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ABSTRACT Objective: The current study aimed to translate the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) into Brazilian Portuguese and analyze the reliability of the translated version for a population of Brazilian infants. Methods: This was a methodological study, approved by the Ethics Committee, carried out between June 2020 and May 2021. HINE is a standardized clinical neurological examination used for the early detection of cerebral palsy. The quantitative section, "neurological examination", contains 26 items scored from 0 to 3 points, divided into five categories: cranial nerve function, posture, movements, muscle tone and reflexes, and reactions. The HINE translation followed four steps: translation, synthesis, back-translation, and evaluation by an expert committee. To verify the reliability of the HINE-Br (Portuguese-Brazil version) two independent examiners evaluated 43 infants, between 3 and 22 months of age. Internal consistency was verified by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient and interrater reliability by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The translated version was similar to the original version and a few semantic and idiomatic adjustments were necessary. Appropriate internal consistency (Alpha=0.91) was found for the 26 items of the HINE-Br, as well as strong interrater reliability for the total score (ICC2.1=0.95), and also for the five categories (ICC2.1=0.83-0.95). Conclusions: The HINE-Br presents adequate rates of internal consistency and interrater reliability, and can be used for the evaluation of children at risk for cerebral palsy, between 3 and 24 months of age, by pediatricians and pediatric physical therapists.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traduzir o Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) para o português brasileiro e analisar a confiabilidade da versão traduzida em lactentes brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo metodológico, aprovado por Comitê de Ética, realizado entre junho de 2020 e maio de 2021. O HINE é um exame clínico neurológico padronizado, utilizado para detecção precoce de paralisia cerebral. A seção quantitativa, "exame neurológico", contém 26 itens pontuados de 0 a 3, divididos em 5 categorias: função dos nervos cranianos; postura; movimentos; tônus muscular e reflexos; e reações. A tradução do HINE seguiu quatro etapas: tradução; síntese; retrotradução; e avaliação por um comitê de especialistas. Dois examinadores independentes avaliaram 43 lactentes, entre 3 e 22 meses, utilizando a versão HINE-Br (versão em português brasileiro), para verificar sua confiabilidade. A consistência interna foi verificada pelo coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach e a confiabilidade interexaminadores pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: A versão traduzida foi semelhante à versão original e poucos ajustes semânticos e idiomáticos foram necessários. Encontrou-se consistência interna adequada (Apha=0,91) para os 26 itens do HINE-Br, bem como forte confiabilidade interexaminadores para o escore total (CCI2,1=0,95) e também para as cinco categorias (CCI2,1=0,83-0,95). Conclusões: O HINE-Br apresenta índices adequados de consistência interna e confiabilidade interexaminadores, podendo ser utilizada para avaliação de crianças com risco de apresentar paralisia cerebral, entre 3 e 24 meses de idade, por pediatras e fisioterapeutas infantis.

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Abstract Background Percussion is an important part of the neurological examination and reflex hammers are necessary to obtain it properly. Objective We aimed to review the historical aspects of the main reflex hammers and to define the favorite one of Brazilian neurologists. Methods We searched original and review articles about historical aspects of the reflex hammers in Scielo and Pubmed and conducted an online survey to investigate the favorite reflex hammer of Brazilian neurologists. Results In the first part, we describe the major milestones in the creation of the reflex hammers. Following, we exhibit the results of the online survey: Babinski-Rabiner was the most voted. Conclusions The origins of the reflex hammers goes back long before their creation, from a basic clinical examination method: percussion. Since the description of deep tendon reflexes and the creation of percussion hammers, much has been improved in this technique. Among all the hammers surveyed, the Babinski-Rabiner was the chosen one by a significant portion of Brazilian neurologists.

Resumo Antecedentes A percussão é uma parte importante do exame neurológico e os martelos de reflexo são necessários para obtê-la adequadamente. Objetivo Nós visamos revisar os aspectos históricos dos principais martelos de reflexo neurológico e definir qual é o preferido dos neurologistas brasileiros. Métodos Procuramos artigos originais e artigos de revisão sobre os aspectos históricos dos martelos de reflexo na Scielo e no Pubmed, e conduzimos um questionário online para investigar qual é o preferido dos neurologistas brasileiros. Resultados Na primeira parte, descrevemos os principais marcos na criação dos martelos de reflexo. Na sequência, expomos os resultados do questionário online: Babinski-Rabiner foi o martelo mais votado. Conclusões A origem dos martelos de reflexos vem muito antes de sua criação, a partir de um método de exame clínico básico: a percussão. Desde a descrição dos reflexos tendinosos profundos e da criação de martelos de percussão, muito se aperfeiçoou sobre essa técnica. Dentre todos os martelos pesquisados, o de Babinski-Rabiner foi o escolhido por uma parcela significativa dos neurologistas brasileiros.

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Abstract Introduction Olfactory changes are quite common in the population, causing a significant impact on the quality of life. Documentation of the olfactory function is essential for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with inflammatory diseases of the upper airways, neurodegenerative diseases or viral infections. Among the different existing smell tests, the CCCRC is an inexpensive test, easy to apply, but it has not yet been evaluated on a large scale in the Brazilian population. Objective To validate the CCCRC smell test, after adaptation for the Brazilian population, evaluating the performance of healthy volunteers and the stability of the test in retests. Methods In this study, we carried out a cultural adaptation of the CCCRC test to Brazil. To validate and determine the normality scores, we applied the test to 334 healthy volunteers, aged >18 years of age. The retest was also carried out in up to four weeks on 34 additional volunteers to assess validity of the results. Results When evaluating the participants' performance, normosmia and mild hyposmia values were obtained in more than 95% of them. Women (58.4%) showed better accuracy than men (41.6%): p < 0.02, and individuals over 60 years of age showed worse performance (median: 6; 75th percentile: 6.5; 25th percentile). The test and retest of the 34 volunteers demonstrated that there was agreement (ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient) considered good in the left nostril (ICC = 0.65) and excellent in the right nostril (ICC = 0.77) in the combined score. Conclusion The CCCRC test adapted to Brazil showed normal values, similar to the originally-described test and validations in other countries, with a high reproducibility rate. Considering the highly favorable cost-benefit ratio, the adapted CCCRC is a very useful tool for measuring olfactory function in the Brazilian population.

Resumo Introdução Alterações olfativas são bastante comuns na população, causam significativo impacto na qualidade de vida. A documentação da função olfatória é fundamental para o diagnóstico, tratamento e seguimento de pacientes que cursam com doenças inflamatórias das vias aéreas superiores, neurodegenerativas ou infecções virais. Entre os diferentes testes de olfato existentes, o teste do Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) é barato, de fácil aplicação, mas que ainda não foi avaliado em grande escala para a população brasileira. Objetivo Validar o teste de olfato CCCRC com adaptação para a população brasileira, avaliar o desempenho de voluntários saudáveis e a estabilidade do teste em retestes. Método Neste estudo fizemos adaptação cultural do teste CCCRC para o Brasil. Para validação e determinação dos escores de normalidade, aplicamos o teste em 334 voluntários saudáveis, com mais de 18 anos. O reteste foi ainda feito em até quatro semanas em 34 voluntários adicionais para avaliar concordância dos resultados. Resultados Avaliando o desempenho dos participantes, valores de normosmia e hiposmia leve foram obtidos em mais de 95% deles. Mulheres (58,4%) apresentaram melhor acurácia em relação aos homens (41,6%), p< 0,02; e indivíduos acima dos 60 anos apresentaram pior desempenho (mediana: 6; percentil 75: 6,5; percentil 25: 5). O teste e reteste dos 34 voluntários demonstrou que houve concordância (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, CCI) considerada boa em narina esquerda (CCI = 0,65) e excelente em narina direita (CCI = 0,77) no escore combinado. Conclusão O teste CCCRC adaptado para o Brasil apresentou valores de normalidade semelhantes ao teste originalmente descrito e a validações em outros países, com alta taxa de reprodutibilidade. Considerando a relação custo-benefício altamente favorável, o CCCRC adaptado é uma ferramenta muito útil para mensuração da função olfatória na população brasileira.

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INTRODUCTION: Olfactory changes are quite common in the population, causing a significant impact on the quality of life. Documentation of the olfactory function is essential for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with inflammatory diseases of the upper airways, neurodegenerative diseases or viral infections. Among the different existing smell tests, the CCCRC is an inexpensive test, easy to apply, but it has not yet been evaluated on a large scale in the Brazilian population. OBJECTIVE: To validate the CCCRC smell test, after adaptation for the Brazilian population, evaluating the performance of healthy volunteers and the stability of the test in retests. METHODS: In this study, we carried out a cultural adaptation of the CCCRC test to Brazil. To validate and determine the normality scores, we applied the test to 334 healthy volunteers, aged >18 years of age. The retest was also carried out in up to four weeks on 34 additional volunteers to assess validity of the results. RESULTS: When evaluating the participants' performance, normosmia and mild hyposmia values were obtained in more than 95% of them. Women (58.4%) showed better accuracy than men (41.6%): p<0.02, and individuals over 60 years of age showed worse performance (median: 6; 75th percentile: 6.5; 25th percentile). The test and retest of the 34 volunteers demonstrated that there was agreement (ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient) considered good in the left nostril (ICC=0.65) and excellent in the right nostril (ICC=0.77) in the combined score. CONCLUSION: The CCCRC test adapted to Brazil showed normal values, similar to the originally-described test and validations in other countries, with a high reproducibility rate. Considering the highly favorable cost-benefit ratio, the adapted CCCRC is a very useful tool for measuring olfactory function in the Brazilian population.

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BACKGROUND: Neonatal sepsis is an important risk factor for lesions in the brain of preterm newborns (PTNB) and the most effective strategies to minimize its deleterious effects are early detection and intervention. AIM: To investigate the presence of neurological abnormalities in PTNBs after neonatal sepsis. METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study with 100 PTNBs selected at random, 50 of the study group (sepsis) and 50 of the control group (non-sepsis). The neurological evaluation protocol adopted was the Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE). RESULTS: The PTNBs of the sepsis group had total HNNE scores lower than expected for normality in 86% of the cases, and the non-sepsis group in 26% (p < .001). Higher prevalence levels of altered scores in tone category (p < .001), tone patterns (p = .026), reflexes (p = .002), movements (p < .001), abnormal signs (p < .001) and behavior (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The neurological dysfunctions after neonatal sepsis could be identified by clinical neonatal neurological evaluation.

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Neurological examination is still one of the most important semiological aspects in the daily assessment of the critically ill patient, especially in those with acute neurological injury. Within the neurological examination, the pupillary examination, including size, symmetry, and reactivity to light stimulus, is one of the most fundamental aspects and with the greatest weight when it comes to predict the neurological outcome[]. Conventional pupillary assessment is based on a qualitative, subjective, explorer- dependent method, with great inter-explorer variability and therefore, subject to errors during its performance and interpretation[]. In the modern era, the incorporation of new technologies in the field of critically ill patients has made us focus more on a personalized and more precise medicine, leaving behind the traditional examination practices to be replaced by diagnostic tools that facilitate work and overcome the human factor of the equation, thanks to the quantitative optical pupillometry (POC) by infrared.

La exploración neurológica sigue siendo uno de los aspectos semiológicos más importantes en la evaluación rutinaria del enfermo crítico, sobre todo en pacientes con patología aguda neurológica. Dentro de la exploración neurológica, el examen pupilar, incluyendo el tamaño, simetría y la reactividad pupilar a la luz, es uno de los aspectos más fundamentales y con mayor peso a la hora de predecir trastornos neurológicos agudos, e incluso para predecir el pronóstico neurológico[]. La exploración pupilar convencional se basa en un método cualitativo, subjetivo, explorador dependiente, con gran variabilidad interexplorador y, por lo tanto, sujeto a errores durante su realización e interpretación[]. En la era moderna, la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías en el ámbito del paciente crítico, han hecho que nos enfoquemos más en una medicina personalizada y más precisa, dejando relegadas las prácticas de exploración tradicionales para ser sustituidas por herramientas diagnósticas que facilitan el trabajo y eliminan el factor humano de la ecuación, entre estas se encuentra la pupilometría óptica cuantitativa (POC) por infrarrojos.

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BACKGROUND: Motor coordination, the ability to produce context-dependent organized movements in spatial and temporal domains, is impaired after neurological injuries. Outcome measures assessing coordination mostly quantify endpoint performance variables (ie, temporal qualities of whole arm movement) but not movement quality (ie, trunk and arm joint displacements). OBJECTIVE: To develop an outcome measure to assess coordination of multiple body segments at both endpoint trajectory and movement quality levels, based on observational kinematics, in adults with neurological injuries. METHODS: A 3-phase study was used to develop the Comprehensive Coordination Scale (CCS): instrument development, Delphi process, and focus group meeting. The CCS was constructed from common tests used in clinical practice and research. Rating scales for different behavioral elements were developed to guide analysis. For content validation, 8 experts (ie, neurological clinicians/researchers) answered questionnaires about relevance, comprehension, and feasibility of each test and rating scale. A focus group conducted with 6 of 8 experts obtained consensus on rating scale and instruction wording, and identified gaps. Three additional experts reviewed the revised CCS content to obtain a final version. RESULTS: Experts identified a gap regarding assessment of hand/finger coordination. The CCS final version is composed of 6 complementary tests of coordination: finger-to-nose, arm-trunk, finger, lower extremity, and 2- and 4-limb interlimb coordination. Constructs include spatial and temporal variables totaling 69 points. Higher scores indicate better performance. CONCLUSIONS: The CCS may be an important, understandable and feasible outcome measure to assess spatial and temporal coordination. CCS measurement properties are presented in the companion article.

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O registro das ações, observações e avaliações realizadas pela equipe de enfermagem é um meio para gerenciar a assistência, avaliar a qualidade do atendimento e garantir a continuidade do cuidado. O enfermeiro ao realizar o exame neurológico em usuários no pós-operatório de cirurgias intracranianas e o adequado registro, possibilitará a identificação de possíveis alterações que coloquem em risco a vida do usuário após o procedimento. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve como objetivo analisar a qualidade dos registros dos enfermeiros de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva especializada quanto à avaliação neurológica de usuários em pós-operatório de cirurgia intracraniana. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo, realizado no período de junho a julho de 2019, com analise descritiva. Foram identificadas 134 admissões na unidade de terapia intensiva neurológica, totalizando 536 registros de enfermeiros. Houve predomínio dos registros quanto avaliação do nível de consciência e pupilar (92,5%), em 3,9% possuíam exclusivamente a avaliação pupilar, 2,7% somente o nível de consciência, e em 0,7% ausência de registros. Quanto a completude, 90,7% das avaliações do nível de consciência foram completas e, 84,3% da avaliação pupilar estavam completas. Identificou-se que os registros dos enfermeiros da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva em que se desenvolveu o estudo foram classificados como ótimos, a partir dos parâmetros de qualidade previamente definidos.

Recording the actions, observations, and evaluations carried out by the nursing team is a means to manage care, assess the quality of care, and ensure continuity of care. When a nurse performs a neurological examination on patients in the postoperative period of intracranial surgeries and provides proper records, it is possible to identify potential changes that put the patient's life at risk after the procedure. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the quality of records of nurses regarding the neurological assessment of patients in the postoperative period of intracranial surgery within a specialized Intensive Care Unit. This was a retrospective, quantitative study, carried out from June to July 2019, with a descriptive analysis. A total of 134 admissions to the neurological intensive care unit were identified, totaling 536 nurse records. There was a predominance of records concerning the assessment of the level of consciousness and pupils (92.5%), in 3.9% they had only the pupillary exam, 2.7% only recorded the level of consciousness, and in 0.7% there were no records. As for comprehensiveness, 90.7% of the assessments of the level of consciousness were complete and 84.3% of the pupillary exam were complete. It was identified that the records of nurses in the Intensive Care Unit where the study was developed were classified as excellent, based on previously defined quality parameters.

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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), caused by a CAG expansion (CAGexp) at ATXN2, has a complex clinical picture. While validated ataxia scales are available, comprehensive instruments to measure all SCA2 neurological manifestations are required. This study aims to validate the Neurological Examination Score for the assessment of Spinocerebellar Ataxias (NESSCA) to be used in SCA2 and to compare its responsiveness to those obtained with other instruments. NESSCA, SARA, SCAFI, and CCFS scales were applied in symptomatic SCA2 patients. Correlations were done with age at onset, disease duration, CAGexp, and between scales. Responsiveness was estimated by comparing deltas of stable to worse patients after 12 months, according to Patient Global Impression of change, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve of scores range. Eighty-eight evaluations (49 patients) were obtained. NESSCA had an even distribution and correlated with disease duration (r = 0.55), SARA (r = 0.63), and CAGexp (rho = 0.32): both explained 44% of NESSCA variance. Deltas (95% CI) after 1 year in stable and worse patients were only significantly different for SARA. NESSCA, SARA, SCAFI, and CCFS AUC were 0.63, 0.81, 0.49, and 0.48, respectively. NESSCA is valid to be used in SCA2. However, the only instrument that presented good responsiveness to change in 1 year was SARA. We suggest that NESSCA can be used as a secondary outcome in future trials in SCA2 due to the burden of neurological disabilities related to disease progression.

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The study assessed the neurodevelopment of children with isolated Robin sequence (IRS) and evaluated if children treated exclusively with nasopharyngeal intubation (NPI) present delay in neurological development. The prospective and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, Brazil. Children with IRS were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment in early infancy: 38 were treated with NPI (more severe cases) and 24 with postural treatment (less severe cases). Regarding interventions, children were assessed at 2 to 6 years of age using the Denver II Developmental Screening Test (Denver II) and Neurological Evolutionary Examination (NEE). According to Denver II, 73.7% in the NPI group and 79.2% in the postural group presented normal development. This result was similar to the results of different studies in the literature with typical population. Considering all areas of development, there were no significant differences in Denver II between the NPI and postural groups (P = .854). In the NPI group, 89.5% of children and 87.5% in the postural group presented normal development in NEE. Language was the most affected area, as 18.4% and 20.8% of children in NPI and postural group, respectively, presented risk for delay in the Denver II. The increased risk for delay in language area was probably due to anatomical conditions of the muscles involved in speech, and to hearing oscillations, as 47.4% in NPI group and 58.3% in postural group underwent myringotomy. IRS treated with NPI had neurological development similar to those in less severe cases. Children treated exclusively with NPI did not present delay in neurological development.

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AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the discriminative ability of the Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB), applied at 3, 6 and 9 months of corrected age (CA), on neurological outcomes at 1 year of CA. METHOD: An observational analytic study was conducted on a cohort of 5857 infants, followed up to 1 year of CA in a Kangaroo Mother Care programme from 1993 to 2010 in Bogotá, Colombia. Infants were included if they had two complete INFANIB results at 3 or 6 or 9 months of CA and at 12 months of CA, including the Griffiths Scale. The outcome was defined as the presence of a neurological abnormality, as evidenced by the results of both the INFANIB and Griffiths Scale. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the INFANIB at 3 months was 62.2%, and specificity was 76.1%, with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area of 0.69. At 6 months, the results were 77.5% for sensitivity and 74.4% for specificity (ROC 0.76), and at 9 months, they were 77.2% for sensitivity and 91.1% for specificity (ROC 0.84). CONCLUSION: The INFANIB was an appropriate neurological screening test with regard to determining which Colombian infants would benefit from a timely intervention for neuromotor disorders.

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Introducción: los trastornos neurológicos son una de las patologías más frecuentes en la edad pediátrica. Para su estudio es muy útil el registro de la actividad eléctrica cerebral a través del electroencefalograma. En los niños pequeños, se hace necesaria la sedación para obtener un registro de sueño, habitualmente realizada, a pesar de sus inconvenientes, con tratamiento medicamentoso. Objetivo: valorar el efecto sedante para la realización de electroencefalograma en niños de la passiflora homeopática a la 6CH, comparándola con el hidrato de cloral y la difenhidramina en jarabe. Material y método: se realizó una investigación experimental con los 100 niños de ambos sexos entre uno y cuatro años que acudieron al departamento de Neurofisiología del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial Docente "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río durante el 2014, para someterse a electroencefalograma bajo sedación. Se realizó un muestreo sistemático aleatorizado para asignar y conformar dos grupos de tratamiento (convencional y homeopático) con 50 pacientes cada uno, que se compararon según la efectividad de la sedación y su duración. Resultados: la sedación con passiflora a la 6CH fue tan efectiva como la que se obtuvo con el tratamiento convencional con hidrato de cloral y difenhidramina jarabe, lográndose en todos los niños y manteniéndose durante todo el registro electroencefalográfico, sin la aparición de reacciones adversas. Conclusiones: la passiflora homeopática es una alternativa terapéutica efectiva e inocua para la sedación de niños pequeños, en los que se realiza electroencefalograma para diagnóstico de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central.

Introduction: neurological disorders are one of the most common diseases in pediatric ages. To study these disorders, the recording of brain electrical activity through electroencephalogram is very useful. Sedation is necessary in young children to obtain a record of sleep, usually performed, despite its drawbacks with drug treatment. Objective: to assess the sedative effect of homeopathic passionflower at 6CH to conduct EEG in children compared with chloral hydrate and diphenhydramine syrup. Material and method: an experimental study was conducted with 100 children of both sexes between one and four years old attending the Provincial Department of Neurophysiology at "Pepe Portilla" Pediatric Hospital, Pinar del Rio 2014, to undergo EEG under sedation. A randomized systematic sampling was performed to assign and form two groups of treatment (conventional and homeopathic) with 50 patients each, which was compared by the effectiveness of sedation and its duration. Results: sedation with the 6CH passionflower was as effective as than the one obtained with conventional treatment using chloral hydrate and diphenhydramine syrup, achieving and maintaining all children sedated without the occurrence of adverse reactions, throughout the electroencephalogram. Conclusions: passionflower is an effective and safe homeopathic medication to sedate young children; it is a therapeutic alternative to perform EEG to diagnose central nervous system diseases.

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Gait analysis represents an important semiotic tool for the characterization of orthopedic, neuromuscular and neurological disorders in clinical practice. The pathological gait is the common final pathway of manifestations of neurological diseases (parkinsonian syndromes, cerebellar and sensory ataxia, spastic paraparesis and neuromuscular disease), rheumatologic disorders (arthritis in cases of collagen-related disorders and vasculitis) and orthopedic disturbances (joint and ligament degenerative lesions), allowing the understanding of its modified elements the proper comprehension of pathogenesis and topography of neuro-orthopedic injuries. This review article aims to summarize the main evaluation methods for the characterization of gait in experimental animal models.

A análise da marcha representa importante ferramenta semiológica para a caracterização de alterações ortopédicas, neuromusculares e neurológicas na prática médica. A marcha patológica representa via final comum de manifestações de doenças neurológicas (síndromes parkinsonianas, ataxias cerebelares e sensitivas, paraparesias espásticas e doenças neuromusculares), reumatológicas (artrites nas colagenoses e vasculites) e ortopédicas (lesões degenerativas articulares e ligamentares), podendo a compreensão de seus elementos modificados fornecer dados fundamentais para o entendimento da fisiopatogenia e da topografia de lesões neuro-ortopédicas. Este artigo de revisão objetiva resumir os principais métodos de avaliação para a caracterização da marcha em modelos experimentais animais.

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Gait analysis represents an important semiotic tool for the characterization of orthopedic, neuromuscular and neurological disorders in clinical practice. The pathological gait is the common final pathway of manifestations of neurological diseases (parkinsonian syndromes, cerebellar and sensory ataxia, spastic paraparesis and neuromuscular disease), rheumatologic disorders (arthritis in cases of collagen-related disorders and vasculitis) and orthopedic disturbances (joint and ligament degenerative lesions), allowing the understanding of its modified elements the proper comprehension of pathogenesis and topography of neuro-orthopedic injuries. This review article aims to summarize the main evaluation methods for the characterization of gait in experimental animal models.(AU)

A análise da marcha representa importante ferramenta semiológica para a caracterização de alterações ortopédicas, neuromusculares e neurológicas na prática médica. A marcha patológica representa via final comum de manifestações de doenças neurológicas (síndromes parkinsonianas, ataxias cerebelares e sensitivas, paraparesias espásticas e doenças neuromusculares), reumatológicas (artrites nas colagenoses e vasculites) e ortopédicas (lesões degenerativas articulares e ligamentares), podendo a compreensão de seus elementos modificados fornecer dados fundamentais para o entendimento da fisiopatogenia e da topografia de lesões neuro-ortopédicas. Este artigo de revisão objetiva resumir os principais métodos de avaliação para a caracterização da marcha em modelos experimentais animais.(AU)

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Bizarre, purposeless movements and inconsistent findings are typical of conversive gaits. The objective of the present paper is to review some phenomenological aspects of twenty-five consecutive conversive gait disorder patients. Some variants are typical – knees give way-and-recover presentation, monoparetic, tremulous, and slow motion – allowing clinical diagnosis with high precision.

Movimentos bizarros, sem finalidade e inconsistentes são típicos das marchas conversivas. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os aspectos fenomenológicos de vinte e cinco pacientes com distúrbio conversivo da marcha, salientando que algumas variantes são tão típicas – dobrando os joelhos e recuperando, monoparética, trêmula e em câmara lenta – que praticamente não possuem diagnóstico diferencial.

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A propedêutica tradicional aplicada à Neurologia Clínica representa o principal instrumento diagnóstico quando executada de forma adequada e associada ao histórico clínico detalhado dos pacientes. No estudo das doenças neurológicas humanas é bastante difícil, contudo, traduzir sinais neurológicos clássicos observados do exame físico neurológico humano em modelos animais apropriados. São bastante desconhecidas e ainda pouco aplicadas na prática da experimentação as técnicas adequadas do exame físico neurológico, em especial do camundongo. O objetivo desta revisão é resumir de forma clara e concisa as principais manobras semiológicas diretas e indiretas para estudo dos diferentes domínios neurológicos.

The traditionally propaedeutics applied to Clinical Neurology is the main diagnostic tool when done properly and combined with detailed clinical history of patients. In the study of human neurological diseases, it is quite difficult, however, to translate classical neurological signs observed in human neurological examination in appropriate animal models. The proper techniques of neurological examination are widely unknown and poorly applied in practice, especially to the mouse. The aim of this review is to summarize clearly and concisely the main direct and indirect semiotic maneuvers to study different neurological fields.

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A propedêutica tradicional aplicada à Neurologia Clínica representa o principal instrumento diagnóstico quando executada de forma adequada e associada ao histórico clínico detalhado dos pacientes. No estudo das doenças neurológicas humanas é bastante difícil, contudo, traduzir sinais neurológicos clássicos observados do exame físico neurológico humano em modelos animais apropriados. São bastante desconhecidas e ainda pouco aplicadas na prática da experimentação as técnicas adequadas do exame físico neurológico, em especial do camundongo. O objetivo desta revisão é resumir de forma clara e concisa as principais manobras semiológicas diretas e indiretas para estudo dos diferentes domínios neurológicos. (AU)

The traditionally propaedeutics applied to Clinical Neurology is the main diagnostic tool when done properly and combined with detailed clinical history of patients. In the study of human neurological diseases, it is quite difficult, however, to translate classical neurological signs observed in human neurological examination in appropriate animal models. The proper techniques of neurological examination are widely unknown and poorly applied in practice, especially to the mouse. The aim of this review is to summarize clearly and concisely the main direct and indirect semiotic maneuvers to study different neurological fields. (AU)

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Introducción: el paciente con trastornos mentales, alteraciones de la conciencia y la conducta es frecuente en la práctica clínica y no necesariamente por enfermedad psiquiátrica. Objetivo: enfatizar en el razonamiento clínico, fundamental en la aplicación del Método Clínico o Proceso diagnóstico en la Práctica Clínica. Material y Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema a través de la consulta de bases de datos de publicaciones biomédicas (PubMed, Hinari, SeCimed, Scielo, EBSCO, Google, LIS Cuba), para acceder a artículos fundamentalmente de los últimos 5 años. Desarrollo: se revisaron conceptos básicos, causas, manifestaciones clínicas y mecanismos relacionados, conducta y una revisión sobre algunas drogas como problemática actual incluida en el tema. Como resultado servirá de orientación en la interpretación y la adopción de decisiones clínicas del tema abordado en la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: el enfrentamiento requiere una correcta aplicación del Método Clínico y un nivel adecuado de competencia y desempeño profesional, no solo en el internista, sino en todos los profesionales vinculados a la práctica clínica(AU)

Introduction: the patient with mental upsets, alterations of the conscience and of the conduct is frequent in practice clinical and not necessarily for psiquiatrical illness. Objective: the objective of the present work is to emphasize in the clinical, fundamental reasoning in the application of the clinical method or prosecute in practice clinical diagnosis. Material and Methods: it carried out to him a bibliographical revision on the topic through the consultation of biomedical bases of data of publications (PubMed, Hinari, SeCimed, Scielo, EBSCO, Google, LIS Cuba), to accede to articles fundamentally of the the last ones 5 years. Development: were revised basic concepts, cause, clinical manifestations and related mechanisms, conduct and a revision on some drugs as problematic current included in the topic. As a result it will serve as orientation in the performance and takes it of clinical decisions of the topic put into port in practice clinical. Conclusions: confront to the treaty topic requires of a correct application of the clinical method and an appropriate competitive level and play professional, not single in the internist, but in all related professionals to the attention related to the clinical practice in urgency and ambulatory(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Introducción: el paciente con trastornos mentales, alteraciones de la conciencia y la conducta es frecuente en la práctica clínica y no necesariamente por enfermedad psiquiátrica. Objetivo: enfatizar en el razonamiento clínico, fundamental en la aplicación del Método Clínico o Proceso diagnóstico en la Práctica Clínica. Material y Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema a través de la consulta de bases de datos de publicaciones biomédicas (PubMed, Hinari, SeCimed, Scielo, EBSCO, Google, LIS Cuba), para acceder a artículos fundamentalmente de los últimos 5 años. Desarrollo: se revisaron conceptos básicos, causas, manifestaciones clínicas y mecanismos relacionados, conducta y una revisión sobre algunas drogas como problemática actual incluida en el tema. Como resultado servirá de orientación en la interpretación y la adopción de decisiones clínicas del tema abordado en la práctica clínica. Conclusiones: el enfrentamiento requiere una correcta aplicación del Método Clínico y un nivel adecuado de competencia y desempeño profesional, no solo en el internista, sino en todos los profesionales vinculados a la práctica clínica.

Introduction: the patient with mental upsets, alterations of the conscience and of the conduct is frequent in practice clinical and not necessarily for psiquiatrical illness. Objective: the objective of the present work is to emphasize in the clinical, fundamental reasoning in the application of the clinical method or prosecute in practice clinical diagnosis. Material and Methods: it carried out to him a bibliographical revision on the topic through the consultation of biomedical bases of data of publications (PubMed, Hinari, SeCimed, Scielo, EBSCO, Google, LIS Cuba), to accede to articles fundamentally of the the last ones 5 years. Development: were revised basic concepts, cause, clinical manifestations and related mechanisms, conduct and a revision on some drugs as problematic current included in the topic. As a result it will serve as orientation in the performance and takes it of clinical decisions of the topic put into port in practice clinical. Conclusions: confront to the treaty topic requires of a correct application of the clinical method and an appropriate competitive level and play professional, not single in the internist, but in all related professionals to the attention related to the clinical practice in urgency and ambulatory.