RESUMEN
Previous research has shown that depression is associated with adverse recovery outcomes following work-related musculoskeletal injury. Treatment outcome expectancies have also been shown to predict recovery trajectories following musculoskeletal injury. The present study examined the role of positive and negative treatment outcome expectancies as mediators of the relation between depressive symptoms and treatment outcome for individuals receiving physical therapy for a musculoskeletal injury. The study sample consisted of 153 individuals who had sustained a work-related musculoskeletal injury to the back or neck within 6 months of enrolment. Participants completed self-report measures of depressive symptom severity, pain severity, and treatment outcome expectancies prior to treatment; pain severity was assessed again after 4 weeks of treatment. The results of this study were consistent with previous research showing significant relations between depressive symptom severity, pain severity and treatment outcome expectancies. Bootstrapping mediation analyses separately assessed the mediating roles of positive and negative treatment outcome expectancies on the relation between depressive symptoms and pain severity. Findings revealed that positive treatment outcome expectancies mediated the relation between depressive symptoms and pain severity, whereas negative treatment outcome expectancies did not. Discussion addresses potential pathways through which positive treatment outcome expectancies might influence pain outcomes. The findings suggest that intervention techniques aimed at increasing positive treatment outcome expectancies, rather than decreasing negative treatment outcome expectancies, might contribute to better recovery outcomes for individuals experiencing pain and depressive symptoms following a work-related musculoskeletal injury.
Asunto(s)
Depresión , Dolor , Humanos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Autoinforme , Dimensión del DolorRESUMEN
College students' alcohol consumption remains a significant concern for colleges and universities. However, most research overwhelmingly utilizes White samples from predominantly White universities, limiting knowledge of African American students' drinking behaviors on historically Black campuses. This study examined alcohol usage among African American college students by investigating relationships between alcohol consumption and positive and negative expectancies as well as self-efficacy. A convenience sample of 282 students was used. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) measured alcohol consumption and identified individuals whose consumption created hazardous drinking patterns. Alcohol expectancy was measured by the Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEQ), and the Spheres of Control Scale measured self-efficacy. Students in this sample tended to believe that alcohol consumption was linked with more negative than positive alcohol expectancy beliefs. Alcohol expectancies, specifically positive expectancies, appeared to play a significant role in predicting alcohol consumption. There was also a positive relationship between positive expectancies and alcohol consumption. Despite these results, our regression model was only able to account for about 20% of the variance (r2 = 0.187). These findings are important in developing prevention and intervention programs to address the pervasive and critical social ills and reduce alcohol consumption among African American college students.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: While prior research has shown that age of first intoxication (AI) is associated with negative alcohol outcomes, limited research has examined factors accounting for this relationship. Alcohol expectancies, or beliefs about the effects of alcohol, may explain such associations as both positive and negative expectancies have been shown to be key predictors of drinking outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined expectancies as mediators between early AI and alcohol-related outcomes. METHOD: Data collection occurred in 2012 and 2013. Participants were college students (N = 562, 65.8% women) who completed an online survey including measures of alcohol use history, alcohol expectancies, typical alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. RESULTS: Our findings support a model whereby AI is associated with drinking through its influence on both positive and negative expectancies. Specifically, an earlier AI was associated with stronger alcohol expectancies, which in turn, was associated with heavier alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: These findings are consistent with expectancy theory and previous research suggesting that more experienced drinkers hold stronger drinking-related beliefs, be it positive or negative, and these expectancies ultimately explain variability in alcohol use and problems. Our findings further support that expectancies play an important role in the initiation of drinking behavior.