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The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a heterogeneous neurocognitive phenotype, which includes psychiatric disorders. However, few studies have investigated the influence of socioeconomic variables on intellectual variability. The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive profile of 25 patients, aged 7 to 32 years, with a typical ≈3 Mb 22q11.2 deletion, considering intellectual, adaptive, and neuropsychological functioning. Univariate linear regression analysis explored the influence of socioeconomic variables on intellectual quotient (IQ) and global adaptive behavior. Associations with relevant clinical conditions such as seizures, recurrent infections, and heart diseases were also considered. Results showed IQ scores ranging from 42 to 104. Communication, executive functions, attention, and visuoconstructive skills were the most impaired in the sample. The study found effects of access to quality education, family socioeconomic status (SES), and caregiver education level on IQ. Conversely, age at diagnosis and language delay were associated with outcomes in adaptive behavior. This characterization may be useful for better understanding the influence of social-environmental factors on the development of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, as well as for intervention processes aimed at improving their quality of life.

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BACKGROUND: The genetic association of allergic rhinitis (AR) with other physiological systems throughout the human body remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to explore the association of this respiratory disorder with multiple common sleep and neuropsychological disorders at the genetic level. METHODS: Summary data for total AR and pollen AR were collected from the most updated FinnGen genome-wide association studies involving more than 340 000 European subjects. Summary data for 12 sleep and neuropsychological disorders (including snoring) were included from UK Biobank studies involving 63 392 to 462 933 European subjects. Three MR methods, including inverse-variance weighting (IVW), weighted median and MR-Egger, were used to determine the relationships between the exposures and outcomes. Several sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept, MR-PRESSO, "leave-one-out" test and funnel plot, were used to detect heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS: IVW revealed that total and pollen AR were associated with an increased risk of snoring (odds ratio (OR) = 1.011, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.004∼1.019, P = .003; OR = 1.006, 95% CI = 1.001∼1.011, P = .014). Two other MR methods supported the results from the IVW analysis. No heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was confirmed by sensitivity analyses. In addition, IVW did not reveal any association between AR and other included disorders. CONCLUSION: AR (specifically AR caused by pollen) might be an independent risk factor for snoring at the genetic level, which should be verified in the future.

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BACKGROUND: Berberine is the main active compound of different herbs and is defined as an isoquinoline quaternary botanical alkaloid found in barks and roots of numerous plants. It exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-obesity and antidiabetic effects. Berberine has antibacterial activity against a variety of microbiota, including many bacterial species, protozoa, plasmodia, fungi, and trypanosomes. OBJECTIVE: This review describes the role of berberine and its metabolic effects. It also discusses how it plays a role in glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, weight loss, how it modulates the gut microbiota, and what are its antimicrobial properties along with its potential side effects with maximal tolerable dosage. METHODS: Representative studies were considered and analyzed from different scientific databases, including PubMed and Web of Science, for the years 1982-2022. RESULTS: Literature analysis shows that berberine affects many biochemical and pharmacological pathways that theoretically yield a positive effect on health and disease. Berberine exhibits neuroprotective properties in various neurodegenerative and neuropsychological ailments. Despite its low bioavailability after oral administration, berberine is a promising tool for several disorders. A possible hypothesis would be the modulation of the gut microbiome. While the evidence concerning the aging process in humans is more limited, preliminary studies have shown positive effects in several models. CONCLUSION: Berberine could serve as a potential candidate for the treatment of several diseases. Previous literature has provided a basis for scientists to establish clinical trials in humans. However, for obesity, the evidence appears to be sufficient for hands-on use.

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PURPOSE: To examine if the association between age and post-stroke cognition is mediated by apathy. METHODS: A cross-sectional investigation was carried out with 389 stroke survivors and informants. Data were collected through the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-C) and the Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Bivariate analyses were conducted between the IQCODE total score and each of the demographic and clinical characteristics as well as apathy, while Baron and Kenny's 4-step approach was used to examine the mediating effect of apathy on the association between age and post-stroke cognition. RESULTS: Participants were aged 64.3 years on average, with a mean IQCODE score of 97.6 (SD: 14.8) and a mean AES-C score of 41.3 (SD: 8.0). IQCODE scores were positively correlated with age (r = 0.32, p < 0.001) and apathy (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). Apathy contributed to 24% of the total effect of age on post-stroke cognition, exerting a significant mediating effect on the relationship between age and post-stroke cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Apathy may have a significant impact on the cognitive health of stroke survivors. Therefore, the early identification of apathy symptoms could facilitate consideration of potential interventions, such as multisensory and cognitive stimulation, designed to improve cognitive outcomes in this population.

Cognitive impairment after stroke is common and has negative impacts on survivors' rehabilitation and quality of life.Ageing survivors are prone to mood disorders which may be associated with poorer cognitive outcomes.Apathy was found to significantly mediate the relationship between age and post-stroke cognition.Psychological assessments should be carried out regularly to improve cognitive outcomes through the timely recognition and management of apathy.

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Background: Data on the neuropsychological outcomes after receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) among chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients have not been well-documented. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the difference in incidence of neuropsychological disorders (NPDs) after treatment completion between CHC patients receiving interferon (IFN) therapy and DAA therapy. Methods: A nationwide retrospective cohort study was performed using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) between 2010 and 2018. CHC patients without pre-existing mental disorders were included and divided into the treatment (Tx)-naïve DAA group, retreatment (re-Tx) DAA group, and Tx-naïve IFN group based on their HCV therapy. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline differences between groups. The primary outcome was the incidence of NPDs during 6 months after completion of therapy. Results: After one-to-one matching, there were 6,461 pairs of patients selected from the Tx-naïve DAA group and Tx-naïve IFN group and 3,792 pairs from the re-Tx DAA group and Tx-naïve IFN group. A lower incidence of NPDs was observed in the Tx-naïve DAA group than in the Tx-naïve IFN group (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55-0.94, and p = 0.017). The risk of NPDs did not differ between the re-Tx DAA group and the Tx-naïve IFN group (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.52-1.05, and p = 0.092). Conclusion: DAA therapy was associated with lower risk of NPDs when compared with IFN therapy among Tx-naïve CHC patients in a 6-month period after treatment completion, especially among the patients less than 65 years, male gender, and cirrhosis.

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Introducción. El virus SARS CoV-2 causante de la enfermedad COVID-19, reporta cientos de contagios diariamente, las alteraciones y secuelas de este nuevo patógeno han sido reportadas a nivel global, por la gravedad que implica ser adulto mayor y evolucionar de manera grave. Metodología. El presente trabajo tiene un enfoque cualitativo, con intenciones exploratorias y descriptivas de las alteraciones a nivel cognitivo, neuropsicológico, neuropsiquiátrico y neurológico. Resultados. En el análisis fueron incluidos 16 artículos que expresan alteraciones en áreas de funcionamiento que comprometen la calidad de vida en pacientes mayores de 18 años, la evidencia científica es fuerte sobre las alteraciones que provoca el nuevo virus SARS Cov-2, desde el deterioro de la cognición, habilidades visuoespaciales y cefaleas constantes entre otros síntomas, que son de atención desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar. Conclusiones. La transmisión del virus en la población adulta supone un riesgo a la salud, este estudio evidencia las alteraciones a nivel cognitivo, motor y neurológico siendo la edad un factor que predispone la aparición de secuelas. (AU)

Introduction. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes theCOVID-19 disease, reports hundreds of infections daily,the alterations and sequelae of this new pathogen have been reported globally, due to the seriousness of being anolder adult and evolving seriously. Methodology. The present work has a qualitative approach, with exploratory and descriptive intentions of the alterations at a cognitive, neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric and neurological level. Results. In the analysis, 16 articles were included that express alterations in areas of functioning that compromise the quality of life in patients over 18 years of age, the scientific evidence is strong on the alterations caused by the new SARS-CoV-2 virus, from the deterioration of cognition, visuospatial abilities and constant headachesamong other symptoms, which are of attention from amultidisciplinary perspective. Conclusions. The transmission of the virus in the adult population poses a risk to health, this study shows alterations at the cognitive, motor and neurological level, agebeing a factor that predisposes the appearance of sequelae. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Quarantine and isolation measures during COVID-19 pandemic may have caused additional stress and challenged the mental health of the youth. Aim of the study is to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic impact on neuropsychological disorders (NPD) of Italian children and adolescents to provide general pediatric recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective multicenter observational study was planned by the Italian Pediatric Society (SIP) to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the access of children to pediatric Emergency Departments (pED) for the evaluation of neuropsychological symptoms, collecting the classification codes of diagnoses between March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2021. The period study was split into two sub-periods: a pre COVID-19 period (from March 1 2019 to March 1, 2020) and a COVID-19 period (from March 2, 2020 to March 2, 2021). As additional information, data on NPD hospitalizations in any pediatric department of the involved centers were recorded. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 533,318 children were admitted to the pED involved in the study. Despite a 48.2% decline of pED admissions, there was a significant increase (83.1%) in patient admissions for NPD. The most frequent NPD conditions which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic were suicidal ideation (+ 147%), depression (+ 115%), eating disorder (+ 78.4%), and psychosis (+ 17.2%). During the pandemic period, a 39.5% increase in NPD hospitalizations was observed as well. The NPD disorders that mostly required hospitalizations were suicidal ideation (+ 134%), depression (+ 41.4%), eating disorder (+ 31.4%), and drug abuse (+ 26.7%). COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on children's health, mainly on their NPD development. Neuropsychological assessment should be required at the primary level, in the pediatrician's office, to facilitate early capture of the sign of impairment and provide an adequate treatment. CONCLUSION: SIP underlines the psychological consequences of COVID 19 pandemic on the youngest and recommends an early identification of NPD in the pediatric population to avoid other serious consequences for children's physical and mental health.

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BACKGROUND: Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is one of the most prevalent upper airway diseases causing airway obstruction, and it can negatively impact patients' quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the risk of anxiety and depression mood disorders in patients with NSD. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the PRISMA statement. An electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. Raw affect size data were pooled comparing standardized between group mean differences. RESULTS: A total of 625 patients (males: 53 %, n = 280/525) with a mean age of 32.4 years (n = 375, 95 % CI: 25.3-39.4) were included. The pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) for the prevalence of the anxiety disorder was 1.17 (n = 625, 95 % CI: 0.34-2.0). The pooled SMD for the prevalence of the depression disorder was 0.30 (n = 490, 95 % CI: 0.12-0.48). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of anxiety and depression mood disorders is higher in patients with NSD compared to controls. These diseases should be investigated and considered during the diagnostic and therapeutic process to improve the QoL of patients with NSD.

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Chromosomes in eukaryotic cell nuclei are highly compacted and finely organized into hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) configuration. In recent years, scientists have gained deeper understandings of 3D genome structures and revealed novel evidence linking 3D genome organization to various important cell events on the molecular level. Most importantly, alteration of 3D genome architecture has emerged as an intriguing higher order mechanism that connects disease-related genetic variants in multiple heterogenous and polygenic neuropsychological disorders, delivering novel insights into the etiology. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the hierarchical structures of 3D genome and two proposed regulatory models, loop extrusion and phase separation. We then focus on recent Hi-C data in the central nervous system and discuss 3D genome alterations during normal brain development and in mature neurons. Most importantly, we make a comprehensive review on current knowledge and discuss the role of 3D genome in multiple neuropsychological disorders, including schizophrenia, repeat expansion disorders, 22q11 deletion syndrome, and others.

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INTRODUCTION: the assessment of neuropsychological and behavioral disorders outcomes, functional outcomes and quality of life in traumatic brain injury victims. It was also to evaluate initial means of care provided to these patients. Finally, to study correlations between neuropsychological and behavioral disorders with demographic characteristics, injury severity, functional status and quality of life. METHODS: it was a cross-sectional study including 50 patients with traumatic brain injury conducted in the physical medicine and rehabilitation department of Sfax. Memory disorders were tested by the mini mental state and the Glaveston orientation and amnesia tests. Executive functions were evaluated by the dysexecutive function scale. The psychological profile was evaluated using the hospital anxiety and depression scale and behavioral disorders were tested by the agitated behavior scale. Glasgow outcome scale has allowed the assessment of traumatic brain injury severity in terms of disability. Otherwise, functional capacity was measured by functional independence measure scale. Finally, health-related quality of life was measured using a generic measure (short-form-36) and the QOLIBRI scales. RESULTS: abnormal executive functions were noted in 41 patients (82%) with a dysexcutive function average score of 33.20 ± 22.74. About psychological profile, depressive symptoms were found in 32 patients (64%). Moreover anxiety was noted in 20 patients (40%). Behavioral disorders such as aggressiveness and agitation were noted respectively in 32 (64%) and 8 patients (16%). The global social functional evolution was considered as unfavorable in 42% of the patients and favorable in 58%. Regarding to functional independence measure scale, 92% of the victims showed impairment. Memory impairment and abnormal executive functions were statistically correlated with traumatic brain injury severity. Elementary brain injury lesions shown on computed tomography were correlated with memory disorders especially for temporal, cortical brain contusion and diffuse axonal injury. Our study showed that patients with severe memory impairment, abnormal executive functions and depressive mood had significant functional. CONCLUSION: the executive function disorders, depressed mood and the memory disorders seemed to be the most frequent among neuropsychological disorders in traumatic brain injury. We noted that it is so important to evaluate neuropsychological disorders in traumatic brain injury because they were underestimated. We have already started this experience despite the lack of means in our department. The evaluation of the executive function in addition to the classic neuropsychological assessment is essential to propose efficient means of rehabilitation.

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BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (Т2DM) both directly and indirectly impacts the development of morphological and functional changes of the central nervous system. AIM: The study was to determine clinical and neurophysiological patterns of cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with chronic cerebrovascular diseases (CCD) and Т2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 132 patients with CCD. First group included 58 patients without Т2DM aged 64.5 [58; 72], second group 74 patients with CCD and Т2DM 63 [57; 70]. Clinical, neurological, neuropsychological, neurophysiological (cognitive evoked potentials (EP) and neurovisualisation (brain MRI) examination was carried out to all patients. RESULTS: Somatic and neurological characteristics of the patients were similar in both groups with the exception of more distinct metabolic changes in Т2DM patients. Neurovisualisation study of the brain MRI in Т2DM patients revealed more distinct changes in the form of white matter hyperintensity and subarachnoidal spaces enlargement. Neuropsychological examination in patients revealed the reduction of intellectual flexibility, constructive praxis disruption, optical spatial dysfunction and deteoration of delayed word recall. Significant disorders in the way of overall cognitive impairment, lobar dysfunction and impaired verbal associative productivity, proved by statistically lower amplitude and higher latency of P300 EP peak were noted in Т2DM patients. Correlation links were detected: for P300 amplitude and direct and inverse number listing test (r=0.366 and r=0.520; p=0.006 and p0.001 respectively); P300 latency and HbA1c (r=0.32; р0.05) in group 2 and glucose levels in both groups (r=0.30; p0.05); inverse relationship of latency with control functions evaluation (r=-0.34; p=0.008). CONCLUSION: CCD especially with Т2DM manifests with neurocognitive imbalance, including control functions disruption and are accompanied by neurophysiological and neurovisualistion changes.

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Radiotherapy is a common treatment for brain and spinal cord tumors and also a risk factor for neuropathological changes in the brain leading to different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Astroglial connexins are involved in brain inflammation, development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), depressive, epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and are affected by radiation exposure. Therefore, it is speculated that radiation-induced changes of astroglial connexins may be related to the brain neuropathology and development of neurological and neuropsychological disorders. In this paper, we review the functional expression and regulation of astroglial connexins expressed between astrocytes and different types of brain cells (including oligodendrocytes, microglia, neurons and endothelial cells). The roles of these connexins in the development of AD, depressive, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain inflammation have also been summarized. The radiation-induced astroglial connexins changes and development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders are then discussed. Based on currently available data, we propose that radiation-induced astroglial connexins changes may be involved in the genesis of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders which depends on the age, brain regions, and radiation doses/dose rates. The abnormal astroglial connexins may be novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of radiation-induced cognitive impairment, neurological and neuropsychological disorders.

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The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is an important component of the ventral striatum, involving motivational and emotional processes, limbic-motor interfaces. Recently, experimental and clinical data have shown that NAc, particularly NAc shell (NAcs), participates in ictogenesis and epileptogensis in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Therefore, we summarize the existing literature on NAcs and potential role in epilepsy, from the bench to the clinic. Connection abnormalities between NAcs and remainings, degeneration of NAc neurons, and an aberrant distribution of neuroactive substances have been reported in patients with DRE. These changes may be underlying the pathophysiological mechanism of the involvement of NAcs in DRE. Furthermore, alterations in NAcs may also be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with DRE. These observational studies demonstrate the multiple properties of NAcs and the complex relationship between the limbic system and DRE with neuropsychiatric disorders. NAcs can be a potential target for DBS and stereotactic lesioning to manage DRE with neuropsychiatric disorders. Future studies are warranted to further clarify the role of NAcs in epilepsy.

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes often occurs together with tuberculosis (TB) and both may affect each other negatively. Diabetes may be associated with neurocognitive dysfunctioning in affected patients and may negatively impact treatment adherence and outcomes. This study compared the neurocognitive status between newly diagnosed smear positive tuberculosis patients with dysglycaemia and those with normoglycaemia. METHODS: The current study was a cross-sectional study involving one hundred and forty-six (146) newly diagnosed smear positive TB patients. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the results were categorized as either normoglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or diabetes. Neurocognitive functioning among study participants was assessed at the time of TB diagnosis using Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment tool (MoCA), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and the Spitzer Quality of Life Index (QLI). RESULTS: The mean age of the participants (n = 146) was 38.7 years with 78.8% being males and 21.2% females. Using the fasting blood glucose test, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes were 5.5 and 3.4% respectively, both representing a total of 13 out of the 146 participants; whilst the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes using 2-h post-glucose values were 28.8 and 11.6% respectively, both representing a total of 59 out of the 146 participants. There were no significant differences in the mean scores on the neurocognitive measures between the dysglaycaemia and normoglycamic groups using fasting plasma glucose (FPG). However, there were significant differences in the mean scores between the dysglycaemia and normal groups using 2-h postprandial (2HPP) glucose values on Phobic Anxiety (Normal, Mean = 0.38 ± 0.603; dysglycaemia, Mean = 0.23 ± 0.356; p = 0.045), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores (17.26 ± 5.981 vs. 15.04 ± 5.834, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Newly diagnosed smear positive patients with dysglycaemia were associated with significantly lower mean cognitive scores and scores on phobic anxiety than those with normoglyacaemia. The latter finding must be further explored.

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BACKGROUND: Patients affected by acute central nervous system (ACNS) infectionsmay present different complications, including neuropsychological disorders. Nevertheless, psychopathological impairment has been rarely measured by appropriate and validated tests. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survivors of childhood ACNS infections admitted to the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy, from June 2013 to June 2015 were re-evaluated at follow-up from June 2016 to June 2017. Both patients and their parents underwent a psychological interview and neuropsychological tests (the Leiter International Performance Scale - revised (Leiter-R), the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the K-SADS-PL test). RESULTS: Thirty children were included in the study. The mean score of IQ and fluid reasoning was within the normal range. A percentage of 20% of the children enrolled showed criteria for generalized anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed the importance of follow-up evaluations after ACNS infections, in order to prevent mayor psychological sequelae and to perform treatment or rehabilitation.

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Neuropsychological disorders are now growing rapidly worldwide among the people of diverse backgrounds irrespective of age, gender, and geographical region. Such disorders not only disturb the normal life and functionality of an individual but also impact the social relationships of the patient and the people associated with them, and if not treated in time, it may also result in mortality in severe conditions. Various antipsychotic drugs have been developed but their use is often limited by issues related to effective drug delivery at the site of action i.e. brain, mainly because of the blood-brain barrier. To resolve these issues, researchers and scientists have been working to develop a more effective drug delivery system where drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the brain in more effective concentrations. Drugs have been modified and formulated into nano-carriers and experimental studies for efficient and targeted delivery of drugs have been conducted. This review focuses on certain common neuropsychological diseases and their nanocarriers developed for drug delivery in the brain and are discussed with a brief description of various experimental in vitro and in vivo studies. This review also focuses on the intranasal route for the delivery of antipsychotic drugs and constraints faced due to the blood-brain barrier by the drugs.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression through posttranscriptional mechanisms via degradation or inhibition of specific mRNAs targets. In recent years, abundant studies have illustrated the relevance of miRNAs in human psychopathology. In this current review, neuropsychiatric disorders with moderate to high prevalence among children and adolescents such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyslexia, Epilepsy, Schizophrenia and Tourette Syndrome were discussed focusing on the functional consequence of altered miRNA expression during the development of such diseases. The insight about the roles that miRNAs play in central nervous systems development such as cell proliferation and differentiation, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and apoptosis might be the key to explicate novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of these disorders, as well as the finding of new targets for drug development for therapeutic approaches.

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AIM: The objective of the present review was to systematically characterize the types of cognitive impairment that are found in different non-brain types of cancer as measured by objective and validated tests, and also to further examine depression and cognitive function in cancer patients and explore their available rehabilitation treatments. RESULTS: A total of 29 articles were reviewed. Most of these studies suggest that chemotherapy as well as the combination of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy can influence cognition in different types of cancer patients. Breast cancer patients appear to be the most affected in neuropsychological function, specifically in terms of cognitive impairment and reduced quality of life, as compared to other non-brain solid tumours. Overall, the most impaired functions were verbal ability, memory, executive function, and motor speed. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy-related cognitive dysfunction remains under-recognized and undertreated. The various studies reported differing and non-homogenous findings with mixed results, obtained by self-reporting and web-assisted assessment, with other confounding factors such as age and depression during both cancer diagnosis and treatment. An objective neuropsychological assessment is fundamental to avoid underestimation of the extent of chemobrain. Self-reported and web-assisted assessment may ultimately result in confusion between the neuropsychological signs of chemobrain versus those of depression.

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