of suspecting ocular toxocariasis if a patient presents with acute endophthalmitis and hyphema accompanied with peripheral granuloma. Early vitrectomy and subsequent treatment with oral albendazole and prednisone can be effective in visual recovery.

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PURPOSE: To report a case of strabismus in a five-week-old infant, likely secondary to a rare occurrence of congenitally acquired ocular toxocariasis. METHODS: Retrospective case report. RESULTS: A five-week-old male infant with left exotropia was referred to pediatric ophthalmology and to a vitreoretinal specialist. Fundoscopic examination revealed a granuloma with associated retinal folds and tractional retinal detachment typical for ocular toxocariasis. Serology revealed positivity for Toxocara antibodies, consistent with the clinical diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. CONCLUSION: Ocular toxocariasis is typically thought to be secondary to acquired Toxocara infection secondary to fecal-oral transmission. In this case of early-onset strabismus secondary to ocular toxocariasis, it is hypothesized that this is a presentation of congenitally acquired toxocariasis.

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Purpose: This report describes the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis presenting as endophthalmitis in an adult intravenous drug user. Methods: A case is reported. Results: Fundus imaging showed numerous white opacities obscuring the macula. Toxocara canis serology was reactive with an enzyme immunoassay titer of 1:2 (positive ≥ 1:32). Findings from bacterial and fungal cultures were negative, and vitrectomy cytology revealed no organisms. Postoperatively, serial optical coherence tomography imaging demonstrated a slight decrease in size of an intraretinal hyperreflective lesion in the macula. Conclusions: Owing to a variety of presentations, ocular toxocariasis can be challenging to diagnose. In a patient with a history of intravenous drug use where fungal and bacterial organisms are more common causes of endophthalmitis, it is important to have a wide differential of causative organisms, particularly in the context of negative culture results and a worsening clinical examination.