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Background In a population, when a disease is causing a symptom, the overall symptom incidence can be determined by proportions diseased, baseline symptom incidence, and risk ratios of developing the symptom due to the disease. There are various measures of association, including risk ratios. How risk ratios are linked to other measures of association, such as correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics, has not been explicitly discussed. This study aims to demonstrate their connection via equations and simulations, assuming one disease causes symptoms. Methods The equations for correlation coefficients and chi-square statistics were rewritten using epidemiological measures: proportions diseased, baseline symptom incidence, and risk ratios. Simulations were conducted to test the accuracy of the equations. The baseline symptom incidence and the proportions diseased were assumed to be 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8. The risk ratios were assumed to be 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 25. Another disease that correlates with this disease was created (correlation = 0, 0.3, or 0.7). For each combination of symptom incidence, proportions diseased, risk ratios, and between-disease correlations, 10,000 subjects were simulated. The correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics were approximated with epidemiologic measures and their interaction terms. R-squared was used to assess the importance of the epidemiologic measures. Results In the simulations, the overall symptom incidence, correlation coefficients, and chi-squared statistics between the disease and symptoms could be fully explained by the epidemiologic measures in the equations (R-squared = 1). When approximating correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics with individual measures or their interaction terms, the importance of these measures depended on whether the at-risk incidence reached 1 or not. The numbers in the four cells in the contingency table predicted correlation coefficients, or chi-squared statistics, with different R-squared. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to translate the three epidemiologic measures (risk ratios, baseline symptom incidence, and proportions diseased) into correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics. However, chi-squared statistics also depend on sample sizes. This study also provides a platform for developing teaching cases for students to investigate the causal relationship between diseases and symptoms or exposure and outcomes.

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Abstract Objective: to detect the incidence of postoperative delirium in critically ill patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit and to evaluate the predisposing and precipitating factors associated with postoperative delirium in critically ill patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit. Method: this is a prospective cohort study of 157 critically ill surgical patients. Fisher's exact test and Chi-square test were used for the association between factors and the occurrence of delirium, the Wilcoxon test for numerical variables, and the logistic regression model for the analysis of predisposing and precipitating factors. Results: the incidence of delirium was 28% (n=44). Age was a significant predisposing factor (p=0.001), followed by the length of surgery (p<0.001), blood transfusion (p=0.043), administration of crystalloids (p=0.008), and anti-inflammatory drugs (p=0.037), which were the precipitating factors identified. The best-adjusted models were: age, length of surgery, non-administration of anti-emetics, use of sufentanil, and blood transfusion. Conclusion: delirium is a frequent condition in critically ill adults undergoing surgery and the existence of precipitating and predisposing factors is relevant to the outcome, with the anesthetic-surgical procedure as the catalyst event.

Resumo Objetivo: detectar a incidência de delirium pós-operatório em pacientes críticos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica e avaliar os fatores predisponentes e precipitantes associados ao delirium pós-operatório em pacientes críticos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva cirúrgica. Método: trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo com 157 pacientes críticos cirúrgicos. Utilizou-se teste Exato de Fisher e qui-quadrado para a associação entre os fatores e ocorrência de delirium, teste de Wilcoxon para as variáveis numéricas e o modelo de Regressão Logística para a análise dos fatores predisponentes e precipitantes. Resultados: a incidência de delirium foi 28% (n=44). O fator idade apresentou-se predisponente significativo (p=0,001), seguido do tempo de cirurgia (p<0,001), a transfusão sanguínea (p=0,043), a administração de cristaloides (p=0,008) e anti-inflamatórios (p=0,037), estes foram os fatores precipitantes identificados. Obteve-se como melhor modelo ajustado: idade, tempo de cirurgia, a não administração de antieméticos, o uso de sufentanil e a transfusão sanguínea. Conclusão: o delirium consiste em acometimento frequente para adultos críticos cirúrgicos e a existência de fatores precipitantes e predisponentes tornam-se relevantes para o desfecho, tendo-se o procedimento anestésico-cirúrgico como evento catalisador.

Resumen Objetivo: detectar la incidencia de delirium postoperatorio en pacientes críticos internados en una unidad de terapia intensiva quirúrgica y evaluar los factores predisponentes y precipitantes asociados al delirium postoperatorio en pacientes críticos internados en una unidad de terapia intensiva quirúrgica. Método: se trata de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo con 157 pacientes críticos quirúrgicos. Se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher y chi-cuadrado para la asociación entre los factores y ocurrencia de delirium, prueba de Wilcoxon para las variables numéricas y el modelo de regresión logística para el análisis de los factores predisponentes y precipitantes. Resultados: la incidencia de delirium fue 28% (n=44). El factor edad se presentó como predisponente significativo (p=0,001), seguido del tiempo de cirugía (p<0,001), la transfusión sanguínea (p=0,043), la administración de cristaloides (p=0,008) y antiinflamatorios (p=0,037), estos fueron los factores precipitantes identificados. Se obtuvo como mejor modelo ajustado: edad, tiempo de cirugía, la no administración de antieméticos, el uso de sufentanilo y la transfusión sanguínea. Conclusión: el delirium es un acometimiento frecuente para adultos críticos quirúrgicos y la existencia de factores precipitantes y predisponentes se vuelven relevantes para el desenlace, teniendo el procedimiento anestésico-quirúrgico como evento catalizador.

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Resumo Objetivo identificar, dentro dos três eixos de vulnerabilidades (individuais, sociais e programáticas), os fatores associados aos desfechos desfavoráveis do tratamento de tuberculose (TB) entre os idosos no Brasil entre 2015 e 2019. Método trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados secundários provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação dos casos de TB notificados no Brasil, em pessoas com idade igual ou maior que 60 anos. As co-variáveis associadas com o desfecho de interesse (p≤0,20) foram incluídas em um modelo de regressão logística multinomial utilizando a categoria cura como referência. Resultados idosos autodeclarados pretos e pardos, em situação de rua, com transtorno de saúde mental, que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), que utilizam drogas lícitas e ilícitas tiveram maiores chances de perda de seguimento. Enquanto idosos em situação de rua, com transtorno de saúde mental, que utilizam drogas lícitas e ilícitas, e que não realizaram baciloscopia, apresentaram maiores chances para ocorrência de óbito por TB. Para o desfecho óbito por outras causas, pessoas que vivem com diabetes mellitus e com HIV, que utilizam drogas lícitas e ilícitas, tiveram maiores chances para ocorrência desse desfecho. Conclusão os resultados destacam a influência de fatores nos desfechos do tratamento da TB em idosos, abrangendo os eixos individual, social e programático. Aspectos como idade avançada, raça, sexo feminino, comorbidades e situação de rua foram identificados como determinantes relevantes, ressaltando a necessidade de abordagens integradas para melhorar os resultados e promover um desfecho favorável no tratamento da TB em idosos.

Abstract Objective To identify, within the three axes of vulnerabilities (individual, social, and programmatic), the factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes of tuberculosis (TB) among older adults in Brazil between 2015 and 2019. Method This is a cross-sectional study utilizing secondary data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) regarding reported TB cases in Brazil, among individuals aged 60 years or older. The covariates associated with the outcome of interest (p≤0.20) were included in a multinomial logistic regression model using the cure category as the reference. Results Older adults self-identified as black or mixed-race, experiencing homelessness, with mental health disorders, living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and engaging in the use of licit and illicit drugs had higher odds of loss to follow-up. Furthermore, older adults experiencing homelessness, with mental health disorders, engaging in the use of licit and illicit drugs, and who did not undergo bacilloscopy, presented higher odds of death due to TB. For the outcome of death due to other causes, individuals living with diabetes mellitus and HIV, engaging in the use of licit and illicit drugs, also had higher odds of experiencing this outcome Conclusion The results highlighted the influence of factors on TB treatment outcomes in older adults, encompassing the individual, social, and programmatic axes. Aspects such as advanced age, race, female sex, comorbidities, and homelessness were identified as relevant determinants, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches to improve outcomes and promote a favorable treatment outcome for TB in older adults.

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Introduction: HIV disease was transformed from a fatal condition to one with metabolic complications. In Mexico City, the associated factors for prediabetes in this population are unknown; investigating it is relevant to improve their quality of life. Objective: To determine the risk association factors for prediabetes in people living with HIV. Material and methods: Cross-analytical, retrospective study. Records of patients living with HIV were reviewed, exposure factors and fasting glucose concentration were recorded. Patients from 18 to 65 years of age were included, on co-formulated antiretroviral treatment, without adjustment of antiretroviral treatment in the last two years, with a BMI of 18.5-40 kg/m2. Results: 148 patients were included, 68 presented prediabetes. The factors with risk association that were identified are: age over 60 years (OR 9.48, 95% CI 1.68-40.13), treatment with Efavirenz/Tenofovir/Emtricitabine (OR 9.28, 95% CI 2.55-33.74) and treatment time antiretroviral older than 12 months (OR 2.53, 95% CI .912-7.041). Conclusion: The prevalence of prediabetes in people living with HIV is 46%. The main associated factor was the consumption of Atripla. This study has clinical relevance since it will allow the implementation of prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for prediabetes in order to reduce associated morbidity and mortality.

Introducción: la enfermedad por VIH ha pasado de ser un padecimiento mortal a uno con complicaciones metabólicas. En la Ciudad de México se desconocen los factores asociados para prediabetes en esta población, investigarlo es relevante para mejorar su calidad de vida. Objetivo: determinar los factores con asociación de riesgo para prediabetes en personas que viven con VIH. Material y métodos: estudio transversal-analítico, retrospectivo. Se revisaron expedientes de pacientes que viven con VIH, registrándose los factores de exposición y la concentración de glucosa en ayuno. Se incluyeron pacientes de 18 a 65 años, en tratamiento antirretroviral coformulado, sin ajuste de tratamiento antirretroviral en los últimos dos años, con IMC de 18.5-40 kg/m2. Resultados: se incluyeron 148 pacientes, 68 presentaron prediabetes. Los factores con asociación de riesgo que se identificaron son: edad mayor de 60 años (OR: 9.48, IC95%: 1.68-40.13), tratamiento con Efavirenz/Tenofovir/Emtricitabina (OR: 9.28, IC95%: 2.55-33.74) y tiempo de tratamiento antirretroviral mayor de 12 meses (OR: 2.53, IC95%: 0.912-7.041). Conclusión: la prevalencia de prediabetes en personas que viven con VIH es del 46%. El principal factor asociado fue el consumo de Atripla. Este estudio tiene relevancia clínica ya que permitirá implementar estrategias de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de prediabetes con la finalidad de reducir la morbimortalidad asociada.

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Frequency, association and impact measures are key concepts in clinical epidemiology; however, it has been found that a considerable proportion of health students and professionals have no knowledge of how to use or interpret them when reading a scientific paper or conducting research. This article aims to explain the main epidemiological measures, how they are used, derived and interpreted. They are approached from the perspective of each of the most frequently used types of primary quantitative research studies (randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control estudies and cross-sectional studies) in order to provide the reader with the context in which they are used. Moreover, the process for calculating and interpreting each result in a real setting is explained using clinical examples for a better understanding of these concepts and in order to prevent their use from becoming just a mechanical or repetitive exercise.

Las medidas de frecuencia, asociación e impacto son conceptos fundamentales de la epidemiología clínica; sin embargo, se ha encontrado que una parte considerable de los estudiantes y de los profesionales en el área de la salud no sabe cómo usarlas ni cómo interpretarlas al leer un texto científico o al hacer una investigación. Este artículo busca explicar las principales medidas epidemiológicas, cuándo se usan, cómo se obtienen y cómo se interpretan. Se abordan desde cada tipo de estudios primarios más frecuentemente utilizados cuando se realizan investigaciones cuantitativas (ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios de cohorte, casos y controles y estudios de corte transversal), con el fin de darle al lector el contexto en el cual se usan. Además, mediante ejemplos clínicos, se explica el proceso para calcular e interpretar cada resultado en un escenario real, con el fin de lograr una mayor comprensión de estos conceptos y de que su uso no sea un ejercicio mecánico o de repetición.

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Measures of association play a central role in the social sciences to quantify the strength of a linear relationship between the variables of interest. In many applications researchers can translate scientific expectations to hypotheses with equality and/or order constraints on these measures of association. In this paper a Bayes factor test is proposed for testing multiple hypotheses with constraints on the measures of association between ordinal and/or continuous variables, possibly after correcting for certain covariates. This test can be used to obtain a direct answer to the research question how much evidence there is in the data for a social science theory relative to competing theories. The stand-alone software package 'BCT' allows users to apply the methodology in an easy manner. The methodology will also be available in the R package 'BFpack'. An empirical application from leisure studies about the associations between life, leisure and relationship satisfaction and an application about the differences about egalitarian justice beliefs across countries are used to illustrate the methodology.

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Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil del paciente e identificar los factores asociados a mortalidad de población mayor de 80 años hospitalizada por infección por COVID-19, a cargo del Servicio de Geriatría en un hospital universitario de la ciudad de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional analítico, basado en la revisión de historias clínicas de una cohorte retrospectiva, en el que se incluyeron pacientes de 80 años o más con infección confirmada por COVID-19, en el período del 1 de marzo de 2020 al 28 de febrero de 2021. La variable dependiente fue mortalidad; las variables independientes, edad, factores clínicos, situación basal y paraclínicos. Resultados: Se identificaron 280 pacientes, con mediana de edad de 84 años, y la mayoría de perfil robusto. El síntoma más frecuente fue tos, seguido por disnea. El 60,3 % de los pacientes presentaron linfopenia, además de elevación de dímero D (> 1000 ug/L), y en la mayoría de los casos se describieron patrones radiológicos típicos de COVID-19. La mortalidad fue del 41,4 %, principalmente asociada a mayor edad, proteína C reactiva elevada, dependencia para actividades básicas de la vida diaria, antecedente de trastorno neurocognitivo mayor, comorbilidad y los pacientes con perfiles dependiente y frágil. Conclusiones: La población geriátrica presenta un alto riesgo de mortalidad por infección por COVID-19. El presente estudio permitió evidenciar qué perfiles de paciente dependientes y frágiles, así como presencia de comorbilidades como trastorno neurocognitivo mayor, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y polifarmacia previa al ingreso podrían influir en el desenlace.

Objective: To characterize the geriatric patient profile and identify the mortality-associated factors in a population over 80 years hospitalized with COVID-19 infection in the geriatric ward of a university hospital in the city of Bogotá. Materials and methods: An analytical observational retrospective cohort study based on chart reviews was conducted. The study included patients over 80 years with confirmed COVID-19 infection from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021. The dependent variable was mortality and the independent variables were age, clinical factors, baseline characteristics and paraclinical status. Results: Two hundred eighty (280) patients with a median age of 84 years, most of whom were overweight, were identified. The most frequent symptom was cough followed by dyspnea. Out of all patients, 60.3 % presented lymphopenia and elevated D-dimer levels (> 1,000 μg/L), and most of them showed typical imaging patterns of COVID-19. Mortality accounted for 41.4 % and was mainly associated with older age, elevated C-reactive protein, activities of daily living impairment, history of major neurocognitive disorder, comorbidity, and dependent and frail patient profiles. Conclusions: The geriatric population has an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 infection. The present study showed that dependent and frail patient profiles, as well as the presence of comorbidities such as major neurocognitive disorder, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and polypharmacy prior to admission, could influence the outcome.

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Esta revisão sistemática aborda o uso de Sistemas de Suporte à Decisão Clínica (SADC) nos atendimentos realizados na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), identificando relações existentes entre o uso dos sistemas e os desfechos clínicos. Foram selecionados trabalhos, estudos em português e inglês, sem restrição ao cenário brasileiro, encontrados em diferentes bases de dados. Os resultados demonstram que os SADC ainda se encontram em estágio de desenvolvimento e refinamento, com aplicação ainda incipiente nas mais diversas patologias e condições clínicas. São raros os ensaios clínicos que tracem os desfechos clínicos primários, levando ao acúmulo de dados apenas sobre desfechos secundários ou compostos, dificultando a avaliação dos sistemas. Há indicativos de relativa eficiência no uso dos SADC para situações de diagnóstico e prevenção, com eficiência limitada na fase de tratamento. Finalmente, não existem dados suficientes para afirmar se os SADC geram desfechos clínicos primários mais favoráveis ou desfavoráveis na APS.

This systematic review addresses the use of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) in Primary Health Care (PHC), identifying relationships between the use of the Systems and clinical outcomes. The research employed selected studies in Portuguese and English, with no restriction to the Brazilian scenario, found in different databases. Results demonstrate that CDSS are still in the development and refinement stage, and their application is still incipient for the most diverse pathologies and clinical conditions. Clinical trials that trace the primary clinical outcomes are rare, leading to the accumulation of data only on secondary or compound outcomes, making it difficult to evaluate the systems. There are indications of relative efficiency in the use of CDSS for diagnosis and prevention situations, with limited efficiency in the treatment phase. Finally, there is insufficient data to establish whether CDSS generates more favorable or unfavorable primary clinical outcomes in PHC.

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INTRODUCTION: The pad test is an assessment tool for urinary incontinence (UI) severity classification and therapeutic response monitoring. However, the reliability and reproducibility of this test have been questioned. OBJECTIVES: To summarize the evidence regarding the accuracy measures and reproducibility of different pad test protocols for assessing UI. METHODS: A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of this tool was performed (CRD42020219392). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies reporting data on the accuracy measures and reproducibility of the pad test when used for detecting UI in adult men and women. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Science Direct, Cochrane, Web of Science, LILACS, and Pedro. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently screened the articles, extracted the data, and evaluated the risk of bias (RoB) using the QUADAS-2 tool. RESULTS: From 1048 studies, 18 studies were included. Eight of these reported accuracy data, and 12 reported reproducibility properties. A total of 1070 individuals were analyzed, whose mean age ranged from 20 to 90 years. The accuracy of the long-duration protocols was generally moderate to high (sensitivity, 60%-93%; specificity, 60%-84%). The 1-h protocols obtained higher accuracy values. The overall reproducibility was moderate to high (κ ≥ 0.66). LIMITATIONS: The RoB was high and, due to different cutoff points adopted by studies, the bivariate model was not satisfied to perform a meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: The 1-h pad test was more accurate but less reproducible when compared to the long-duration tests. Pad test results should be used with caution in clinical practice.

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RESUMEN Introducción. En pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) existe incremento de infecciones debido a la propia enfermedad, al uso de inmunosupresores y corticoides. Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados a infecciones serias en pacientes lúpicos en un hospital de referencia nacional. Estudio retrospectivo, analítico, de casos y controles en el Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú. Métodos. Se analizó el registro de pacientes hospitalizados en el periodo de estudio, los casos fueron pacientes en los que se demostró la etiología de la primera infección durante su hospitalización. Los controles fueron pacientes lúpicos hospitalizados sin infecciones en el mismo periodo de estudio. Se analizaron variables asociadas al desarrollo de infecciones. Resultados. 61 pacientes de 390 hospitalizados desarrollaron infecciones durante su hospitalización. 48 desarrollaron 1 solo evento infeccioso (en 40 se demostró etiología). Los casos tuvieron mayor actividad, daño y comorbilidad en comparación con los controles. En el análisis univariado, el salario (p=0,031), el uso de inmunosupresores a la admisión (previo: p=0,004 y actual: p=0,004), el uso de glucocorticoides (<30 días: p=0,015 y >30-360 días: p=0,028), la actividad (p=0,029) y el daño (p=0,026) producido por la enfermedad, y el tiempo de hospitalización (p=0,045) tuvieron asociación estadísticamente significativa. En el análisis multivariado, los días de hospitalización se asociaron al desarrollo de infecciones. Conclusiones. Existió asociación entre días de hospitalización y el desarrollo de infecciones serias en pacientes lúpicos durante el periodo de estudio.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Lupus patients have an increased risk of developing infections due to the disease, use of immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. Objective. To identify the associated factors for serious infections in lupus patients in a national referral hospital. Retrospective, analytical, case-control study in the Rheumatology Service of the Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital, Lima, Peru. Methods. The registry of hospitalized patients in the study period was analyzed, the cases were patients in whom the etiology of the first infection developed their hospitalization. Controls were hospitalized lupus patients without infections in the same study period. Variables predisposing to the development of infections were analyzed. Results. 61 patients out of 390 hospitalized developed infections during their hospitalization. 48 developed 1 only infectious event (in 40 an etiology developed). The cases had higher damage, activity and comorbidity compared to the controls. In the univariate analysis, salary (p = 0.031), use of immunosuppressants upon admission (previous: p = 0.004 and current: p = 0.004), use of glucocorticoids (<30 days: p = 0.015 and> 30-360 days: p = 0.028), activity (p = 0.029) and damage (p = 0.026) produced by the disease and length of hospitalization (p = 0.045), had a statistically significant association. In the multivariate analysis, the days of hospitalization were associated with the development of infections. Conclusions. There is an association between days of hospitalization and the development of serious infections in lupus patients in the study period.

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BACKGROUND: Obesity can increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and complications associated with it. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the associations between new and old anthropometric indices and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its metabolic complications. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 110 T2DM subjects and 110 healthy controls were selected by convenience sampling. Metabolic factors were evaluated including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), glycemic status, lipid profile, blood pressure, kidney indices, new anthropometric indices (abdominal volume index [AVI], body shape index [ABSI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], body adiposity index [BAI], and conicity index [CI]), and old anthropometric indices (weight, body mass index [BMI], and waist and hip circumference [WC and HC]). RESULTS: Significant positive correlations were observed between AVI, LAP, and BAI and fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in the T2DM group (p < 0.001 for all associations). The odds ratio (OR) for T2DM elevated significantly with increasing BMI (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.20-1.42), LAP (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), and BAI (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.43). The indices AVI (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.57-2.29), LAP (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), BAI (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12-1.26), WC (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.42), and HC (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14) significantly increased the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). CONCLUSIONS: Associations were identified between obesity indices and diabetes. These indices could be used in clinical practice for evaluation and control of T2DM.

CONTEXTO: A obesidade pode aumentar o risco de diabetes melito e complicações associadas. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação de índices antropométricos novos e antigos com o risco de diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) e suas complicações metabólicas. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo analítico transversal, 110 indivíduos com DM2 e 110 controles saudáveis foram selecionados por amostragem de conveniência. Foram avaliados os fatores metabólicos, incluindo índice aterogênico plasmático, estado glicêmico, perfil lipídico, pressão arterial, índices renais, índices antropométricos novos [índice de volume abdominal (AVI), índice de formato corporal (ABSI), produto de acumulação lipídica (LAP), índice de adiposidade corporal (BAI) e índice de conicidade (CI)] e índices antropométricos antigos [peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência de cintura e quadril]. RESULTADOS: Foi observada uma correlação positiva significativa de AVI, LAP e BAI com glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada no grupo DM2 (p para todos < 0,001). A odds ratio (OR) do grupo DM2 foi significativamente elevada com aumento de IMC [OR: 1,30, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,20-1,42], LAP (OR: 1,20, IC95%: 1,13-1,27) e BAI (OR: 1,32, IC95%: 1,21-1,43). Os índices AVI (OR: 1,90, IC95%: 1,57-2,29), LAP (OR: 1,19, IC95%: 1,13-1,27), BAI (OR: 1,19, IC95%: 1,12-1,26), WC (OR: 1,29, IC95%: 1,18-1,42) e HC (OR: 1,07, IC95%: 1,01-1,14) aumentaram significativamente o risco de síndrome metabólica. CONCLUSÕES: Foi reconhecida uma associação entre índices de obesidade e diabetes. Esses índices podem ser usados na prática clínica para avaliação e controle do DM2.

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The practice of evidence-based medicine includes the critical analysis of clinical research studies, and, within it, the interpretation of the results reported. In addition, to statistical data, there are estimators that can help clinicians transfer research findings to routine clinical practice. These estimators are measures of risk, association, and impact. Risk measures report current uncertainty or probability (prevalence of a disease, sensitivity, specificity) or for future events (cumulative incidence, incidence density). Measures of association are related to the identification of the risk in order to determine whether certain factors increase or decrease the probability of development of a disease (relative risk, odds ratio, hazard ratio). While measures of impact allow, among other things, to estimate the effect of a treatment (relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, number needed to treat). In this review, each of these estimators is described, defined, and presented with examples.

Parte del ejercicio de la medicina basada en evidencia incluye el análisis crítico de los estudios de investigación clínica y dentro de este, la interpretación de los resultados presentados. Además de los datos estadísticos, existen estimadores que pueden ayudar a los clínicos a trasladar los hallazgos de las investigaciones a la práctica clínica habitual. Estos estimadores son las medidas de riesgo, asociación e impacto. Las medidas de riesgo informan sobre la incertidumbre o probabilidad en el presente (prevalencia de una enfermedad, sensibilidad, especificidad) o para eventos futuros (incidencia acumulada, densidad de incidencia). Las medidas de asociación se relacionan con la identificación del riesgo para determinar si ciertos factores aumentan o disminuyen la probabilidad del desarrollo de una enfermedad (riesgo relativo, razón de momios, cociente de riesgo). Mientras que las medidas de impacto permiten, entre otros, estimar el efecto de un tratamiento (reducción del riesgo relativo, reducción del riesgo absoluto, número necesario por tratar). En esta revisión se describen, definen y presentan ejemplos de cada uno de estos estimadores.

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Abstract Background Obesity can increase the risk of diabetes mellitus and complications associated with it. Objectives The aim of this study was to estimate the associations between new and old anthropometric indices and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its metabolic complications. Methods In this cross-sectional analytical study, 110 T2DM subjects and 110 healthy controls were selected by convenience sampling. Metabolic factors were evaluated including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), glycemic status, lipid profile, blood pressure, kidney indices, new anthropometric indices (abdominal volume index [AVI], body shape index [ABSI], lipid accumulation product [LAP], body adiposity index [BAI], and conicity index [CI]), and old anthropometric indices (weight, body mass index [BMI], and waist and hip circumference [WC and HC]). Results Significant positive correlations were observed between AVI, LAP, and BAI and fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in the T2DM group (p < 0.001 for all associations). The odds ratio (OR) for T2DM elevated significantly with increasing BMI (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.20-1.42), LAP (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), and BAI (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.21-1.43). The indices AVI (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.57-2.29), LAP (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.27), BAI (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12-1.26), WC (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.42), and HC (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14) significantly increased the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Conclusions Associations were identified between obesity indices and diabetes. These indices could be used in clinical practice for evaluation and control of T2DM.

Resumo Contexto A obesidade pode aumentar o risco de diabetes melito e complicações associadas. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação de índices antropométricos novos e antigos com o risco de diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) e suas complicações metabólicas. Métodos Neste estudo analítico transversal, 110 indivíduos com DM2 e 110 controles saudáveis foram selecionados por amostragem de conveniência. Foram avaliados os fatores metabólicos, incluindo índice aterogênico plasmático, estado glicêmico, perfil lipídico, pressão arterial, índices renais, índices antropométricos novos [índice de volume abdominal (AVI), índice de formato corporal (ABSI), produto de acumulação lipídica (LAP), índice de adiposidade corporal (BAI) e índice de conicidade (CI)] e índices antropométricos antigos [peso, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência de cintura e quadril]. Resultados Foi observada uma correlação positiva significativa de AVI, LAP e BAI com glicemia de jejum e hemoglobina glicada no grupo DM2 (p para todos < 0,001). A odds ratio (OR) do grupo DM2 foi significativamente elevada com aumento de IMC [OR: 1,30, intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,20-1,42], LAP (OR: 1,20, IC95%: 1,13-1,27) e BAI (OR: 1,32, IC95%: 1,21-1,43). Os índices AVI (OR: 1,90, IC95%: 1,57-2,29), LAP (OR: 1,19, IC95%: 1,13-1,27), BAI (OR: 1,19, IC95%: 1,12-1,26), WC (OR: 1,29, IC95%: 1,18-1,42) e HC (OR: 1,07, IC95%: 1,01-1,14) aumentaram significativamente o risco de síndrome metabólica. Conclusões Foi reconhecida uma associação entre índices de obesidade e diabetes. Esses índices podem ser usados na prática clínica para avaliação e controle do DM2.

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RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a associação entre a adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e a ocorrência de Síndrome Metabólica em pacientes hipertensos de uma unidade de atenção primária à saúde. Método Estudo analítico com corte transversal realizado com 306 pacientes hipertensos de uma Unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde localizada na cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Resultados Dos participantes do estudo 74,2% eram do sexo feminino, média 61,8 ± 11,9 anos e dentro da faixa etária de 54 a 69, 77,1% raça/cor parda, 60,8% com nível fundamental incompleto ou completo e 70,6% com renda familiar entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos. Dos hipertensos avaliados, 41,5% apresentaram Síndrome Metabólica e 76,5% apresentava aderência parcial ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Na avaliação estatística da associação entre as variáveis foi verificado não existir (p = 0,149 e p = 0,642). Os valores referentes à adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo eram iguais, tanto nos pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica como dos que não apresentavam essa condição. Conclusão e implicações para a prática A adesão terapêutica anti-hipertensiva alta e parcial foi prevalente. A frequência de Síndrome Metabólica entre os hipertensos em estudo foi elevada. Portanto, medidas de prevenção para doenças cardiovasculares e alcance das metas terapêuticas devem ser implementas continuamente. Um desafio a ser superado pelos profissionais e serviços de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo y la aparición del síndrome metabólico en pacientes hipertensos en una unidad de atención primaria de salud. Método Estudio analítico con corte transversal realizado con 306 pacientes hipertensos de una Unidad de Atención Primaria de Salud ubicada en la ciudad de Fortaleza-CE. Resultados De los participantes en el estudio, el 74,2% eran mujeres, con una media de 61,8 ± 11,9 años y dentro del grupo de edad de 54 a 69, 77,1% raza / color marrón, 60,8% con nivel fundamental incompleto o completo y 70.6% con ingresos familiares entre 1 y 2 salarios mínimos. De los pacientes hipertensos evaluados, el 41.5% tenía síndrome metabólico y el 76.5% tenía adherencia parcial al tratamiento antihipertensivo. En la evaluación estadística de la asociación entre las variables, se encontró que no existía (p = 0,149 e p = 0,642). Los valores con respecto a la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo fueron los mismos, tanto en pacientes con síndrome metabólico como en aquellos que no tenían esta condición. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica La adherencia a la terapia antihipertensiva alta y parcial fue prevalente. La frecuencia del síndrome metabólico entre los pacientes hipertensos en estudio fue elevada. Por lo tanto, las medidas preventivas para las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el logro de objetivos terapéuticos deben implementarse continuamente. Un desafío a superar por los profesionales y servicios de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the association between adherence to antihypertensive treatment and the occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome in hypertensive patients in a primary health care unit. Method Analytical cross-sectional study carried out with 306 hypertensive patients from a Primary Health Care Unit located in the city of Fortaleza-CE. Results Of the study participants, 74.2% were female, mean 61.8 ± 11.9 years old and within the age group of 54 to 69, 77.1% race / brown color, 60.8% with incomplete fundamental level or complete and 70.6% with family income between 1 and 2 minimum wages. Of the evaluated hypertensive patients, 41.5% had Metabolic Syndrome and 76.5% had partial adherence to antihypertensive treatment. In the statistical evaluation of the association between the variables, it was verified that it did not exist (p = 0,149 e p = 0,642). The values regarding adherence to antihypertensive treatment were the same, both in patients with Metabolic Syndrome and in those who did not have this condition. Conclusions and implications for practice High and partial antihypertensive therapy adherence was prevalent. The frequency of Metabolic Syndrome among hypertensive patients under study was high. Therefore, preventive measures for cardiovascular diseases and achievement of therapeutic goals must be implemented continuously. A challenge to be overcome by health professionals and services.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and analyze their associated factors in professionals from administrative sectors working predominantly in sitting position. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with data obtained from 451 workers from a federal public institution in Southern Brazil. The dependent variable was the number of musculoskeletal symptoms in the prior 12 months, measured using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. In the analyses, 19 independent variables were investigated, divided into four categories: sociodemographic, behavioral, occupational and health characteristics. Univariate analysis and multiple Poisson regression with robust variance were performed. The independent variables were inserted into blocks with stepwise backward criterion, considering the value for Wald statistics equal to 0.20. The effect measures were expressed in a relative increase (RI) in the mean value, and the data were analyzed for a 5% significance level. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms in the prior 12 months was 90% (confidence interval - 95%CI 87-93). In the final model of regression analysis, the variables female gender (RI = 14.75%), low (RI = 100.02%) and moderate (RI = 64.06%) work ability index, use of medications (RI = 48.06%) and waist circumference at risk (RI = 15.59%) had a significant association with the increase in the mean number of symptoms; schooling with technical education acted as a protective factor, reducing the mean by 36.46%. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms found and the associated factors indicate the need to propose specific actions and care for this population, such as immediate treatment of symptoms and changes in the organization and work environment, to achieve balance and harmony in the demands of prolonged sitting work and avoid its impact effect of this condition on public health.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Estimar a prevalência de sintomas osteomusculares e analisar os fatores a eles associados em profissionais de setores administrativos que trabalham predominantemente na postura sentada. MÉTODOS Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados obtidos de 451 trabalhadores de instituição pública federal na região Sul do país. A variável dependente foi o número de sintomas osteomusculares nos últimos 12 meses, aferido utilizando-se o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Foram investigadas 19 variáveis independentes, divididas em quatro categorias: características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, ocupacionais e de saúde. Foi realizada análise univariada e, na sequência, regressão múltipla de Poisson com variância robusta. As variáveis independentes foram inseridas em blocos com critério backward stepwise, considerando o valor para estatística de Wald igual a 0,20. As medidas de efeito foram expressas em aumento relativo (AR) no valor médio, sendo os dados analisados para um nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS A prevalência estimada de sintomas osteomusculares nos últimos 12 meses foi de 90% (intervalo de confiança - IC95% 87-93). No modelo final da análise de regressão, as variáveis sexo feminino (AR = 14,75%), índice de capacidade para o trabalho baixo (AR = 100,02%) e moderado (AR = 64,06%), uso de medicamentos (AR = 48,06%) e circunferência da cintura em risco (AR = 15,59%) tiveram associação significativa com o aumento da média de sintomas; já a escolaridade com ensino técnico atuou como fator de proteção, reduzindo a média em 36,46%. CONCLUSÕES A alta prevalência de sintomas osteomusculares encontrada e os fatores associados indicam a necessidade de propor ações e cuidados específicos para essa população, como tratamento imediato dos sintomas e mudanças na organização e no ambiente laboral, a fim de alcançar equilíbrio e harmonia nas exigências do trabalho sentado prolongado e evitar o impacto dessa condição na saúde pública.

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Abstract: This study illustrates the use of a recently developed sensitivity index, the E-value, helpful in strengthening causal inferences in observational epidemiological studies. The E-value aims to determine the minimum required strength of association between an unmeasured confounder and an exposure/outcome to explain the observed association as non-causal. Such parameter is defined as E - v a l u e = R R + R R R R - 1, where RR is the risk ratio between the exposure and the outcome. Our work illustrates the E-value using observational data from a recently published study on the relationship between indicators of prenatal care adequacy and the outcome low birthweight. The E-value ranged between 1.45 and 5.63 according to the category and prenatal care index evaluated, showing the highest value for the "no prenatal care" category of the GINDEX index and the minimum value for "intermediate prenatal care" of the APNCU index. For "inappropriate prenatal care" (all indexes), the E-value ranged between 2.76 (GINDEX) and 4.99 (APNCU). These findings indicate that only strong confounder/low birthweight associations (more than 400% increased risk) would be able to fully explain the prenatal care vs. low birthweight association observed. The E-value is a useful, intuitive sensitivity analysis tool that may help strengthening causal inferences in epidemiological observational studies.

Resumo: O estudo ilustra o uso de um índice recém-desenvolvido para análise de sensibilidade, o valor de E, útil para embasar inferências causais em estudos epidemiológicos observacionais. O valor de E busca identificar a força mínima da associação entre um fator de confusão não medido e uma exposição/desfecho que seria necessária para explicar a associação observada enquanto não causal, definido como valor de E - v a l u e = R R + R R R R - 1, onde RR é a razão de riscos entre a exposição e o desfecho. Aqui, o valor de E é exemplificado através de dados observacionais de um estudo recém-publicado sobre a relação entre indicadores de adequação da assistência pré-natal e o baixo peso ao nascer enquanto desfecho. O valor de E variou entre 1,45 e 5,63, a depender da categoria e do índice de assistência pré-natal avaliado, com o valor máximo para a categoria "sem assistência pré-natal" do índice GINDEX e o mínimo para "assistência pré-natal intermediária" do índice APNCU. Na categoria "assistência pré-natal inadequada" (todos os índices), o valor de E variou entre 2,76 e 4,99 (índices GINDEX e APNCU, respectivamente). Isso indica que apenas associações fortes entre um fator de confusão e baixo peso ao nascer (aumento de risco maior que 400%) seria capaz de explicar plenamente a associação entre assistência pré-natal e baixo peso ao nascer. O valor de E é uma ferramenta útil e intuitiva para análise de sensibilidade, que pode ajudar a fortalecer as inferências causais em estudos epidemiológicos observacionais.

Resumen: El presente estudio ilustra el uso de un índice desarrollado recientemente para el análisis de la sensibilidad, el E-value, útil para el fortalecimiento de las inferencias causales en los estudios epidemiológicos observacionales. El E-value tiene por objetivo identificar la fortaleza de asociación mínima necesaria entre un factor de confusión no calculable y una exposición/resultado que sería necesario para explicar la asociación observada como no-causal, y está definida como E - v a l u e = R R + R R R R - 1, donde RR es la ratio de riesgo entre la exposición y el resultado. Aquí, el E-value es ilustratado con datos observacionales de un estudio recientemente publicado para mostrar la relación entre indicadores de adecuación de cuidado prenatal y el resultado de bajo peso al nacer. El E-value varió entre 1,45 and 5,63, dependiendo de la categoría y el índice cuidado prenatal evaluado, con su valor más alto para la categoría "no cuidado prenatal" del índice GINDEX y el mínimo para el "cuidado prenatal intermedio" del índice APNCU. En la categoría "inapropiado cuidado prenatal" (todos los índices) el E-value varió entre 2,76 y 4,99 (los índices GINDEX y APNCU, respectivamente). Esto indica que solamente un factor de confusión fuerte/asociaciones bajo peso al nacer (incrementaron el riesgo más de un 400%) habría hecho posible explicar completamente la asociación observada cuidado prenatal vs bajo peso al nacer. El E-value es una herramienta de análisis de sensibilidad útil, intuitiva, que puede ayudar a fortalecer las inferencias causales en los estudios epidemiológicos observacionales.

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to map the outcome measures of clinical efficacy reported in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) to evaluate disease-modifying therapies (DMT) in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS). METHODS: A systematic scoping review was performed to identify RCT that assessed the efficacy of DMT in adult patients with RMS. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and The Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials and complemented by manual search. A descriptive-quantitative analysis of the clinical efficacy outcomes with their respective definitions was performed. RESULTS: Of the 5,476 records identified, 226 were included. Among the included studies, 89% reported clinical efficacy outcomes, with 77 different outcomes identified, including five composite outcomes. A total of 36 different definitions for 'relapse' were identified. 'Annualized relapse rate' was the most prevalent single outcome (n = 56 studies). At the same time, the 'Proportion of patients with no evidence of radiological and clinic disease activity' was the most prevalent composite outcome (n = 14 studies) although with six different definitions. CONCLUSIONS: An absence of consensus on the clinical efficacy outcomes reported in RCT associated with a wide heterogeneity of definitions were identified. The mapped results of this research can be used as a basis for the definition of a core outcome set for clinical efficacy outcomes in adults with RMS.

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Resumo Objetivo Estimar a prevalência de autoavaliação negativa da saúde e sua associação com condições socioeconômicas, sintomas depressivos, funcionalidade e morbidades autorreferidas em pessoas idosas de Rio Branco, Acre. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada com dados do Estudo das Doenças Crônicas em Idosos (EDOC-I), um inquérito domiciliar realizado com pessoas a partir de 60 anos residentes em Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, em 2014 (n=1.016). A autoavaliação negativa da saúde foi definida pelos estratos "ruim" e "muito ruim". Foram aplicadas as escalas de depressão geriátrica e das atividades da vida diária e instrumentais da vida diária. Como medida de associação da autoavaliação negativa da saúde com variáveis de interesse foi empregada a técnica de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados A prevalência de autoavaliação negativa da saúde foi de 15,4%, apresentando associação estatisticamente significativa com sexo feminino (OR:1,72; IC95%:1,17-2,51), baixa escolaridade (OR:2,33; IC95%:1,37-3,97), sedentarismo (OR:1,84; IC95%: 1,08-3,14) e uso de medicamentos (OR:3,01; IC95%:1,52-5,95). Também se detectou associação com sintomas depressivos (OR:2,55; IC95%:1,74-3,73), presença de multimorbidades (OR:1,73; IC95%:1,15-2,61) e dependência total nas atividades instrumentais da vida diária (OR:2,42; IC95%:1,40-4,17). As morbidades associadas à percepção negativa da saúde foram: asma/bronquite (OR:2,74; IC95%:1,61-4,67), insônia (OR:1,80; IC95%:1,25-2,58) e problemas cardíacos (OR:1,77; IC95%:1,18-2,68). Conclusão Assim, a autoavaliação negativa da saúde das pessoas idosas sofre influência das condições socioeconômicas e de saúde, sendo um indicador útil para o delineamento de estratégias em saúde que favoreçam o envelhecimento com independência e bem-estar físico e emocional.

Abstract Objective To estimate the prevalence of negative self-rated health and its association with socioeconomic conditions, depressive symptoms, self-reported functionality, and morbidities in older people in Rio Branco, Acre. Method This is a survey carried out with data from Estudo das Doenças Crônicas em Idosos (EDOC-I - Study of Chronic Diseases in Older People), a household survey carried out with people aged 60 and over living in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, in 2014 (n=1,016). Negative self-rated health was defined by the "bad" and "very bad" strata. The scales of geriatric depression and activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living were applied. As a measure of association between negative self-rated health and variables of interest, the multiple logistic regression technique was used. Results The prevalence of negative self-rated health was 15.4%, with a statistically significant association with females (OR: 1.72; 95%CI:1.17-2.51), low education (OR:2.33; 95%CI:1.37-3.97), sedentary lifestyle (OR:1.84; 95%CI:1.08-3.14), and medication use (OR:3.01; 95%CI:1.52-5,95). An association was also detected with depressive symptoms (OR:2.55; 95%CI:1.74-3.73), presence of multimorbidities (OR:1.73; 95%CI:1.15-2.61), and total dependence on instrumental activities of daily living (OR:2.42; 95%CI:1.40-4.17). The morbidities associated with the negative perception of health were asthma/bronchitis (OR:2.74; 95%CI:1.61-4.67), insomnia (OR:1.80; 95%CI:1.25-2.58), and heart problems (OR:1.77; 95%CI:1.18-2.68). Conclusion Therefore, the negative self-rated health of older people is influenced by socioeconomic and health conditions, being a useful indicator for the design of health strategies to favor aging with independence and physical and emotional well-being.

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Introducción. Los protocolos de recuperación mejorada después de cirugía se han diseñado como una innovación en salud tras demostrarse que la mejora en los dispositivos médicos y la depuración de técnicas alcanzaron la meseta en disminución de complicaciones. Con estas estrategias de la medicina perioperatoria, en cirugía colorrectal se reducen la morbilidad y estancia hospitalaria. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar si la tasa de adherencia al programa de recuperación mejorada después de la cirugía (ERAS) está asociada con los resultados quirúrgicos. Métodos. Estudio multicéntrico, observacional, retrospectivo de cohorte (2015-2019), en cinco hospitales latinoamericanos certificados por la sociedad ERAS. Se calculó la incidencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas durante el posquirúrgico inmediato (30 días) y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Se utilizaron análisis bivariado y regresión logística multivariada para evaluar los factores asociados con la tasa de complicaciones. Resultados. Fueron incluidos en el estudio 648 pacientes en cinco hospitales ERAS, con edad promedio de 61 años y mayor porcentaje de hombres (51 %). El cumplimiento global al protocolo ERAS fue de 75 % y la estancia promedio de 6,2 días (mediana: 4 días). Se tuvo un cumplimiento óptimo del protocolo ERAS (igual o mayor al 80 %) en 23,6 % de los pacientes. Se documentó fuga de la anastomosis en 4 %, complicaciones infecciosas en 8,4 %, íleo en 5,7 %, reingreso en 10,2 % y mortalidad de 1,1 %. El análisis multivariado mostró que los niveles de adherencia óptima al protocolo ERAS reducen significativamente la aparición de complicaciones como fuga de la anastomosis (OR 0,08; IC95% 0,01-0,48; p=0,005) y complicaciones infecciosas (OR 0,17; IC95%0,03-0,76; p=0,046).Discusión. Los resultados sugieren que un cumplimiento del programa ERAS mayor al 80 % se asocia a menor frecuencia de complicaciones en pacientes con cirugía electiva colorrectal

Introduction. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol has been designed as an innovation in health after demonstrating that the improvement in medical devices and the refinement of techniques reached the plateau in reducing complications. With these strategies of perioperative medicine, in colorectal surgery morbidity and hospital stay are reduced. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the rate of adherence to the ERAS protocol is associated with surgical outcomes.Methods. Multicenter, observational, retrospective cohort study (2015-2019), in five Latin American hospitals certified by the ERAS Society. The incidence of surgical complications during the immediate postoperative period (30 days) and length of hospital stay were calculated. Bivariate analyzes and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess factors associated with complication rates.Results. 648 patients were included in the study in five ERAS hospitals, with an average age of 61 years and a higher percentage of men (51%). Overall compliance with the ERAS protocol was 75% and the average stay was 6.2 days (median: 4 days). There was optimal compliance with the ERAS protocol (equal to or greater than 80%) in 23.6% of the patients. Anastomotic leak was documented in 4%, infectious complications in 8.4%, ileus in 5.7%, readmission in 10.2%, and mortality in 1.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that optimal adherence levels to the ERAS protocol significantly reduce the appearance of complications such as anastomotic leakage (OR 0.08; 95%CI 0.01-0.48; p=0.005) and infectious complications (OR 0.17; 95%CI 0.03-0.76; p=0.046).Discussion. The results suggest that compliance with the ERAS program greater than 80% is associated with a lower frequency of complications in patients with elective colorectal surgery

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