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OBJECTIVES: This research investigates the moral implications of trait-level moral pride and hubris, addressing prior limitations by gathering data from multiple sources. We raise two interrelated questions: (1) Do well-acquainted peers agree with their friends on judgments of trait-level moral pride and hubris? (2) Are moral pride and hubris related to divergent (im)moral outcomes, regardless of measurement sources? METHOD: We collected data from a sample of university students and their friends (N = 173 dyads) in Hong Kong to examine self-other agreement and criterion-related validity of trait-level moral pride and hubris. RESULTS: Our findings reveal a medium-to-large level of self-other agreement for, as well as a moral divergence of, trait-level moral pride and hubris. Notably, self-reports of moral pride predict prosocial behavior, whereas self-reports of moral hubris predict virtue-signaling behavior, regardless of whether the outcomes are self- or other-reported. Moreover, self-reports trump other-reports in predicting some outcomes, but the reverse is true for other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that individuals' proneness to experience morally specific pride and hubris constitutes "real" traits, evoking divergent (im)moral outcomes. Furthermore, self- and other-reports each contain some unique trait-relevant information, with their relative predictive power depending on the specific predictor and outcome.

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El orgullo moral es una emoción que desempeña un importante papel enel ámbito moral, pero que apenas ha recibido atención. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de cinco estudios so-bre esta emoción, con importantes implicaciones educativas. Los dos primeros se centran en los beneficios motivacionales del orgullo moral.Los otros tres analizan algunos elementos que pueden socavarlo. Tras la revisión, se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones educativas de los estu-dios citados. A este respecto se señala, por un lado, la conveniencia de estimular el desarrollo de esta emoción en la educación moral y, por otro, la necesidad de preparar a los niños y las niñas para vencer los factores que juegan en contra de la misma, muy en particular, para que sepan sustraerse a la influencia, a menudo negativa, del grupo. (AU)

Moral pride is an emotion that plays an important role in the moral sphere, but has received very little attention to date. This paper reviews five studies on this emotion, with important educational implications. The first two studies focus on the motivational benefits of moral pride, while the other three analyze certain elements that may undermine it. Following the review, the paper reflects on the educational implications of the studies analyzed, highlight-ing both the importance of stimulating the development of this emotion in moral education, and the need to prepare children to overcome those factors which work against it. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of helping children learn to withstand the (often nega-tive) influence of their peer group. (AU)

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In a previous study of moral pride carried out with adolescents, a paradoxical effect was observed: more costly imagined prosocial behaviors generated less pride. The aim of this study was to analyze whether this effect disappears in retrospect. Participants were 188 adolescents aged between 14 and 16 (96 girls) who were given diverse scenarios in which someone needed help. In some of the scenarios, providing this help required participants to either go against the majority or incur some other kind of personal cost. One group received scenarios set in the present (data from the previous study mentioned above) and the other received scenarios set in the past. Although participants were not randomly assigned to one of the two conditions, all came from the same social context. All participants were asked to state how proud they would feel if they helped. The hypothesis was confirmed: while in the present both imagined prosocial behaviors which involved going against the majority and those that involved other costs generated less pride, when the scenarios were presented in the past, they generated more pride. These results suggest that while moral pride may have a limited reinforcing effect in the present, its retrospective effect is greater.

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Moral pride acts as an intrinsic reinforcement of moral behavior. However, a study with adolescents revealed a paradoxical effect: prosocial behaviors which involved either going against the group majority or other personal costs (dedication of time and effort, a possible punishment, etc.) generated less, not more, moral pride, indicating that moral pride is weakened just when it is needed most. Does this effect reflect a specific characteristic of adolescent morality or a relatively stable weakness in moral functioning? The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not this effect continues beyond adolescence. The sample was made up of 152 young adults, 78 women and 74 men. Participants were given 8 scenarios in which someone needed help (two for each combination of the two variables considered: going against the majority and other costs) and were asked how proud they would feel if they helped. Among this age group, the negative effect of other costs was reversed (higher costs, more pride); that of going against the majority had weakened, but had not been reversed. Women scored higher for moral pride than men.

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