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The genetic and morphometric population structures of the semiterrestrial crab Armases angustipes from along the Brazilian coast were examined. The influence of the Central South Equatorial Current on larval dispersal of A. angustipes also was evaluated. Six populations were sampled from estuarine areas in São Luis do Maranhão, Maranhão; Natal, Rio Grande do Norte; Maceió, Alagoas; Ilhéus, Bahia; Aracruz, Espírito Santo; and Guaratuba, Paraná. Patterns of genetic differentiation were assessed using DNA sequence data corresponding to parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1. Geometric morphometric techniques were used to evaluate morphological variation in shape and size of the carapace and right cheliped propodus. Our results revealed low genetic variability and lack of phylogeographic structure; geometric morphometrics showed statistically significant morphological differentiation and geographic structuring. Our data indicate the absence of possible barriers to gene flow for this mobile species, and no clear correlation of morphological or genetic variation with ocean currents and/or geographic distance. Our results also suggest that historical geological and climatological events and/or possible bottleneck effects influenced the current low genetic variability among the populations of A. angustipes.

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The objective of this study was to apply multivariate techniques, canonical discriminant analysis, and multivariate contrasts, indicating the most favorable inferences in the evaluation of pure lines of beans. The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute for Breeding and Molecular Genetics, in Lages, SC, Brazil. The experiment was composed of 24 pure lines of beans from the Santa Catarina test of cultivars. Plant height, numbers of pods and grains per plant, and stem diameter were the variables measured. The complete randomized block design was used with four replications. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance, canonical discriminant analysis, multivariate contrasts and univariate contrasts. The first canonical discriminant function has captured 81% of the total variation in the data. The Scott-Knott test showed two groups of inbred lines at the average -of scores of the first canonical discriminant function. It was considered that testing hypotheses with the canonical scores may result in loss of information obtained from the original data. Multivariate contrasts indicated differences within the group formed by the Scott-Knott test. The canonical discriminant analysis and multivariate contrasts are excellent techniques to be combined in the multivariate assessment, being used to explore and test hypotheses, respectively.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar técnicas multivariadas (análise discriminante canônica e contrastes multivariados) indicando as inferências mais vantajosas na avaliação de linhas puras de feijão. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto de Melhoramento e Genética Molecular em Lages, SC. O experimento foi composto por 24 linhas puras de feijão provenientes do ensaio catarinense de cultivares. Os caracteres mensurados foram: estatura da planta, números de legumes e grãos por planta e diâmetro do caule. Foi usado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância multivariada, análise discriminante canônica, contrastes multivariados e univariados. A primeira função linear discriminante canônica captou 81% da variação total contida nos dados. O teste de Scott-Knott formou dois grupos de linhas puras na média dos escores da primeira função linear discriminante canônica. Considera-se que testar as hipóteses com os escores canônicos pode causar perda de informações valiosas obtidas pelos dados originais. Os contrastes multivariados evidenciaram diferenças dentro do grupo formado pelo teste de Scott-Knott. A análise discriminante canônica e os contrastes multivariados são técnicas excelentes para serem combinadas na avaliação multivariada, sendo efetuadas para explorar e testar hipóteses, respectivamente.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to apply multivariate techniques, canonical discriminant analysis, and multivariate contrasts, indicating the most favorable inferences in the evaluation of pure lines of beans. The study was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute for Breeding and Molecular Genetics, in Lages, SC, Brazil. The experiment was composed of 24 pure lines of beans from the Santa Catarina test of cultivars. Plant height, numbers of pods and grains per plant, and stem diameter were the variables measured. The complete randomized block design was used with four replications. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance, canonical discriminant analysis, multivariate contrasts and univariate contrasts. The first canonical discriminant function has captured 81% of the total variation in the data. The Scott-Knott test showed two groups of inbred lines at the average -of scores of the first canonical discriminant function. It was considered that testing hypotheses with the canonical scores may result in loss of information obtained from the original data. Multivariate contrasts indicated differences within the group formed by the Scott-Knott test. The canonical discriminant analysis and multivariate contrasts are excellent techniques to be combined in the multivariate assessment, being used to explore and test hypotheses, respectively.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar técnicas multivariadas (análise discriminante canônica e contrastes multivariados) indicando as inferências mais vantajosas na avaliação de linhas puras de feijão. O estudo foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto de Melhoramento e Genética Molecular em Lages, SC. O experimento foi composto por 24 linhas puras de feijão provenientes do ensaio catarinense de cultivares. Os caracteres mensurados foram: estatura da planta, números de legumes e grãos por planta e diâmetro do caule. Foi usado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância multivariada, análise discriminante canônica, contrastes multivariados e univariados. A primeira função linear discriminante canônica captou 81% da variação total contida nos dados. O teste de Scott-Knott formou dois grupos de linhas puras na média dos escores da primeira função linear discriminante canônica. Considera-se que testar as hipóteses com os escores canônicos pode causar perda de informações valiosas obtidas pelos dados originais. Os contrastes multivariados evidenciaram diferenças dentro do grupo formado pelo teste de Scott-Knott. A análise discriminante canônica e os contrastes multivariados são técnicas excelentes para serem combinadas na avaliação multivariada, sendo efetuadas para explorar e testar hipóteses, respectivamente.

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The forced swim test (FST) is a preclinical test to the screening of antidepressants based on rats or mice behaviours, which is also sensitive to stimulants of motor activity. This work standardised and validated a method to register the active and passive behaviours of Swiss mice during the FST in order to strength the specificity of the test. Adult male Swiss mice were subjected to the FST for 6 min without any treatment or after intraperitoneal injection of saline (0.1 ml/10 g), antidepressants (imipramine, desipramine, or fluoxetine, 30 mg/kg) or stimulants (caffeine, 30 mg/kg or apomorphine, 10mg/kg). The latency, frequency and duration of behaviours (immobility, swimming, and climbing) were scored and summarised in bins of 6, 4, 2 or 1 min. Parameters were first analysed using Principal Components Analysis generating components putatively related to antidepressant (first and second) or to stimulant effects (third). Antidepressants and stimulants affected similarly the parameters grouped into all components. Effects of stimulants on climbing were better distinguished of antidepressants when analysed during the last 4 min of the FST. Surprisingly, the effects of antidepressants on immobility were better distinguished from saline when parameters were scored in the first 2 min. The method proposed here is able to distinguish antidepressants from stimulants of motor activity using Swiss mice in the FST. This refinement should reduce the number of mice used in preclinical evaluation of antidepressants.

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Performance and genetic divergence among Duroc, Landrace and Large White breeds, using multivariate techniques were studied. Birth litter size, weaning litter size, birth litter weight, weaning litter weight, average weight gain from birth to weaning and mortality rate from birth to weaning were included in the study. Breed performance was evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant linear function of Fisher, using tests of Roy greatest root and Roy union-intersection for multiple comparison. The study of genetic divergence was made by means of canonical variable analyses. Landrace and Large White breeds presented, in general, better performance than Duroc breed in the studied traits, and the three breeds had similar birth litter size. Landrace and Large White breeds were genetically similar but had higher genetic divergence related to Duroc breed.

Avaliação do desempenho e divergência genética entre três raças suínas, Duroc, Landrace e Large White, foram realizadas utilizando-se técnicas de análise multivariada. Foram incluídas no estudo seis características reprodutivas: tamanho da leitegada ao nascimento (TLN), tamanho da leitegada ao desmame (TLD), peso da leitegada ao nascimento (PLN), peso da leitegada ao desmame corrigido para os 21 dias de idade (PL21), ganho de peso médio do nascimento ao desmame (GPM) e taxa de mortalidade do nascimento ao desmame (TM). O desempenho das raças foi avaliado por meio da análise de variância multivariada e da função discriminante linear de Fisher usando os testes do maior autovalor de Roy e da união-interseção de Roy para as comparações múltiplas. O estudo da divergência genética foi feito por meio da análise de variáveis canônicas. As raças Landrace e Large White apresentaram, de modo geral, melhor desempenho que a raça Duroc nas características estudadas. As três raças apresentaram desempenho semelhante na característica tamanho da leitegada ao nascimento. As raças Landrace e Large White foram geneticamente semelhantes porém apresentaram alta divergência genética em relação à raça Duroc.