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BACKGROUND: The relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gastric cancer (GC), which is a common metabolic disease, has attracted much attention. However, the specific metabolic characteristics of MetS in elderly patients with GC remain unclear. AIM: To investigate the differentially abundant metabolites and metabolic pathways between preoperative frailty and MetS in elderly patients with GC based on nontargeted metabolomics techniques. METHODS: In this study, 125 patients with nonfrail nonmeal GC were selected as the control group, and 50 patients with GC in the frail group were selected as the frail group. Sixty-five patients with GC combined with MetS alone were included in the MetS group, and 50 patients with GC combined with MetS were included in the MetS group. Nontargeted metabolomics techniques were used to measure plasma metabolite levels by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed by principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least squares, pattern recognition analysis, cluster analysis, and metabolic pathway annotation. RESULTS: A total of 125 different metabolites, including amino acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, fatty acids, sugars, nucleosides and nucleotides, and acidic compounds, were identified via nontargeted metabolomics techniques. Compared with those in the control group, there were 41, 32, and 52 different metabolites in the MetS group, the debilitated group, and the combined group, respectively. Lipid metabolites were significantly increased in the MetS group. In the weak group, amino acids and most glycerol phospholipid metabolites decreased significantly, and fatty acids and sphingosine increased significantly. The combined group was characterized by significantly increased levels of nucleotide metabolites and acidic compounds. The alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamate metabolic pathways were obviously enriched in the asthenic group, and the glycerol and phospholipid metabolic pathways were obviously enriched in the combined group. CONCLUSION: Elderly GC patients with simple frailty, simple combined MetS, and frailty combined with MetS have different metabolic characteristics, among which amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolite levels are significantly lower in frail elderly GC patients, and comprehensive supplementation of fat and protein should be considered. Many kinds of metabolites, such as amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, and acidic compounds, are abnormally abundant in patients with MetS combined with fthenia, which may be related to tumor-related metabolic disorders.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a recurrent inflammatory condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract, and its clinical treatment remains suboptimal. Probiotics have shown effectiveness in alleviating dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis, exhibiting strain-specific anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we compared the therapeutic effects of five strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum isolated from healthy adult feces on DSS-induced colitis in mice. Additionally, we investigated the underlying mechanisms by examining gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolome. Our findings highlighted the superior efficacy of B. bifidum M1-3 compared to other strains. It significantly improved colitis symptoms, mitigated gut barrier disruption, and reduced colonic inflammation in DSS-treated mice. Moreover, gut microbiota composition analysis revealed that B. bifidum M1-3 treatment increased the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. Specifically, it significantly increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Enterorhabdus, while decreasing the abundance of Escherichia-Shigella. Furthermore, our nontargeted metabolomics analysis illustrated that B. bifidum M1-3 treatment had a regulatory effect on various metabolic pathways, including tyrosine metabolism, lysine degradation, and tryptophan metabolism. Importantly, we confirmed that the therapeutic efficiency of B. bifidum M1-3 was dependent on the gut microbiota. These results are conducive to the development of probiotic products for alleviating colitis.

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Moderate traumatic brain injury (mTBI) involves a series of complex pathophysiological processes in not only the area in direct contact with mechanical violence but also in other brain regions far from the injury site, which may be important factors influencing subsequent neurological dysfunction or death. The medulla oblongata (MO) is a key area for the maintenance of basic respiratory and circulatory functions, whereas the pathophysiological processes after mTBI have rarely drawn the attention of researchers. In this study, we established a closed-head cortical contusion injury model, identified 6 different time points that covered the acute, subacute, and chronic phases, and then used nontargeted metabolomics to identify and analyze the changes in differential metabolites (DMs) and metabolic pathways in the MO region. Our results showed that the metabolic profile of the MO region underwent specific changes over time: harmaline, riboflavin, and dephospho-coenzyme A were identified as the key DMs and play important roles in reducing inflammation, enhancing antioxidation, and maintaining homeostasis. Choline and glycerophospholipid metabolism was identified as the key pathway related to the changes in MO metabolism at different phases. In addition, we confirmed increases in the levels of inflammatory factors and the activation of astrocytes and microglia by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining, and these findings were consistent with the nontargeted metabolomic results. These findings suggest that neuroinflammation plays a central role in MO neuropathology after mTBI and provide new insights into the complex pathophysiologic mechanisms involved after mTBI.

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The development of food-derived antihyperuricemic substances is important for alleviating hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated inflammation. Here, novel peptides fromThunnus albacares (TAP) with strong antihyperuricemic activity were prepared. TAP was prepared by alkaline protease (molecular weight <1000 Da), with an IC50 value of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of 2.498 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL TAP could reduce uric acid (UA) by 33.62% in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells (P < 0.01). Mice were fed a high-purine diet and injected with potassium oxonate to induce HUA. Oral administration of TAP (600 mg/kg/d) reduced serum UA significantly by 42.22% and increased urine UA by 79.02% (P < 0.01) via regulating urate transporters GLUT9, organic anion transporter 1, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G2. Meantime, TAP exhibited hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, according to histological analysis. Besides, HUA mice treated with TAP showed anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the levels of toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factors-κB p65, NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 in the kidneys (P < 0.01). According to serum non-targeted metabolomics, 91 differential metabolites between the MC and TAP groups were identified, and purine metabolism was considered to be the main pathway for TAP alleviating HUA. In a word, TAP exhibited strong antihyperuricemic activity both in vitro and in vivo.

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Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, with residual concentrations of up to 0.41 mg/L in surface water, posing a threat to the health of nontarget aquatic organisms. However, studies on the potential toxicity and underlying mechanisms of action of acetamiprid on nontarget aquatic organisms are limited. This study investigated the acute and short-term toxicity of acetamiprid to Xenopus laevis tadpoles. A 96-h acute toxicity test determined the LC50 of acetamiprid to be 32.1 mg/L. After 28 days of exposure to 1/10 and 1/100 LC50 concentrations, tadpole samples were collected for bioconcentration elimination analysis, biochemical analyses, transcriptomics, and metabolomics studies to comprehensively evaluate the toxic effects of acetamiprid and its underlying mechanisms. The results, indicating bioconcentration factors (BCFs) < 1, suggest that acetamiprid has a low bioconcentration in tadpoles. Additionally, oxidative stress was observed in treated Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Transcriptomic and nontargeted metabolomic analyses identified 979 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 95 differentially metabolites in the 0.321 mg/L group. The integrated analysis revealed that disruption of purine and amino acid metabolic pathways potentially accounts for acetamiprid-induced toxic effects in tadpoles. The disruptive effects of acetamiprid on valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis metabolic pathways in tadpoles were validated through targeted metabolomics analysis. These findings are crucial for assessing the risk of acetamiprid to nontarget aquatic organisms.

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Depression is a serious psychiatric illness that causes great inconvenience to the lives of elderly individuals. However, the diagnosis of depression is somewhat subjective. Nontargeted gas chromatography (GC)/liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the plasma metabolic profile and identify objective markers for depression and metabolic pathway variation. We recruited 379 Chinese community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65. Plasma samples were collected and detected by GC/LC‒MS. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and a heatmap were utilized to distinguish the metabolites. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to evaluate the diagnostic value of these differential metabolites. Additionally, metabolic pathway enrichment was performed to reveal metabolic pathway variation. According to our standard, 49 people were included in the depression cohort (DC), and 49 people age- and sex-matched individuals were included in the non-depression cohort (NDC). 64 metabolites identified via GC‒MS and 73 metabolites identified via LC‒MS had significant contributions to the differentiation between the DC and NDC, with VIP values > 1 and p values < 0.05. Three substances were detected by both methods: hypoxanthine, phytosphingosine, and xanthine. Furthermore, 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol had the largest area under the curve (AUC) value (AUC = 0.842). The purine metabolic pathway is the most important change in metabolic pathways. These findings show that there were differences in plasma metabolites between the depression cohort and the non-depression cohort. These identified differential metabolites may be markers of depression and can be used to study the changes in depression metabolic pathways.

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Rosa rugosa is extensively cultivated in China for its remarkable fragrance and flavor, however, the metabolic changes in roses during growth and drying remain unclear. Our results revealed significant variations in phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity in roses (Rosa rugosa f. plena (Regel) Byhouwer) under different conditions. Phenol contents were positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, with phytochemicals being most prominent in unfolded petals. The highest antioxidant capacity and phenol and flavonoid contents were observed in April. Considering their greater consumption value, whole flowers were more suitable than petals alone. Furthermore, considerable sensory and nutritional differences were observed in dried roses. Different drying methods increased their total phenol content of roses by 4.2-5.4 times and the antioxidant capacity by 2.9 times. Metabolomics revealed the altered contents of flavonoids, anthocyanins, lipids, amino acids, and saccharides. This study provides baseline data for the potential of roses as a natural source of antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Storage is important for the garlic cloves industry because it is critical to enabling a year-round supply. This study aimed to investigate the changes in biochemical and metabolic profiles in garlic cloves in terms of different temperatures and cultivars during storage using nontargeted and targeted metabolomics. The results showed that the storage temperatures and times were important factors affecting the composition and metabolite content of garlic cloves. In detail, the metabolic profiling of garlic cloves changed significantly at 22 °C, which was mainly related to sprouting. Furthermore, γ-glutamyl peptide was converted into the corresponding flavor precursors or free amino acids, leading to the fluctuation in the amount of nutrients in garlic cloves. In contrast, the quality of garlic cloves remained stable for 290 days at 0 °C though metabolism still occurred, which indicated that the slight chemical changes did not impact the quality significantly and low temperature could prolong their dormancy.

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In this study, comprehensive and systematic nontargeted metabolomics analysis was performed with the metabolites of Zangju peel (Citrus reticulata cv. Manau Gan, CRZP, which has been cultivated for over 400 years in Derong County, China.) at four different mature stages. A total of 1878 metabolites were identified, among which flavonoids were the most abundant (62.04 %), and identified 62 key differential metabolites significantly affected by maturity. Based on biological activity measurements, CRZP showed better antioxidant activity, lipase inhibition ability, inhibition of adipogenic differentiation in 3TT-L1 cells and promotion of lipid metabolism, with the biological activity of CRZP at different maturity stages being associated with key differential metabolite. Thus, CRZP is natural antioxidants and possess anti-obesity potential, and industrial production needs to consider the Maturity stage of its collection.

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The chemical and biologically active characterization of jujube samples (fruits, cores, and leaves) were carried out by the integrated nontargeted metabolomics and bioassay. Firstly, collision cross-section values of active compounds in jujubes were determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, a multidimensional statistical analysis that contained principal component analysis, partial least squares-discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis was employed to effectively cluster different tissues and types of jujubes, making identification more scientific. Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were used to evaluate the quality of jujubes from a double activity dimension. The analytical results obtained by using ACE and DPPH to evaluate the quality of jujube were different from multivariate statistics, providing a reference for the application of jujube. Therefore, integrating chemical and biological perspectives to evaluate the quality of jujube provided a more comprehensive evaluation and effective reference for clinical needs.

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Gabaron green tea (GAGT) has unique flavor and health benefits through the special anaerobic treatment. However, how this composite processing affects the aroma formation of GAGT and the regulatory mechanism was rarely reported. This study used nontargeted metabolomics and molecular sensory science to overlay screen differential metabolites and key aroma contributors. The potential regulatory mechanism of anaerobic treatment on the aroma formation of GAGT was investigated by transcriptomics and correlation analyses. Five volatiles: benzeneacetaldehyde, nonanal, geraniol, linalool, and linalool oxide III, were screened as target metabolites. Through the transcriptional-level differential genes screening and analysis, some CsERF transcription factors in the ethylene signaling pathway were proposed might participate the response to the anaerobic treatment. They might regulate the expression of related genes in the metabolic pathway of the target metabolites thus affecting the GAGT flavor. The findings of this study provide novel information on the flavor and its formation of GAGT.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is inseparable from metabolic disorders but lacks assessment of specific metabolite alteration. To explore the sequential metabolic changes in PD progression, we evenly divided 78 C57BL/6 mice (10 weeks) into six groups (one control group and five experimental groups) and collected the hippocampus tissue of mice after treating with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, and probenecid (twice a week) at five periods (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks) for metabolome analysis. Our study identified 567 differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) (total 4348 metabolites). Compared with controls, 145, 146, 171, 208, and 213 DAMs were obtained from the five experimental groups, respectively. Notably, 40 shared DAMs were present in five experimental groups, of which 22 shared DAMs formed a new metabolic network based on amino acid metabolism. Compared with group W3, 84 DAMs were identified in group W5, including 12 unique DAMs. DAMs in different stages of PD were significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism pathway, lipid metabolism pathway, and ferroptosis pathway. l-Glutamine, spermidine, and l-tryptophan were the key hubs in the whole metabolic process of PD. N-Formyl-l-methionine gradually increased in abundance with PD progression, whereas 5-methylcytosine gradually decreased. The study emphasized the sequential changes in DAMs in PD progression, stimulating subsequent studies.

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The colonizing microbiota on the body surface play a crucial role in barrier function. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a significant contributor to skin infection, and the utilization of colonization resistance of skin commensal microorganisms to counteract the invasion of pathogens is a viable approach. However, most studies on colonization resistance have focused on skin bacteria, with limited research on the resistance of skin fungal communities to pathogenic bacteria. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) play an important role in the colonization of microbial niches and the interaction between distinct strains. This paper explores the impact of Malassezia restricta (M. restricta), the fungus that dominates the normal healthy skin microbiota, on the proliferation of S. aureus by examining the distribution disparities between the two microorganisms. Based on the extraction of EVs, the bacterial growth curve, and biofilm formation, it was determined that the EVs of M. restricta effectively suppressed the growth and biofilm formation of S. aureus. The presence of diverse metabolites was identified as the primary factor responsible for the growth inhibition of S. aureus, specifically in relation to glycerol phospholipid metabolism, ABC transport, and arginine synthesis. These findings offer valuable experimental evidence for understanding microbial symbiosis and interactions within healthy skin.

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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) plasticizers are virulent endocrine disruptors that are mixed into plastics while fabricating and can filter out once they release into the surrounding environments. Plastic surfaces serve as new habitats for microorganisms, referred to as 'plastisphere'. Previous metagenomic investigations of the 'plastisphere' indicated that marine plastic surfaces may harbor microbes that degrade PAEs plasticizers. To our knowledge, the potential of microorganisms in the marine 'plastisphere' to metabolize PAEs is poorly understood. In this study, by screening the natural microbial community on plastic debris that had been deployed in situ for up to 20 months, a novel marine bacterium, Microbacterium esteraromaticum DEHP-1, was successfully isolated, which could degrade and mineralize 10-200 mg/L dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). According to the results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and whole genome mining of strain DEHP-1, we found that strain DEHP-1 may metabolize DBP by successive removal of the ester side chain by esterase 2518 to produce mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) and phthalic acid (PA), whereas the degradation of DEHP may take place by the direct action of monooxygenase 0132 on the fatty acid side chain of the DEHP molecule to produce di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP) and DBP, and then the subsequent hydrolysis of DBP by de-esterification to PA and finally into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Non-targeted metabolomics results showed that intracellular degradation of PAEs did not happen. However, exposure to PAEs was found to significantly affect pathways such as arginine and proline, riboflavin, glutathione and lysine degradation. Therefore, the intracellular metabolic behavior of strain DEHP-1 exposed to PAEs was proposed for the first time. This study sheds light on the metabolic capacity and strategies of bacteria in the marine 'plastisphere' to effectively degrade PAEs and highlights the importance of marine microbes in mitigating plastic poisonousness.

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INTRODUCTION: Roses are one of the most essential ornamental flowers and are commonly used in perfumery, cosmetics, and food. They are rich in bioactive compounds, which are of interest for therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to understand the kinds of changes that occur between the nocturnal and diurnal metabolism of rose and to suggest hypotheses. METHODS: Reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry or triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TQ MS/MS) was used for nontargeted metabolomics and hormonal profiling respectively. For metabolite annotation, accurate mass spectra were compared with those in databases. RESULTS: The hormonal profile of flowers showed an increase in jasmonate at night, while that of leaves indicated an increase in the salicylic acid pathway. Nontargeted analyses of the flower revealed a switch in the plant's defense mechanisms from glycosylated metabolites during the day to acid metabolites at night. In leaves, a significant decrease in flavonoids was observed at night in favor of acid metabolism to maintain a level of protection. Moreover, it might be possible to place back some of the annotated molecules on the shikimate pathway. CONCLUSION: The influence of day and night on the metabolome of rose flowers and leaves has been clearly demonstrated. The hormonal modulations occurring during the night and at day are consistent with the plant circadian cycle. A proposed management of the sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway may explain these changes in the flower. In leaves, the metabolic differences may reflect night-time regulation in favor of the salicylic acid pathway.

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INTRODUCTION: Duck enteritis virus (DEV) mainly causes infectious diseases characterized by intestinal haemorrhage, inflammation and parenchymal organ degeneration in ducks and other poultry. However, the mechanism by which it causes intestinal damage in ducks is not well understood. Metabolomics can provide an in-depth understanding of the full complexity of the disease. METHODS: In this study, 24 clinically healthy green-shell ducks (weight 1.5 kg ± 20 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups (experimental group, 18; control group, 6). The experimental group was intramuscularly injected with 0.2 mL of DEV virus in solution (TCID50 3.16 × 108 PFU/mL), and the control group was injected with 0.2 mL of sterile normal saline. Duck duodenum and ileum tissue samples were collected at 66 h, 90 h and 114 h post-injection (12 h of fasting before killing), and metabolomics analysis of duck duodenum and ileum tissues at the three time points (66, 90, 114 h) was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to screen for and analyse the potential differentiated metabolites and related signalling pathways. RESULTS: Screening was performed in the positive/negative mode (Pos: Positive ion mode; the ionization of substances at the ion source with positive ions such as H+, NH4+, Na+ and K+; Neg: Negative ion mode; the ionization of substances at the ion source with negative ions such as Cl-, OAc-), and compound abundance was compared to that in the control group. The total number of differentially abundant compounds in the duodenum at 66 h, 90 h and 114 h of DEV infection gradually increased, and metabolites such as cytidine, 2'-deoxyriboside and 4-guanidinobutyric acid were differentially abundant metabolites common to all three time periods. The metabolic pathways related to inflammatory response and immune response were tryptophan acid metabolism, cysteine-methionine metabolism, histidine metabolism and other amino acid metabolism and fat metabolism. Among them, the metabolic pathways with more differentially abundant metabolites were amino acid biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism, and the metabolic pathways with more enrichment factors were the IgA-related intestinal immune network pathway and lysosome pathway. Compared with the control group, there were 16 differentially abundant metabolites in the ileum tissue of DEV-infected ducks at 66 h of infection, 52 at 90 h of infection, and 40 at 14 h of infection with TD114. The metabolic pathways with more enriched differentially abundant metabolites were pyrimidine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and tryptophan biosynthesis. The metabolic pathways with the most enrichment factors were the mTOR signalling pathway, ferroptosis pathway, tryptophan metabolism pathway and caffeine metabolism pathway. CONCLUSION: Comparative analysis showed that the number of differentially abundant metabolites in the duodenum and ileum differed to some extent after DEV infection, with significantly more differentially abundant metabolites in duodenal tissues and fewer in ileal tissues; after DEV infection, the highest number of differentially abundant metabolites was obtained at 114 h of DEV infection, followed by the second highest at 90 h of infection and the lowest at 66 h of infection. The common differentially abundant metabolites in duodenal and ileal tissues were prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, and arachidonic ethanolamine. The main metabolic pathways in the duodenum were the IgA-associated intestinal immune network pathway and the lysosomal pathway, and the metabolic pathways with more enriched factors in the ileum were the mTOR signalling pathway, the ferroptosis pathway, and the tryptophan metabolism pathway.

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Due to its significant physiological effects, a sulfated polysaccharide has been considered an important nutrient of sea cucumber, but its metabolism in vivo is still unclear. The present study investigated the metabolism of a sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharide (SCSP) in rats and its influence on the metabolite profiles. The quantification by HPLC-MS/MS revealed that the blood level of SCSP achieved a maximum of 54.0 ± 4.8 µg/mL at 2 h after gavage, almost no SCSP was excreted through urine, and 55.4 ± 29.8% of SCSP was eliminated through feces within 24 h. These results prove the utilization of SCSP by gut microbiota, and a further microbiota sequencing analysis indicated that the SCSP utilization in the gut was positively correlated with Muribaculaceae and Clostridia_UCG-014. In addition, the non-targeted metabolomic analysis demonstrated the significant effects of SCSP administration on the metabolite profiles of blood, urine, and feces. It is worth noting that the SCSP supplement decreased palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid in blood and urine while increasing stearic acid, linoleic acid, and γ-linolenic acid in feces, suggesting the inhibition of fat absorption and the enhancement of fat excretion by SCSP, respectively. The present study shed light on the metabolism in vivo and the influence on the fat metabolism of SCSP.

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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation is frequently employed to improve the nutritional, functional, and sensory characteristics of foods. Our study explored the effects of co-fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei ZH8 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis YM313 on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and metabolomic profiles of wolfberry-longan juice (WLJ). Fermentation was carried out at 35 °C for 15 h. The results suggest that WLJ is a favorable substrate for LAB growth, reaching a total viable count exceeding 8 log CFU/mL after fermentation. LAB fermentation increased acidity, reduced the sugar content, and significantly impacted the juice color. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the WLJ and the antioxidant capacities based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS radical scavenging abilities and FRAP were significantly improved by LAB fermentation. Nontargeted metabolomics analysis suggested that the contents of small molecule substances in WLJ were considerably affected by LAB fermentation. A total of 374 differential metabolites were identified in the juice before and after fermentation, with 193 significantly upregulated metabolites and 181 siginificantly downregulated metabolites. The regulation of metabolites is important for improving the flavor and functions of juices, such as L-eucylproline, Isovitexin, Netivudine, 3-Phenyllactic acid, vanillin, and ethyl maltol, ect. This study provides a theoretical foundation for developing plant-based foods fermented with LAB.

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The purpose of this study was to distinguish the effect of age on the meat quality and chemical composition of Yangzhou goose breast meat. Nontargeted metabolomics analysis (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to distinguish the metabolic composition of goose meat at different ages, and Pearson's correlations between differential metabolites and key meat parameters were assessed. Compared with goslings, adult geese had lighter, redder and chewier meat (p < 0.05). Metabolite analysis revealed significant differences in nucleosides, organic acids, amino acids and sugars. Levels of IMP, xanthosine, pretyrosine and l-threonine were significantly higher in older meat (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with meat freshness indicators. However, pyruvic acid, l-cysteine and glucose 6-phosphate were up-regulated in gosling meat (p < 0.05), which were important flavor compounds. These results facilitate the further investigation of changes in goose meat composition and provide biomarkers for determining goose meat quality at different ages.

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The chemotaxonomic diversity of 20 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains was investigated using non-targeted metabolite profiling under different culture conditions. Multivariate and metabolic pathway analyses based on GC-MS and LC-MS/MS datasets showed that amino acid metabolism, especially 2-hydroxy acids, was enriched under aerobic conditions (AE), whereas fatty acid & sugar metabolism was increased under anaerobic conditions (AN). Based on the metabolite profiles, L. plantarum strains were clustered into three main groups (A, B, and C). Overall, 79 and 83 significantly discriminant metabolites were characterized as chemical markers of AE and AN growth conditions, respectively. Notably, alcohols were more abundant in group A whereas amino acids, peptides, purines, and pyrimidines were significantly higher in group C. 2-hydroxy acids and oxylipins biosynthesized through amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, respectively, were more abundant in groups A and B. Furthermore, we observed a strong correlation between the chemical diversity of L. plantarum groups and their antioxidant activity from metabolite extracts. We propose a non-targeted metabolomic workflow to comprehensively characterize the chemodiversity of L. plantarum strain under different culture conditions, which may help reveal specific biomarkers of individual strains depending on the culture conditions.

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