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Randomized controlled trials have reported psychoanalytic psychotherapy to improve longer-term post-treatment outcomes in patients with treatment-resistant depression. In this case study, we examine the therapy process of a female trial participant diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression. Structured clinical assessments indicated that the patient's level of depression remained unchanged during and after treatment. Over the course of the therapy, she repeatedly broke away from important others and finally also from the therapy itself, which we linked to the impact of earlier experiences of abandonment on her internal world. In the discussion, we present a variety of reflections that were put forward by the authors during a series of case discussion meetings. Some of these reflections relate to how the inner world of this patient might have triggered a negative therapeutic reaction and a destructive pattern of repetition. The interpretative stance, in which the therapist interpreted this reaction as indicative of a psychic conflict and linked this conflict to the therapeutic relationship, seemed to be experienced by the patient as unhelpful and persecutory. Other elements that were brought up include basic distrust, lack of symbolization and trauma in the patient, as well as the constraints of the research context.

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School-aged children have consistently shown a surprising developmental lag when attempting to innovate solutions to tool use tasks, despite being capable of learning to solve these problems from a demonstrator. We suggest that this "innovation gap" arises from tool tasks with more complex spatial relations. Following Fragaszy and Mangalam's new tooling theory, we predicted that innovating a new "sticker slide" task should be more challenging when two tools need to be used at the same time (concurrently) rather than one at a time (sequentially), despite the similarity of the other task elements. In line with previous work, both versions of the task were challenging for all ages of children (4-9 years) that we tested. However, the youngest group showed particularly extreme difficulties, which was marked by not a single child innovating the concurrent version. Although success significantly increased with age, even the oldest group failed to reach 50% success on the concurrent version of the task, whereas the majority of the two older groups could solve the sequential version. Thus, in this first study of concurrent tool use in children, we found support for the prediction that increasing the complexity of spatial relations in tooling exacerbates the innovation gap.

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Extensive clinical scholarship has described the application of object-relational principles, particularly the operation of projective identification, to psychodynamic psychotherapy with couples. The author explores the way in which a more complete depiction of projective processes, one that incorporates each partner's intrapersonal management of multiple internal object relations, interacting interpersonally in the couple therapy process, can explain the escalating cycles of conflict between couples that are elaborated in the family-systems literature, and be helpful in understanding the object-relational substrate of chronic conflict in couples more generally. A description of how to map each partner's internal object world through the identification of these cycles in the early couple therapy process is elaborated in a theoretical model and illustrated with case material.

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The outsider phenomenon is an existential pathology interrelated with the need to belong. It is a group related experience that has developmental foundations. W. R. D. Fairbairn (1952), was one of the first psychoanalysts who systematically challenged Freudian theory, and located the human experience within social relationships. Fairbairn (1935) suggested that the family is the first social group, leading to affiliations with important groups external to the family. This paper extrapolates from Fairbairn's ideas about schizoid character, which is an interpersonal experience, to group experiences in a family and with identity groups. Fairbairn's notions about the unavoidable activation of schizoid processes may help us understand what makes the outsider experience so pervasive.

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Freud's publication of The Ego and the Id sparked a diverging set of psychoanalytic models - ego psychology, structural conflict theory, Kleinianism, object relations theories, Lacanianism, etc. - each of which attempted to deal with the clinical limitations of his first topography in regard to unconscious guilt, negative therapeutic reactions and primitive character organizations. This paper attempts to look back on these developments from the perspective of contemporary, post-Freudian psychoanalytic theories.

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This paper examines two major issues related to the concept of identity. The first of these concerns the place of this concept in psychoanalytic theory and practice, particularly taking note of its limited presence in the psychoanalytic literature of the British School of psychoanalysis. My argument is that the concept and phenomena of identification has been preferred to that of identity in the discourse of British Object Relations and considers why that might be the case. The second issue concerns the salience of the concept of identity in contemporary political and cultural debate, as this has come to denote differences of a socially-constructed kind such as those of race, gender, ethnicity, and religion. In this context, the idea of identity has become an important point of reference in much recent psychoanalytic thinking. The significance of this development will be considered in its relevance for psychoanalytic and wider social practices.

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Buscamos neste ensaio apresentar algumas das principais transformações pelas quais passou a psicanálise no seu desenvolvimento histórico. Nesse movi-mento, os chamados paradigmas pulsional e objetal foram se estabelecendo como principais referências ao campo psicanalítico. Nossa intenção principal foi conhecer como a relação de objeto está presente na teoria pulsional de Freud, sobretudo na primeira tópica. Ademais, saber como a dinâmica pulsional e o objeto se apresentam no pensamento de um dos principais psicanalistas da primeira geração, Karl Abraham. Como desdobramento deste estudo, apre-sentamos alguns dos efeitos de como a noção de objeto, presente nas teorias desses paradigmas, pode fundamentar diferentes noções de desenvolvimento, de psicopatologia e de manejo clínico em nossa contemporaneidade. (AU)

In this essay, we aim to present some of the key transformations that psycho-analysis has undergone in its historical development. In this movement, the concepts of drive and object paradigms were established as main references to the psychoanalytic field. Our primary objective was to explore the presence of object relations in Freud's drive theory, especially in the first topography. Moreover, we seek to know how the dynamic of drives and the object are present in the thinking of one of the leading psychoanalysts of the first genera-tion, Karl Abraham. As an extension to this study, we point out some of the effects of how the notion of object, included in the theories of these paradigms, can underpin various concepts of development, psychopathology, and clinical practice in contemporary psychoanalysis. (AU)

En este ensayo buscamos presentar algunas de las principales transfor-maciones que ha sufrido el psicoanálisis en su desarrollo histórico. En este movimiento, los denominados paradigmas pulsionales y objetal se estable-cieron como referencias principales al campo psicoanalítico. Nuestra inten-ción principal era saber cómo está presente la relación de objeto en la teoría pulsional de Freud, especialmente en la primera tópica. Además, saber cómo la dinámica pulsional y el objeto se presentan en el pensamiento de uno de los principales psicoanalistas de la primera generación, Karl Abraham. Como consecuencia de este estudio, presentamos algunos de los efectos de cómo la noción de objeto, presente en las teorías de estos paradigmas, puede soportar diferentes nociones de desarrollo, psicopatología y manejo clínico en nuestros tiempos contemporáneos.

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The article presents a view of transference from the early versions of transference by Classical/Structural analysts, through a variety of analytic positions that extend and implicitly question the concept of transference. After looking at Brenner and Bird's transference positions, we trace the beginning of relational analysis as articulated by Gill. The differences among several subsequent relational positions are then explicated. Self-Psychology is conceptualized as providing a clarification of Freud's view of narcissism leading to a new perspective on narcissistic transference states. The article concludes by detailing Contemporary Freudian concepts that integrate various object relation positions within an overriding Freudian theoretical structure. The Contemporary Freudian positions in some ways mirror Ogden's attempts to integrate diverse positions.

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Visamos com este trabalho contribuir com algumas considerações sobre a construção da noção de objeto em psicanálise, partindo dos referenciais teóricos de Freud e Melanie Klein, para em seguida pensar a abordagem de Pichon-Rivière, a qual traz uma relação de complementariedade a modificações inovadoras significativas. Foi a partir do curso em Coordenação e Manejo de Grupos em diferentes contextos realizado no Núcleo de estudos em saúde mental e psicanálise das configurações vinculares (NESME), que nasceram algumas inquietações que conduziram a este trabalho. Ao coordenar grupos trazemos conosco as nossas representações a respeito do que seja o objeto, e se o grupo é tomado como objeto, portaremos também uma noção de grupo internalizada. Pareceu-nos importante que essas questões pudessem ser alvo de reflexões constantes por parte de coordenadores de grupos, bem como a apropriação e fundamentação teórica de como se deram essas construções a partir da psicanálise. Este estudo introdutório poderá servir de base para a compreensão dos respectivos desdobramentos relacionados à constituição da subjetividade humana em psicanálise, alimentando posteriormente uma continuidade para pensar os fenômenos grupais propriamente ditos.

With this study, we aim to achieve a few considerations on the building of object notion in psychoanalysis, with a starting reference from Freud and Melanie Klein's theories, to then, consider Pichon-Rivière's approach, which brings a relationship of complementarity and significant innovative modifications. It was from the Group Management and Teórico Considerações sobre a construção da noção de objeto em psicanálise: Freud, Klein e Pichon-Rivière Reflections on the building of object notion in psychoanalysis: Freud, Klein, and Pichon-Rivière Consideraciones sobre la construcción de la noción de objeto en psicoanálisis: Freud, Klein y Pichon-Rivière Sandra Aparecida Ramos de Mello 1 sand.mello@yahoo.com.br Instituto Sedes Sapientiae, Brasil Recepção: 23 Fevereiro 2023 Aprovação: 08 Maio 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32467/issn.1982-1492v20n1a9 Resumo: Visamos com este trabalho contribuir com algumas considerações sobre a construção da noção de objeto em psicanálise, partindo dos referenciais teóricos de Freud e Melanie Klein, para em seguida pensar a abordagem de Pichon-Rivière, a qual traz uma relação de complementariedade a modificações inovadoras significativas. Foi a partir do curso em Coordenação e Manejo de Grupos em diferentes contextos realizado no Núcleo de estudos em saúde mental e psicanálise das configurações vinculares (NESME), que nasceram algumas inquietações que conduziram a este trabalho. Ao coordenar grupos trazemos conosco as nossas representações a respeito do que seja o objeto, e se o grupo é tomado como objeto, portaremos também uma noção de grupo internalizada. Pareceu-nos importante que essas questões pudessem ser alvo de reflexões constantes por parte de coordenadores de grupos, bem como a apropriação e fundamentação teórica de como se deram essas construções a partir da psicanálise. Este estudo introdutório poderá servir de base para a compreensão dos respectivos desdobramentos relacionados à constituição da subjetividade humana em psicanálise, alimentando posteriormente uma continuidade para pensar os fenômenos grupais propriamente ditos. Palavras-chave: Psicanálise, Objeto, Relações de Objeto, Vínculo. Abstract: With this study, we aim to achieve a few considerations on the building of object notion in psychoanalysis, with a starting reference from Freud and Melanie Klein's theories, to then, consider Pichon-Rivière's approach, which brings a relationship of complementarity and significant innovative modifications. It was from the Group Management and Coordination course in different contexts carried out at the Center of mental health studies and psychoanalysis of linking configurations (NESME), where some disquietudes emerged and lead to this study. By coordinating groups, we bring with us our representations about what the object is and if the group is taken as object, and will also consider an internalized notion of group. It seemed important to us that these questions could be the target of constant deliberations from group coordinators, as well as the appropriation and theoretical foundations as to how these concepts from psychoanalysis came to be. This introductory study may serve as a basis for the comprehension of the respective unfolding related to the formation of human subjectivity in psychoanalysis, subsequently fostering a way to continue thinking about group phenomena per se.

Con este trabajo pretendemos contribuir con algunas consideraciones sobre la construcción de la noción de objeto en psicoanálisis, a partir de los referenciales teóricos de Freud y Melanie Klein, para luego pensar en el enfoque de Pichon-Rivière, que trae una relación de complementariedad a modificaciones innovadoras significativas. Fue a partir del curso de Coordinación y Gestión de Grupos en diferentes contextos realizado en el Núcleo de Estudios en salud mental y psicoanálisis de las configuraciones vinculares (NESME), que nacieron algunas inquietudes que llevaron a este trabajo. Al coordinar grupos, traemos con nosotros nuestras representaciones de lo que es el objeto, y si el grupo se toma como un objeto, también llevaremos una noción interiorizada de grupo. Nos pareció importante que estos temas pudieran ser objeto de constante reflexión por parte de los coordinadores de los grupos, así como la apropiación y fundamentación teórica de cómo se dieron estas construcciones desde el psicoanálisis. Este estudio introductorio puede servir de base para comprender los respectivos desarrollos relacionados con la constitución de la subjetividad humana en psicoanálisis, alimentando posteriormente una continuidad para pensar los fenómenos grupales propiamente dichos.

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When reality is too much to bear, bodymind unity can fracture, creating self-deceptions, distortions, and disguises of emotional experience that amount to unconscious lies. Without clarity regarding what is real and what is imaginary, emotional truth is difficult to discern. Lies disrupt the development of a subjective sense of self, making it difficult to trust sensations, emotions, or thoughts. In the absence of this trust, a patient may form a delusion that they do not exist. Working psychoanalytically with patients traumatized in infancy and early childhood requires the analyst to experience a somatic link between herself and the patient, thereby enabling a process that was inhibited and, in some cases, nearly aborted to resume functioning. Clinical material is presented illustrating a negative hallucination of not existing following an emotional experience that could not be borne as well as bodymind dissociation that separated the patient's psychic pain from her childhood narrative. The author concludes that these methods of coping with trauma prevent the grieving necessary for truth to become bearable and the mind to grow.

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Humans use semantic concepts such as spatial relations between objects to describe scenes and communicate tasks such as "Put the tea to the right of the cup" or "Move the plate between the fork and the spoon." Just as children, assistive robots must be able to learn the sub-symbolic meaning of such concepts from human demonstrations and instructions. We address the problem of incrementally learning geometric models of spatial relations from few demonstrations collected online during interaction with a human. Such models enable a robot to manipulate objects in order to fulfill desired spatial relations specified by verbal instructions. At the start, we assume the robot has no geometric model of spatial relations. Given a task as above, the robot requests the user to demonstrate the task once in order to create a model from a single demonstration, leveraging cylindrical probability distribution as generative representation of spatial relations. We show how this model can be updated incrementally with each new demonstration without access to past examples in a sample-efficient way using incremental maximum likelihood estimation, and demonstrate the approach on a real humanoid robot.

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Objective: This study was designed to compare object relations and anger control between MS patients and normal individuals. Method : The present study was a cross-sectional case-control study with two groups: the case group (patients with MS) and the control group (normal controls without MS). 80 patients and 80 healthy individuals were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria using a simple random sampling method. The research's data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire consisting of demographic information, the Bell Object Relations and the Reality Testing Inventory (BORRTI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2). The data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 26 using descriptive and analytical statistics (stepwise regression). Results: The results showed that in terms of object relations, there was no significant difference between the two groups except in alienation of relations (P = 0.035). The results also showed that in general, there was no statistically significant difference between the anger index of the group of MS patients and the normal controls. However, 12.8% of MS patients were significantly different in state of anger, trait anger and anger control compared to normal individuals. This difference was especially higher in angry temperament (P = 0.025) and the anger expression-in (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Although patients with MS were not significantly different from healthy individuals in terms of intrapsychic and interpersonal functions in the context of object relations and anger management, it seems that more complex and multifaceted explanations lie in the results that need further research.

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This article examines Talcott Parsons's efforts at building the theory of personality system as a special case of his general theory of action and places those efforts in historical context. I demonstrate how, during the middle decades of the twentieth century, Parsons employed elements of classic Freudian thought to advance a new appreciation of the personality system and its relations to other action systems. I begin with an overview of the reception of psychoanalysis at the Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, the Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Harvard Department of Social Relations, showing how Parsons's thinking on the personality system cannot be understood apart from his association with these three institutions. I then turn to how Parsons endeavored to integrate his particular brand of sociology with his own interpretation of Freud's writings to explain how the personality system functions and develops. I conclude by showing that while Parsons's involvements with psychoanalysis became more intermittent after the mid-1950s, to the end of his life he remained steadfast in his enthusiasm for Freud's theory of personality. In short, Parsons always believed that for sociological theory to progress, it needed to engage with psychoanalysis.

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The present psychobiography took up the three main psychoanalytic conceptions of love to illuminate the psychological development of famed experimental writer William Seward Burroughs (1914-1997). The study found evidence of all three concepts of love in the subject's life strategies: (1) Love as cathexis was present in Burroughs' fascination with centipedes and other vermin that appeared in his dreams and which symbolised, in part, his terror over early childhood traumas as well as his concomitant struggle to integrate sex with intimacy. (2) Love as eroto-philiac fusion was observed in Burroughs' unstable and even exploitative relationships with others. This tendency was most salient in Burroughs' abortive attempts to seduce straight men, as well as in his failed efforts to be a traditional husband and father. (3) Reparative love became the subject's primary mode of interaction late in life. The study showed that, in his declining years, Burroughs was able to overcome partially the maladaptive strategies of his early life through his numerous pet cats, upon whom he projected aspects of his past romantic partners and friends.

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Contemporary models of the diagnosis and classification of personality disorders have diverged from the categorical diagnostic framework of the DSM system. One response to this movement can be found in the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), which uses dimensions of personality functioning, coupled with identification of dominant pathological traits, to define and classify personality disorders. By applying psychodynamic object relations theory to the AMPD, therapists can enrich the understanding and assessment of personality functioning and pathology as described in the AMPD.

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Les caractéristiques usuelles de l'anorexie mentale — inanition, amaigrissement, aménorrhée — justifient que celle-ci soit prise en compte, du point de vue psychopathologique, bien plus en tant que "clinique de l'objet" que comme "dysfonctionnement alimentaire" ou "trouble de la représentation corporelle". En effet, est mis ainsi en lumière non seulement le fait que la nourriture y vient présentifier l'"objet du désir" sous la forme du "rien", mais aussi le fait que si le corps du sujet anorectique se consume, c'est parce qu'il est le siège d'une jouissance spécifique de la position féminine, d'une "jouissance Autre", qu'il contribue paradoxalement de la sorte à contenir et à pacifier.

Resumos As características habituais da anorexia nervosa — fome, emaciação, amenorreia — justificam que seja considerada, de um ponto de vista psicopatológico, muito mais como uma "clínica do objecto" do que como uma "disfunção alimentar" ou "desordem de representação do corpo". De fato, isto realça não só o fato de a comida presentificar o "objeto de desejo" sob a forma de "nada", mas também o fato de que se o corpo do sujeito anorético é consumido, é porque é a sede de um gozo específico da posição feminina, um "Outro gozo", que paradoxalmente contribui para conter e pacificar.

The usual characteristics of anorexia nervosa — starvation, emaciation, amenorrhea — justify that it be considered, from a psychopathological point of view, much more as a "clinic of the object" than as an "eating dysfunction" or a "disorder of body representation." In fact, this highlights not only the fact that food presents the "object of desire" in the form of "nothing," but also the fact that if the body of the anorectic subject is consumed, it is because it is the seat of a specific jouissance of the feminine position, an "Other jouissance," which it paradoxically contributes to containing and pacifying.

Las características habituales de la anorexia nerviosa —hambre, emaciación, amenorrea— llevan a justificarla, desde el punto de vista psicopatológico, mucho más como una "clínica del objeto" que como una "disfunción alimentaria" o "trastorno de la imagen corporal". En efecto, esto pone de relieve no solo el hecho de que la comida presentifica el "objeto de deseo" en forma de "nada", sino también el hecho de que si el cuerpo del sujeto anoréxico se consume, esto se debe a la sed de un goce específico de la posición femenina, un "Otro goce" que paradójicamente contribuye a contenerlo y apaciguarlo.

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Features of ruthlessness may come into play in the encounter between adolescents who come into the therapeutic space with clear and precise demands to be supported through their gender transition. Winnicott's concept of ruthlessness, extended from the infant-mother matrix to the emotional situation of the clinic, allows a consideration of the conditions under which the analyst can think about adolescent demands. These conditions involve the desire of both patient and analyst for certitude and the analyst's urgency to respond, as well as the adolescent's contradictory desires to both destroy and create gender. The work of Sally Swartz, who brought to Winnicott's conception a notion of ruthlessness in protest, helps us consider the qualities of ruthlessness in constituting gender. A snippet of work with a nonbinary patient shows how questions of gender cannot be understood apart from the intersubjective transferential field. Tying ruthlessness to the enigma of desire illuminates the emotional situation of the clinical encounter between the nonbinary or trans patient and the analyst, a situation that is also libidinal. An analytic move from the question of gender identity to the realm of an emotional situation allows the analyst to meet adolescent ruthlessness. This meeting is an ethical attempt to understand the other, but also reveals one's resistance to giving up something in order to understand.

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