RESUMEN
RESUMEN Los adultos mayores son especialmente vulnerables a sufrir enfermedades asociadas al tracto gastrointestinal, ya que el envejecimiento conlleva naturalmente a un desbalance en la diversidad y cantidad de los microorganismos presentes en el intestino. Por ello, la suplementación de su dieta con oligosacáridos y polisacáridos no digestibles (OPND) ha cobrado gran relevancia científica. Esto, con el propósito de prevenir y revertir, en parte, los cambios negativos en la microbiota intestinal derivados del envejecimiento. Se ha observado que la suplementación de OPND en adultos mayores genera variados beneficios, entre los que destacan una mejora en el sistema inmune, una mayor absorción de calcio, reducción en la incidencia de alergias, reducción de la constipación y una disminución en los niveles de glicemia y colesterol sanguíneos. Debido a que, los efectos del consumo de OPND en adultos mayores han sido escasamente discutidos en la literatura científica en idioma castellano, el propósito de esta revisión es abordar el tema haciendo énfasis en la realidad chilena y latinoamericana. Ello, con miras a fomentar la incorporación de OPND en alimentos y programas de alimentación dirigidos específicamente a personas de la tercera edad.
ABSTRACT Since aging naturally leads to an imbalance in the diversity and quantity of microorganisms present in the intestine, older people are particularly vulnerable to diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, supplementing the diet of elderly persons with non-digestible oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (OPND) has gained scientific relevance. Supplementation aims to prevent and (partially) revert the negative changes in intestinal microbiota due to aging. It has been observed that OPND supplementation in older adults provides several benefits, including an improvement in the immune system, increased calcium absorption, a reduction in the incidence of allergies, a reduction in constipation and a decrease in blood levels of cholesterol and glucose. Because the effects of OPND supplementation in older adults has been scarcely discussed in the scientific literature in the Spanish language, the purpose of this review is to address the issue with emphasis on the Chilean and Latin-American reality. The article promotes the incorporation of OPND in processed food and feeding programs specifically designed for older people in Latin America.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Oligosacáridos , Polisacáridos , Anciano , Probióticos , Alimentos Funcionales , PrebióticosRESUMEN
AOAC 2011.25 method enables the quantification of most of the dietary fiber (DF) components according to the definition proposed by Codex Alimentarius. This study aimed to compare the DF content in fruits analyzed by the AOAC 2011.25 and AOAC 991.43 methods. Plums (Prunus salicina), atemoyas (Annona x atemoya), jackfruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and mature coconuts (Cocos nucifera) from different Brazilian regions (3 lots/fruit) were analyzed for DF, resistant starch, and fructans contents. The AOAC 2011.25 method was evaluated for precision, accuracy, and linearity in different food matrices and carbohydrate standards. The DF contents of plums, atemoyas, and jackfruits obtained by AOAC 2011.25 was higher than those obtained by AOAC 991.43 due to the presence of fructans. The DF content of mature coconuts obtained by the same methods did not present a significant difference. The AOAC 2011.25 method is recommended for fruits with considerable fructans content because it achieves more accurate values.
Asunto(s)
Frutas , Brasil , Carbohidratos , Fibras de la Dieta , FructanosRESUMEN
Due to the increasing constraint on the use of veterinary drugs as growth promoters in nonruminants nutrition there is a need to develop alternatives in supporting the microflora of the digestive tract in their approach to control pathogenic bacteria. The prebiotics are resistant compounds to digestion in the animal digestive tract, but selectively fermentable by intestinal microflora. These compounds can beneficially affect native microbiota, immune system and intestinal mucosal improving the digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, not always the use of the prebiotics causes alterations in the biological response. There may be several factors involved that partly explain the lack of response, such as: differences in the chemical composition of the ingredients of the diet, differences in the levels (percentage) of the prebiotics used in the diet, adaptation and the selectivity of the microflora and stress factors.
A crescente restrição ao uso de drogas veterinárias como promotores de crescimento na nutrição animal fez com que surgisse uma nova geração de produtos para auxiliar no equilíbrio benéfico da microbiota do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), entre eles, os prebióticos. Prebióticos são compostos não digeridos por enzimas, sais e ácidos produzidos pelo organismo animal, mas seletivamente fermentados por microrganismos do TGI. Estes compostos podem atuar beneficamente sobre a modulação da microbiota nativa, sobre o sistema imune e sobre a mucosa intestinal, melhorando os processos de digestão e absorção dos nutrientes. Porém, a adição de compostos de potencial ação prebiótica às dietas nem sempre reflete-se da mesma forma sobre a resposta biológica, o que pode estar relacionado com a composição dos ingredientes presentes na dieta, com a dosagem adicionada, com a adaptação e a seletividade da microbiota ao prebiótico, ou com o nível de estresse do animal.
RESUMEN
Due to the increasing constraint on the use of veterinary drugs as growth promoters in nonruminants nutrition there is a need to develop alternatives in supporting the microflora of the digestive tract in their approach to control pathogenic bacteria. The prebiotics are resistant compounds to digestion in the animal digestive tract, but selectively fermentable by intestinal microflora. These compounds can beneficially affect native microbiota, immune system and intestinal mucosal improving the digestion and absorption of nutrients. However, not always the use of the prebiotics causes alterations in the biological response. There may be several factors involved that partly explain the lack of response, such as: differences in the chemical composition of the ingredients of the diet, differences in the levels (percentage) of the prebiotics used in the diet, adaptation and the selectivity of the microflora and stress factors.
A crescente restrição ao uso de drogas veterinárias como promotores de crescimento na nutrição animal fez com que surgisse uma nova geração de produtos para auxiliar no equilíbrio benéfico da microbiota do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), entre eles, os prebióticos. Prebióticos são compostos não digeridos por enzimas, sais e ácidos produzidos pelo organismo animal, mas seletivamente fermentados por microrganismos do TGI. Estes compostos podem atuar beneficamente sobre a modulação da microbiota nativa, sobre o sistema imune e sobre a mucosa intestinal, melhorando os processos de digestão e absorção dos nutrientes. Porém, a adição de compostos de potencial ação prebiótica às dietas nem sempre reflete-se da mesma forma sobre a resposta biológica, o que pode estar relacionado com a composição dos ingredientes presentes na dieta, com a dosagem adicionada, com a adaptação e a seletividade da microbiota ao prebiótico, ou com o nível de estresse do animal.