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OBJECTIVE: Limited research has directly compared the effectiveness of aqua- and land-based exercises for postexercise recovery. This study aimed to fill this gap by comparing the effects of these 2 types of exercises on postexercise recovery. METHODS: Sixteen male college athletes participated in an 8-day experimental study. The initial 2 days were dedicated to determining the intensity levels for the muscle-damaging exercise and recovery jogging. In a crossover design, participants underwent 2 sets of experimental trials. They were randomly assigned to either an aqua or land recovery intervention for days 3 to 5, and after a 1-week washout period they switched to the opposite intervention for days 6 to 8. Muscle soreness, creatine kinase, anaerobic performance, countermovement-jump height, and flexibility were assessed at different time points: baseline, immediately after downhill running, within 1 hour after jogging, and 24 hours and 48 hours after aqua or land jogging. RESULTS: Significant group × time interaction effects were detected in the perceived soreness of the hamstring and quadriceps. However, the post hoc analysis showed no significant difference between aqua and land jogging groups. No significant group × time interaction effect was observed in creatine kinase, anaerobic performance, countermovement-jump height, or flexibility. CONCLUSION: Aqua and land jogging have similar recovery effects on muscle soreness and performance-based parameters.

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Background: Beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation has been shown to increase sports performance under hypoxic conditions and to improve athletes' recovery. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of acute BRJ supplementation on slalom (SL) run performance and muscle soreness (MS) in Alpine skiers at moderate to high altitudes. Methods: Ten male Alpine skiers received 220 mL of BRJ (8.9 mmol/L nitrate) or placebo (PLA) in 2 sessions with a 7-d wash out interval in a randomized, crossover, PLA-controlled, double-blind study. The 90-s box jump (BJ90), agility hexagonal obstacle jump (Hex Jump), and wall-sit tests were measured before on-hill SL runs in both sessions. After the functional tests, SL run performance was measured by time to complete 2 runs on the SL course; immediately after each SL run, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded. In addition, perceived MS was recorded using the visual analog scale at 12, 24, and 48 h after the SL runs. Results: The data were meticulously analyzed using 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t tests with significance set at P < 0.05. The findings were significant, indicating that compared with PLA, BRJ notably improved wall-sit and BJ90 performances (P < 0.05), while a substantial reduction was observed in RPE, Hex Jump, and MS (P < 0.05). A 1.74% shorter time to complete SL runs was observed in the BRJ group compared with the PLA group; however, there were no significant differences between the PLA and BRJ groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: These results underscore the potential of BRJ supplementation to enhance sports performance and reduce MS in Alpine skiers under hypoxic conditions.

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We aimed to assess high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG)-torque relationships in the presence of delayed onset trunk muscle soreness (DOMS) and the effect of these relationships on torque steadiness (TS) and lumbar movement during concentric/eccentric submaximal trunk extension contractions. Twenty healthy individuals attended three laboratory sessions (24 h apart). HDsEMG signals were recorded unilaterally from the thoracolumbar erector spinae with two 64-electrode grids. HDsEMG-torque signal relationships were explored via coherence (0-5 Hz) and cross-correlation analyses. Principal component analysis was used for HDsEMG-data dimensionality reduction and improvement of HDsEMG-torque-based estimations. DOMS did not reduce either concentric or eccentric trunk extensor muscle strength. However, in the presence of DOMS, improved TS, alongside an altered HDsEMG-torque relationship and kinematic changes were observed, in a contraction-dependent manner. For eccentric trunk extension, improved TS was observed, with greater lumbar flexion movement and a reduction in δ-band HDsEMG-torque coherence and cross-correlation. For concentric trunk extensions, TS improvements were observed alongside reduced thoracolumbar sagittal movement. DOMS does not seem to impair the ability to control trunk muscle force, however, perceived soreness induced changes in lumbar movement and muscle recruitment strategies, which could alter motor performance if the exposure to pain is maintained in the long term.

Asunto(s)

Electromiografía , Ejercicio Físico , Mialgia , Humanos , Masculino , Mialgia/fisiopatología , Mialgia/etiología , Adulto , Femenino , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Torque , Adulto Joven , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Región Lumbosacra/fisiopatología , Torso/fisiopatología , Vértebras Lumbares/fisiopatología

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Muscle damage could affect the next match performance in sports when the time to recover from a previous match is shorter. We examined the interval between matches in nine team sports (e.g., soccer, rugby, field hockey, basketball, volleyball, baseball) and two racket sports (badminton, tennis) in World Cups held in 2022-2023, 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games and Gland Slam in 2023. We then performed narrative review using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) to get information about muscle damage and recovery in the 11 sports, and discussed whether the intervals in the events would be enough for athletes. We found that the match intervals varied among sports and events ranging from 0 to 17 days. The interval was the shortest for softball (0-2 days) and the longest (5-17 days) for rugby. Regarding muscle damage, changes in muscle function and/or performance measures after a match were not reported for cricket, volleyball and softball, but some information was available for other sports, although the studies did not necessarily use athletes who participated in the major events. It was found that recovery was longer for soccer and rugby than other sports. Importantly, the match-intervals in the events did not appear to accommodate the recovery time required from the previous match in many sports. This could increase a risk of injury and affect players' conditions and health. Changing the match-intervals may be difficult, since it affects the budget of sporting events, but an adequate interval between matches should be considered for each sport from the player's and coach's point of view.

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Skin temperature responses have been advocated to indicate exercise-induced muscle soreness and recovery status. While the evidence is contradictory, we hypothesize that the presence of muscle damage and the time window of measurement are confounding factors in the skin temperature response. The objective was to determine whether skin temperature is influenced by different workloads and the time course of temperature measurements over the following 24 h. 24 trained male military were assigned to one of three groups: GC group (n = 8) serving as control not performing exercises, GE group (n = 8) performing a simulated military combat protocol in an exercise track with different obstacles but designed not to elicit muscle damage, and the GEMD group (n = 8) performing the simulated military combat protocol plus 5 sets of 20 drop jumps, with 10-sec between repetitions and with 2-min of rest between sets aiming to induce muscle damage. Skin temperature was measured using infrared thermography before exercise (Pre) and 4 (Post4h), 8 (Post8h) and 24h (Post24h) post-exercise. Perception of pain (DOMS) was evaluated Pre, Post24h, and Post48h, and countermovement jump height was evaluated at Pre and Post24h. DOMS did not differ between groups in the Pre and Post24h measures but GEMD presented higher DOMS than the other groups at Post48h (p < 0.001 and large effect size). Jump height did not differ for GEMD and GC, and GE presented higher jump height at Post24h than GC (p = 0.02 and large effect size). Skin temperature responses of GEMD and GG were similar in all measurement moments (p > 0.22), and GE presented higher skin temperature than the GC and the GEMD groups at Post24h (p < 0.01 and large effect sizes). In conclusion, although physical exercise elicits higher skin temperature that lasts up to 24 h following the efforts, muscle soreness depresses this response.

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Ejercicio Físico , Mialgia , Temperatura Cutánea , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Mialgia/fisiopatología , Adulto Joven , Personal Militar

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BACKGROUND: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal symptoms in individuals engaged in strenuous exercise programs. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of wearable low-intensity continuous ultrasound on muscle biomechanical properties during DOMS. METHODS: Twenty volunteers were distributed into a wearable ultrasound stimulation group (WUG) (n= 10) and medical ultrasound stimulation group (MUG) (n= 10). All subjects performed wrist extensor muscle strength exercises to induce DOMS. At the site of pain, ultrasound of frequency 3 MHz was applied for 1 h or 5 min in each subject of the WUG or MUG, respectively. Before and after ultrasound stimulation, muscle biomechanical properties (tone, stiffness, elasticity, stress relaxation time, and creep) and body temperature were measured, and pain was evaluated. RESULTS: A significant decrease was found in the tone, stiffness, stress relaxation time, and creep in both groups after ultrasound stimulation (all p< 0.05). A significant decrease in the pain and increases in temperature were observed in both groups (all p< 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups in most evaluations. CONCLUSION: The stiffness and pain caused by DOMS were alleviated using a wearable ultrasound stimulator. Furthermore, the effects of the wearable ultrasound stimulator were like those of a medical ultrasound stimulator.

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People with overweight or obesity preferred high-intensity interval training (HIIT) due to the time-efficiency and pleasure. However, HIIT leads to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on DOMS, muscle damage, and acute inflammatory markers induced by cycling HIIT in untrained males with overweight or obesity. A randomized, double-blinded study was used in the present study. Twenty-four males with a sedentary lifestyle were randomly assigned to either receive omega-3 (O3) (4 g fish oil) or placebo (Con). Subjects consumed the capsules for 4 weeks and performed cycling HIIT at the 4th week. After 4 weeks-intervention, the omega-3 index of O3 group increased by 52.51% compared to the baseline. All subjects performed HIIT at 4th week. The plasma creatine kinase (CK) level of Con group increased throughout 48h after HIIT. While the CK level of O3 group increased only immediately and 24h after HIIT and decreased at 48h after HIIT. The white blood cell count (WBC) of Con group increased immediately after the HIIT, while O3 group did not show such increase. There was no change of CRP in both groups. O3 group had a higher reduction of calf pain score compared to Con group. O3 group also showed a recovery of leg strength faster than Con group. Omega-3 supplementation for 4 weeks lower increased CK level, reduced calf pain score, and recovery leg strength, DOMS markers after cycling HIIT.

Asunto(s)

Ciclismo , Proteína C-Reactiva , Creatina Quinasa , Suplementos Dietéticos , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3 , Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad , Mialgia , Obesidad , Sobrepeso , Humanos , Masculino , Mialgia/prevención & control , Mialgia/etiología , Mialgia/terapia , Método Doble Ciego , Creatina Quinasa/sangre , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/administración & dosificación , Sobrepeso/terapia , Obesidad/terapia , Adulto Joven , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Ciclismo/fisiología , Adulto , Recuento de Leucocitos , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Conducta Sedentaria

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This study examined the effect of repeated bouts of level and downhill running on physiological markers of effort and exercise-induced muscle soreness in trained female distance runners. Ten participants (Age: 24.4 ± 2.0 years; V̇O2peak: 52.9 ± 1.1 mL·kg-1·min-1), naïve to downhill running, completed six alternate 5 min trials of level and downhill running (-15%) at a 70% velocity at V̇O2peak on two occasions, three weeks apart. Perceived muscle soreness was measured upon completion and in the 72 h post exercise. V̇O2, Heart Rate (HR), Blood Lactate (BLa), and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) were lower running downhill (p < 0.016, ηp2 > 0.541). For the first downhill run, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was higher compared to that for level running (p = 0.051; d = 0.447), but for the remaining trials, RPE was lower when running downhill (p < 0.004; d > 0.745). V̇O2, HR, and RER were not different in the second bout (p > 0.070, ηp2 < 0.318); however, V̇O2 was lower in each downhill trial (Δ = 1.6-2.2 mL·kg-1·min-1; d = 0.382-0.426). In the second bout, BLa was lower (p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.602), RPE in the first trial was lower (p = 0.002; d = 0.923), and post exercise perceived soreness of the gastrocnemius, quadriceps, and hamstrings was attenuated (p < 0.002; ηp2 > 0.693). Perceived soreness of the gluteal muscles was lower in the second bout immediately post exercise, 24 h, and 48 h post exercise (p < 0.025; d > 0.922). A repeated bout of downhill running attenuated perceived muscle soreness and may modulate the physiological and perceived physical demand of a second bout of level and downhill running.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of foam rolling (FR) on hamstring muscles stiffness in both non-damaged and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) states, using shear wave ultrasound elastography to measure changes in shear modulus. Methods: Fourteen healthy adults (25.5 ± 4.7 years) participated in a within-participant repeated measures design, with a 2-minute FR intervention applied on one leg and contralateral leg serving as a control. The damaging protocol encompassed maximal eccentric knee extensions performed on an isokinetic dynamometer and the Nordic hamstring exercise, consisting of 3 sets of 10 and 6 repetitions, respectively. Measurement were taken at baseline and then 1 h, 24 h and 48 h after the damaging protocol. Results: The results indicated no significant time × leg interaction for shear modulus in biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles in both non-damaged and damaged states. Notably, there was a significant increase in biceps femoris (p = 0.001; η2 = 0.36) and semitendinosus (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.44) shear modulus after EIMD, but no significant differences were found between the FR and control leg, which was also the case for muscle soreness, range of motion, and passive resistive torque (p = 0.239-0.999 for interactions). Discussion: The absence of significant changes post-FR intervention suggests a limited role of short-duration FR in altering muscle stiffness during recovery from EIMD. These findings contribute to the understanding of FR's role in muscle recovery. Although this was not directly investigated, our results suggest a predominance of central mechanisms rather than direct mechanical modifications in muscle properties. This research highlights the necessity for additional investigations to explore how FR interventions influence muscles in different states and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these influences.

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BACKGROUND: Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), is typically caused by strenuous and/or unaccustomed physical exercise. DOMS/EIMD manifests itself in reduced muscle strength and performance levels, increased muscle soreness, swelling, and elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Numerous randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews (SRs) of a wide variety of physiotherapy interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of DOMS/EIMD have been published. However, these SRs often arrive at contradictory conclusions, impeding decision-making processes. OBJECTIVE: We will systematically review the current evidence on clinical outcomes (efficacy, safety) of physiotherapy interventions for the treatment of DOMS/EIMD in healthy adults. We will also assess the quality of the evidence and identify, map, and summarise data from the available SRs. METHOD: Umbrella review with evidence map and meta-meta-analyses. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Epistemonikos and PEDro will be searched from January 1998 until February 2024. SRs of RCTs of any treatment used by physiotherapists (e.g., low-level laser therapy, electrical stimulation, heat/cold therapy, ultrasound, magnets, massage, manual therapies) to treat DOMS/EIMD in healthy adults will be eligible. Narrative/non-systematic reviews, studies of adolescents/children and medically compromised individuals, of complementary therapies, dietary, nutritional, or pharmacological interventions, as well as self-administered interventions, or those published before 1998, will be excluded. AMSTAR 2 will be used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included SRs. Corrected covered area, will be computed for assessing overlaps among included SRs, and an evidence map will be prepared to describe the credibility of evidence for interventions analysed in the relevant SRs. DISCUSSION: DOMS/EIMD is a complex condition, and there is no consensus regarding the standard of clinical/physiotherapeutic care. By critically evaluating the existing evidence, we aim to inform clinicians about the most promising therapies for DOMS/EIMD. This umbrella review has the potential to identify gaps in the existing evidence base that would inform future research. The protocol has been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42024485501].

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BACKGROUND: Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation is one of the most popular strategies used by the general population and athletes to reduce muscle soreness and accelerate the recovery process of muscle damage biomarkers after an intense exercise or training session. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of BCAA supplementation on muscle damage biomarkers and muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). METHODS: The systematic literature search for randomized controlled trials was conducted using seven databases, up to September 13th, 2022. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies were as follows: studies performed on healthy active participants, using BCAA at least once, controlled with a placebo or control group, performing resistance or endurance exercises, and followed up at least once post-EIMD. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the "SIGN RCT checklist". Random-effects meta-analyses were processed to compute the standardized mean difference (Hedges' g). Meta-regression analyses were completed with daily and total dosage and supplementation as continuous moderator variables. RESULTS: Of the 18 studies included in this meta-analysis, 13 were of high quality and five were of acceptable quality. Our results revealed BCAA supplementation elicits a significant effect on reducing creatine kinase (CK) levels immediately (g = - 0.44; p = 0.006) and 72 h (g = - 0.99; p = 0.002), but not 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h post-EIMD. Additionally, a significant effect on delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) was identified at 24 h (g = - 1.34; p < 0.001), 48 h (g = - 1.75; p < 0.001), 72 h (g = - 1.82; p < 0.001), and 96 h (g = - 0.82; p = 0.008), but not immediately post-EIMD. No significant effect was found on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at any time point. Meta-regression indicated higher daily and total dosages of BCAA, and longer supplementation periods were related to the largest beneficial effects on CK (total dosage and supplementation period) at 48 h, and on DOMS at 24 h (only daily dosage). CONCLUSION: The overall effects of BCAA supplementation could be considered useful for lowering CK and DOMS after EIMD, but not LDH. The longer supplementation period prior to the EIMD could be more effective for CK and DOMS reduction.

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Percussive massage (PM) is an emerging recovery treatment despite the lack of research on its effects post-eccentric exercise (post-EE). This study investigated the effects of PM treatments (immediately, 24, 48, and 72 h post-EE) on the maximal isometric torque (MIT), range of motion (ROM), and an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) of soreness of the nondominant arm's biceps brachii from 24-72 h post-EE. Seventeen untrained, college-aged subjects performed 60 eccentric elbow flexion actions with their nondominant arms. Nine received 1 minute of PM, versus eight who rested quietly (control [CON]). In order, NRS, ROM, and MIT (relative to body mass) were collected pre-eccentric exercise (pre-EE) and after treatment (AT) at 24, 48, and 72 h post-EE. NRS was also collected before treatment (BT). Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitudes were collected during the MIT and normalized to pre-EE. There were no interactions for MIT, EMG, or MMG, but there were interactions for ROM and NRS. For ROM, the PM group had higher values than the CON 24-72 h by ~6-8°, a faster return to pre-EE (PM: 48 h, CON: 72 h), and exceeded their pre-EE at 72 h by ~4°. The groups' NRS values did not differ BT 24-72 h; however, the PM group lowered their NRS from BT to AT within every visit by ~1 point per visit, which resulted in them having lower values than the CON from 24-72 h by ~2-3 points. Additionally, the PM group returned their NRS to pre-EE faster than the CON (PM: BT 72 h, CON: never). In conclusion, PM treatments may improve ROM without affecting isometric strength or muscle activation 24-72 h post-EE. Although the PM treatments did not enhance the recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness until 72 h, they consistently provided immediate, temporary relief when used 24-72 h post-EE.

Asunto(s)

Ejercicio Físico , Mialgia , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Mialgia/etiología , Mialgia/terapia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Brazo , Masaje

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Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is a common phenomenon resulting from high-intensity exercise that impairs subsequent performance. Ischaemic post-conditioning (IPOC) is a simple intervention that has been shown to reduce muscle damage after prolonged ischaemia, a condition mechanistically similar to EIMD. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IPOC could alleviate muscle damage after eccentric exercise. Thirty-two young male participants were randomized into either a sham (n = 16) or an IPOC (n = 16) intervention group. Biceps brachii muscle damage was induced by eccentric exercise, with IPOC or sham intervention applied on the dominant arm following exercise (3 cycles of 30 s ischaemia). Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain, arm circumference, muscle thickness, echo-intensity, and microvascular function (using near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured bilaterally at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours after eccentric exercise. Biceps curl one repetition maximum (1RM) was also measured. 1RM was higher for the IPOC group at 48 and 72 hours (both p < 0.05). On the dominant arm, VAS pain was lower at 72 hours for the IPOC group (p = 0.039). Muscle thickness was lower at all post-exercise time points for the IPOC group (all p < 0.05). VAS pain, echo-intensity, and arm circumference were elevated on the non-dominant arm in the sham group at 72 hours (all p < 0.05). These parameters all returned to the baseline level for the IPOC group at 72 hours (all p > 0.05IPOC could attenuate the decrease in strength, and alleviate EIMD with both local and remote effects after high-intensity exercise.

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PURPOSE: Curcumin ingestion can mitigate muscle damage, soreness, and inflammation following a laboratory-based eccentric exercise. Similar effects were observed in recent field-based studies wherein responses were evaluated after a soccer match. However, various potential confounding factors, such as matching opponent skill levels and daily training conditions, may have influenced the outcomes. In the present study, we investigated whether curcumin intake ameliorates changes in muscle damage markers following a soccer match while controlling for the potential confounding factors. METHODS: Fifteen collegiate athletes were tested in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over manner. They were recruited from the same college soccer team and thus followed the same daily training regimen and competition levels. Furthermore, athletes positioning during matches were counterbalanced. They consumed either 180 mg/day of curcumin or a placebo starting 1 h before the match and continuing for 2 days after a match (two 45-min plays and a 15-min half-time). Muscle soreness, jump performance (including countermovement jump and rebound jump index), and inflammatory and muscle damage markers (high-sensitive C-reactive protein, serum creatine kinase activity, and urinary N-terminal fragment of titin concentration) were evaluated before and after the match. The washout period between matches was set at 1 week. RESULTS: After the match, all markers showed similarity between the placebo and curcumin conditions (all P > 0.208). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that ingesting 180 mg/day of curcumin may not expedite recovery from muscle damage elicited by soccer matches in collegiate soccer players.

Asunto(s)

Rendimiento Atlético , Estudios Cruzados , Curcumina , Suplementos Dietéticos , Músculo Esquelético , Mialgia , Fútbol , Humanos , Curcumina/farmacología , Curcumina/administración & dosificación , Fútbol/fisiología , Masculino , Método Doble Ciego , Adulto Joven , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/lesiones , Adulto , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología

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PURPOSE: Recent advancements in elastography techniques, specifically supersonic shearwave elastography (SWE), have enabled non-invasive assessment of muscle stiffness. However, there is limited research on the immediate and short-term effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in well-trained individuals. This study aimed to follow up on the effects of eccentric training on the biceps brachialis stiffness by supersonic shearwave imaging (SSI) as well as the soreness and elbow flexion maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), immediately post-intervention, at 10 min, 48 h, and 96 h in well-trained men. METHODS: Thirteen well-trained males participated in the study. Baseline measurements of elastography images, MVIC of the elbow flexors, and muscle soreness were obtained. The participants performed an eccentric exercise protocol (4 sets X 10 repetitions) on the dynamometer isokinetic and elastography measurements were repeated immediately post-exercise, at 10 min, 48 h, and 96 h. RESULTS: Significant reductions in stiffness (measured by shear modulus (µ)) were observed immediately and at 10 min post-exercise. MVIC exhibited significant reductions immediately after, 10 min, and 48 h compared to baseline measurements. Muscle soreness peaked at 48 h, persisting until 96 h. CONCLUSIONS: The BB stiffness and MVIC reduction immediately post-eccentric exercise in well-trained men, suggest the potential involvement of mechanical stress and sarcomere rupture. Trained individuals may exhibit a distinct response to EIMD compared to untrained individuals, highlighting the applicability of elastography in monitoring acute biomechanical changes following high-intensity exercise.

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PURPOSE: Monitoring player readiness to train and perform is an important practical concept in football. Despite an abundance of research in this area in the male game, to date, research is limited in female football. The aims of this study were, first, to summarize the current literature on the monitoring of readiness in female football; second, to summarize the current evidence regarding the monitoring of the menstrual cycle and its potential impact on physical preparation and performance in female footballers; and third, to offer practical recommendations based on the current evidence for practitioners working with female football players. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should include both objective (eg, heart rate and countermovement jump) and subjective measures (eg, athlete-reported outcome measures) in their monitoring practices. This would allow them to have a better picture of female players' readiness. Practitioners should assess the reliability of their monitoring (objective and subjective) tools before adopting them with their players. The use of athlete-reported outcome measures could play a key role in contexts where technology is not available (eg, in semiprofessional and amateur clubs); however, practitioners need to be aware that many single-item athlete-reported outcome measures instruments have not been properly validated. Finally, tracking the menstrual cycle can identify menstrual dysfunction (eg, infrequent or irregular menstruation) that can indicate a state of low energy availability or an underlying gynecological issue, both of which warrant further investigation by medical practitioners.

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Fútbol , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Atletas , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Fútbol/fisiología

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BACKGROUND: Similar impact on proprioception has been observed in participants with lumbar delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and chronic low back pain (LBP), raising questions about the relevance of lumbar DOMS as a suitable pain model for LBP when assessing back pain-related postural stability changes. RESEARCH QUESTION: Does lumbar DOMS impact postural stability? METHODS: Twenty healthy adults participated in this experimental study and underwent a posturographic examination before and 24 to 36 h after a protocol designed to induce lumbar DOMS. Posturographic examination was assessed during quiet standing on both feet with eyes opened (EO), with eyes closed (EC), and on one-leg (OL) standing with eyes opened. Postural stability was assessed through center of pressure (COP) parameters (COP area, velocity, root mean square, mean power frequency) which were compared using repeated measure ANOVA. Moreover, pain, soreness and pressure pain threshold (PPT) on specific muscles were assessed. RESULTS: There was a significant main effect of the postural condition on all COP variables investigated. More specifically, each COP variable reached a significantly higher value in the OL stance condition than in both EO and EC bipedal conditions (all with p < 0.001). In addition, the COP velocity and the mean power frequency along the anteroposterior direction both reached a significantly higher value in EC than in EO (p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no significant main effect of the DOMS nor significant DOMS X postural condition interaction on any of the COP variables. There was a significant decrease in the PPT value for both the left and right erector spinae muscles, as well as the left biceps femoris. SIGNIFICANCE: Lumbar DOMS had no impact on postural stability, which contrasts findings in participants with clinical LBP. Although DOMS induces similar trunk sensorimotor adaptations to clinical LBP, it does not appear to trigger similar postural stability adaptations.

Asunto(s)

Dolor de la Región Lumbar , Mialgia , Adulto , Humanos , Mialgia/etiología , Región Lumbosacra , Posición de Pie , Propiocepción , Equilibrio Postural/fisiología

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently consumed by athletes to manage muscle soreness, expedite recovery, or improve performance. Despite the prevalence of NSAID use, their effects on muscle soreness and performance, particularly when administered prophylactically, remain unclear. This randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced, crossover study examined the effect of consuming a single dose of each of three NSAIDs (celecoxib, 200 mg; ibuprofen, 800 mg; flurbiprofen, 100 mg) or placebo 2 h before on muscle soreness and performance following an acute plyometric training session. Twelve healthy adults, aged 18-42 years, completed a standardized plyometric exercise session consisting of 10 sets of 10 repetitions at 40 % 1-repetition maximum (1RM) on a leg press device. During exercise, total work, rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate were measured. Maximum voluntary contraction force (MVC), vertical jump height, and muscle soreness were measured before exercise and 4-h and 24-h post-exercise. We found no significant differences in total work, heart rate, or rating of perceived exertion between treatments. Additionally, no significant differences in muscle soreness or vertical jump were observed between treatments. Ibuprofen and flurbiprofen did not prevent decrements in MVC, but celecoxib attenuated decreases in MVC 4-h post exercise (p < 0.05). This study suggests that athletes may not benefit from prophylactic ibuprofen or flurbiprofen treatment to prevent discomfort or performance decrements associated with exercise, but celecoxib may mitigate short-term performance decrements.

Asunto(s)

Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos , Estudios Cruzados , Flurbiprofeno , Ibuprofeno , Mialgia , Humanos , Mialgia/prevención & control , Mialgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Método Doble Ciego , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Ibuprofeno/administración & dosificación , Ibuprofeno/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Masculino , Femenino , Flurbiprofeno/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Celecoxib/administración & dosificación , Ejercicio Pliométrico , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología

RESUMEN

We reviewed fundamental studies on muscular pain, encompassing the characteristics of primary afferent fibers and neurons, spinal and thalamic projections, several muscular pain models, and possible neurochemical mechanisms of muscle pain. Most parts of this review were based on data obtained from animal experiments, and some researches on humans were also introduced. We focused on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced by lengthening contractions (LC), suitable for studying myofascial pain syndromes. The muscular mechanical withdrawal threshold (MMWT) decreased 1-3 days after LC in rats. Changing the speed and range of stretching showed that muscle injury seldom occurred, except in extreme conditions, and that DOMS occurred in parameters without muscle damage. The B2 bradykinin receptor-nerve growth factor (NGF) route and COX-2-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) route were involved in the development of DOMS. The interactions between these routes occurred at two levels. A repeated-bout effect was observed in MMWT and NGF upregulation, and this study showed that adaptation possibly occurred before B2 bradykinin receptor activation. We have also briefly discussed the prevention and treatment of DOMS.

Asunto(s)

Mialgia , Factor de Crecimiento Nervioso , Humanos , Animales , Ratas , Neuronas , Regulación hacia Arriba , Receptores de Bradiquinina