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Objective:To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of membranous nephropathy complicated with Nocardia infection, and to improve the understanding of Nocardia infection.Methods:The clinical data of a patient with membranous nephropathy complicated by Nocardia infection who were hospitalized in the department of respiratory medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were retrospectively analyzed. Using " Nocardiosis" and " membranous nephropathy" on China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) and Wanfang databases, and using " Nocardiosis" and " menbranous nephropathy" as keywords to search the pubmed database to summarize the clinical characteristics and diagnosis and treatment points of patients with membranous nephropathy complicated by Nocardia infection.Results:This patient is a 47-year-old middle-aged male. He was admitted to the respiratory medicine department in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University due to " coughing and expectoration of sputum for 2 months, and a mass in the left lower extremity was found for 20 days" . Lung computed tomography (CT) showed that multiple nodules and changes in pleural effusion were seen in the right pleura. The sputum smear showed Gram-positive bacilli, and the smear of the mass puncture fluid of the left lower extremity showed Gram-positive bacilli (branched). After treatment with compound sulfamethoxazole, meropenem and levofloxacin successively, the phlegm was obviously improved, and the mass in the left lower extremity was basically absorbed. After 2 months of follow-up, the pleural effusion and the mass in the left lower extremity were completely absorbed. A total of 4 literatures were collected in the literature search, including 6 cases of this case, including 3 cases (50%) of Nocardia anthracis, 1 case (16.7%) of Nocardia otitis in guinea pigs, and 1 case of Nocardia stellariformis (16.7%). 1 case (16.7%) was not classified.Conclusions:Although Nocardia anthracis is rare in patients with membranous nephropathy, it can easily cause systemic disseminated infection. Therefore, in immunocompromised patients, attention should be paid to the occurrence of Nocardia infection. Co-sulfamethoxazole should be used empirically before Nocardia infection is confirmed. For sulfonamide-resistant strains, linezolid and other drugs can be used for anti-infective treatment.

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Protein homeostasis strongly depends on the targeted and selective removal of unneeded or flawed proteins, of protein aggregates, and of damaged or excess organelles by the two main intracellular degradative systems, namely the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS) and the autophagosomal lysosomal system. Despite representing completely distinct mechanisms of degradation, which underlie differing regulatory mechanisms, growing evidence suggests that the UPS and autophagy strongly interact especially in situations of overwhelming and impairment, and that both are involved in podocyte proteostasis and in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury. The differential impact of autophagy and the UPS on podocyte biology and on podocyte disease development and progression is not understood. Recent advances in understanding the role of the UPS and autophagy in podocyte biology are reviewed here.

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Urinary podocalyxin and nephrin are urine markers of podocyte dysfunction that may reflect the integrity of kidney's filtration barrier. Studies on their respective roles in glomerular diseases are still underway. However, the isolated and unsystematic manner in which they are being studied does not permit proper identification of their roles in each glomerular disease. As such, there is little or no appreciation of what research has already achieved and what remains to be achieved as the research direction is not clearly defined. We explored the recent studies and outlined the major findings regarding the value of both biomarkers in each of the three glomerular disease entities. Our review covered diabetic nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy.

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Objective To investigate the clinico-pathological features of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN ) and the expression of phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R ) in elderly patients. Methods A total of 109 elderly patients with IMN confirmed by renal biopsy at Wuxi People's Hospital from July 2008 to February 2015 were included.Data were retrospectively collected. Results (1)Participating patients with IMN had a mean age of (67.3 ± 5.4)years ,and 67.9% of them had hypertension and 65.1% had nephrotic syndrome.Compared with non-elderly patients ,elderly patients had a higher proportion with hypertension (67.9% vs.25.2%)(P＝0.000) ,higher systolic pressure[(143.1 ± 15.2)mmHg vs. (127.3 ± 13.3)mmHg](P＝ 0.000) ,higher diastolic pressure [(88.4 ± 10.0)mmHg vs. (80.2 ± 8.4)mmHg](P＝ 0.000) ,more severe tubulointerstitial lesions [(3.1±1.9)points vs.(2.0±1.9)points](P＝0.000),and lower eGFR[(70.9±22.9)ml·min－1· 1.73 m －2vs. (90.6 ± 27.1 ) ml·min－1·1.73 m －2] ( P ＝ 0.000 ). (2 ) There were more severe tubulointerstitial lesions[(4.7 ± 1.8)points vs. (2.4 ± 1.7)points ,2.9 ± 1.6 points](P ＝ 0.000 , 0.000)and lower eGFR[(50.4 ± 17.4)ml·min－1·1.73 m －2vs. (80.3 ± 19.7)ml·min－1·1.73 m －2, (72.3 ± 21.4)ml·min－1·1.73 m －2](P＝0.000 ,0.000)in elderly patients of pathological stage Ⅱ, compared with patients of pathological stages Ⅰ and Ⅰ-Ⅱ. (3)The rate of positive PLA2R was 82.4%.Patients with positive PLA2R had higher proteinuria[(4.5 ± 2.3)g vs. (2.9 ± 1.1)g](P＝0.042) ,lower eGFR[(66.8 ± 21.8)ml·min－1·1.73 m －2vs. (97.7 ± 16.0)ml·min－1·1.73 m －2](P＝0.000) ,and more severe tubulointerstitial lesions [(3.1 ± 2.0)points vs. (1.7 ± 1.1)points](P＝0.037)than patients with negative PLA2R. (4)Multiple regression analysis showed that PLA2R positive rate(P＝0.008) ,tubulointerstitial lesion(P＝0.000) ,and level of cholesterol(P＝0.025)were negatively correlated with eGFR (R2＝0.572). Conclusions Compared with non-elderly patients , elderly patients with IMN have poorer prognosis as a result of higher blood pressure and more severe tubulointerstitial lesions.Elderly patients with IMN of advanced pathological stages and positive PLA2R have more severe kidney injury and tubulointerstitial lesions ,resulting in poor prognosis.

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Objective To discuss the relationship between serum anti-Phosphalipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies and glomerular IgG4 subclass in patients with membranous nephropathy and evaluate the diagnostic value of the two markers.Methods Patients diagnosed as membranous nephropathy from October 2011 to April 2014 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were included and divided into IMN and SMN groups accoding to their clinical diagnosis.Serum anti-PLA2R antibodies and glomerular IgG subclasses were both detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay.Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of anti-PLA2R antibodies and glomerular IgG4.Results Prevalence of serum anti-PLA2R antibodies of IMN patients was 69.5％ (41/59); prevalence of MLN patients was 4.8％ (1/21).Within the IMN group,thirty-five patients showed positive results of both serum anti-PLA2R antibodies and glomerular IgG4; Six patients were positive for serum anti-PLA2R antibodies but negative for glomerular IgG4; Seventeen patients were positive for glomerular IgG4 but negative for serum anti-PLA2R antibodies; one patient was negative for both tests.The sensitivity of serum anti-PLA2R antibody was 69.5％ and the specificity was 95.2％; the sensitivity of glomerular IgG4 was 89.8％ and the specificity was 52.3％.The sensitivity of the combined marker consisting of serum anti-PLA2R antibody and glomerular IgG4 was 59.3％ and the specificity was 100％.Four out of the six patients secondary to HBV infection,one out of the three patients secondary to Sj(o)gren syndrome,one out of the three patients secondary to malignant tumor showed positive results of serum anti-PLA2R antibodies.Conclusions Serum antiPLA2R antibodies were of high prevalence among IMN patients; the prevalence among SMN patients varied with etiologies.Results of serum anti-PLA2R antibodies and glomerular IgG4 were helpful to rule out secondary etiologies in the diagnosis of membrnous nephropathy.