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The Airway section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guidelines for the integral management of difficult airway in adult patients. This document provides recommendations based on current scientific evidence, theoretical-educational tools and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to the treatment of the airway in the field of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies and prehospital medicine. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations and optimization in the progression of the application of strategies to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to improve safety and quality of care.

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La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

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La sección de Vía Aérea de la Sociedad Española De Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor (SEDAR), la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello (SEORL-CCC) presentan la Guía para el manejo integral de la vía aérea difícil en el paciente adulto. Sus principios están focalizados en el factor humano, los procesos cognitivos para la toma de decisiones en situaciones críticas y la optimización en la progresión de la aplicación de estrategias para preservar una adecuada oxigenación alveolar con el objeto de mejorar la seguridad y la calidad asistencial. El documento proporciona recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia científica actual, herramientas teórico/educativas y herramientas de implementación, fundamentalmente ayudas cognitivas, aplicables al tratamiento de la vía aérea en el campo de la anestesiología, cuidados críticos, urgencias y medicina prehospitalaria. Para ello se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica según las directrices PRISMA-R y se analizó utilizando la metodología GRADE. Las recomendaciones se formularon de acuerdo con esta metodología. Las recomendaciones de aquellas secciones con evidencia de baja calidad se basaron en la opinión de expertos mediante consenso alcanzado a través de un cuestionario Delphi.(AU)

The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factor, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.(AU)

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The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

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The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

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The Airway Management section of the Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES), and the Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) present the Guide for the comprehensive management of difficult airway in adult patients. Its principles are focused on the human factors, cognitive processes for decision-making in critical situations, and optimization in the progression of strategies application to preserve adequate alveolar oxygenation in order to enhance safety and the quality of care. The document provides evidence-based recommendations, theoretical-educational tools, and implementation tools, mainly cognitive aids, applicable to airway management in the fields of anesthesiology, critical care, emergencies, and prehospital medicine. For this purpose, an extensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA-R guidelines and was analyzed using the GRADE methodology. Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE methodology. Recommendations for sections with low-quality evidence were based on expert opinion through consensus reached via a Delphi questionnaire.

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Introduction: In Peru, a high proportion of fully immunized people against COVID-19 has been achieved, which has mitigated the severity of the disease. Thus, under the recommendation of experts, the Peruvian government issued Supreme Decree 118-2022-PCM, which indicated that the use of masks is optional in open and ventilated enclosed spaces as of October 1, 2022. Objective: The aim of the present study was to find out the reasons why people continued to wear masks even though it was not mandatory in outdoor environments. Methods: A total of 335 people participated, with an average age of 26.11 years (73.1% women). A data collection form was prepared where sociodemographic and health information was requested; in addition, the question "Why do you continue to wear mask despite it being optional in open and closed ventilated spaces?" was included. The data obtained from the last open question of the instrument was analyzed by means of a discursive textual analysis (DTA) and an exploratory analysis through IRAMUTEQ. Results: Results indicate that people continue to wear masks, despite the lifting of the restrictions, to avoid contagion of COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. In addition, the prevention of possible infection and transmission of the virus also focused on the family and vulnerable people. Discussion: It is concluded that the practice of wearing masks may be influenced by individual perceptions of risk and interpretations of responsibility and solidarity towards others.

Introducción: En el Perú, se logró una alta proporción de personas completamente inmunizados contra COVID-19 que ha mitigado la severidad de la enfermedad. Es así que, bajo la recomendación de expertos el gobierno peruano emitió el Decreto Supremo 118-2022-PCM, donde se indicó que el uso de la mascarilla es opcional en espacios abiertos y espacios cerrados ventilados a partir del 1 de octubre del 2022. Objetivo: El presente estudio fue conocer las razones por las cuales las personas continuaron usando mascarilla a pesar de que no era obligatorio en ambientes exteriores. Metodología: Participaron un total de 335 personas con un promedio de edad de 26.11 años (73.1% mujeres). Se elaboró una ficha de recolección de datos donde se solicitó información sociodemográfica y de salud; además, se incluyó la pregunta "¿por qué sigue utilizando la mascarilla a pesar de que es opcional en espacios abiertos y cerrados ventilados?" Los datos obtenidos de la última pregunta abierta del instrumento se analizaron mediante un análisis textual discursivo (ATD) y un análisis exploratorio a través de IRAMUTEQ. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que, las personas seguían utilizando mascarillas, a pesar de estar levantadas las restricciones, para evitar contagios de la COVID-19 y de otras enfermedades respiratorias. Además, esta prevención de una posible infección y transmisión del virus es enfocada también a la propia familia y personas vulnerables. Discusión: Se concluye que, la práctica de usar mascarillas puede estar influenciada por las percepciones individuales del riesgo y las interpretaciones de responsabilidad y solidaridad frente a los demás.

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Introducción y objetivos: Existe poca literatura sobre el uso de la mascarilla en la realización de una prueba de esfuerzo (PE) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto del uso de la mascarilla durante la realización de una PE en un grupo de pacientes que han realizado al menos una PE con y sin mascarilla.MétodosEstudio observacional retrospectivo unicéntrico de pacientes sometidos a una PE con tapiz rodante. El criterio de inclusión fue tener más de 16años y haber realizado al menos una PE en época prepandemia (sin mascarilla) y pospandemia (con mascarilla).ResultadosUn total de 1.655 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio; 935 (56,5%) eran varones y 720 (43,5%) eran mujeres. La edad media fue de 57,3±14,9 años y el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 15,4 meses. El 53% de los pacientes presentaron antecedentes personales de hipertensión arterial; el 20%, dislipemia; el 12%, diabetes mellitus; el 8%, hábito tabáquico; el 19%, cardiopatía isquémica; el 5%, EPOC; el 8%, asma bronquial, y el 8%, fibrilación auricular. En la casi totalidad de las variables estudiadas en la PE, incluida la aparición de arritmias ventriculares, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas, ni por edad ni por sexo, salvo la existencia de una muy leve disminución en la capacidad de ejercicio con el uso de mascarilla en los pacientes de mayor edad (>65años).ConclusionesEl uso de mascarillas quirúrgicas o FFP2 durante la PE no afectó a la capacidad funcional, a la presión arterial, a la frecuencia cardiaca ni incrementó las arritmias ventriculares. (AU)

Introduction and objective: There is little literature on the use of face masks in a treadmill test (TMT) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of face masks during a TMT performed during the prepandemic (without face mask) and postpandemic (with face mask) era.MethodsRetrospective observational unicentric study of patients undergoing TMT. The inclusion criterion were being over 16years old and having performed at least one TMT in the prepandemic and postpandemic period.ResultsOne thousand six hundred fifty-five patients were included in the study. Nine hundred thirty-five (56.5%) were men and 720 (43.5%) women. The mean age was 57.3±14.9 and the mean follow-up time was 15.4 months. Fifty-three percent patients had arterial hypertension, 20% dyslipidemia, 12% diabetes mellitus, 8% smoking habit, 19% personal history of ischemic heart disease, 5% COPD, 8% bronchial asthma, and 8% atrial fibrillation. In almost all the variables studied in PE, including the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias, no significant differences were found, neither by age nor sex, except for the existence of a very slight decrease in exercise capacity with mask use in older patients (>65years).ConclusionsThe use of surgical or FFP2 face masks during the TMT did not affect functional capacity, blood pressure, heart rate, or increased ventricular arrhythmias. (AU)

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: There is little literature on the use of face masks in a treadmill test (TMT) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of face masks during a TMT performed during the prepandemic (without face mask) and postpandemic (with face mask) era. METHODS: Retrospective observational unicentric study of patients undergoing TMT. The inclusion criterion were being over 16years old and having performed at least one TMT in the prepandemic and postpandemic period. RESULTS: One thousand six hundred fifty-five patients were included in the study. Nine hundred thirty-five (56.5%) were men and 720 (43.5%) women. The mean age was 57.3±14.9 and the mean follow-up time was 15.4 months. Fifty-three percent patients had arterial hypertension, 20% dyslipidemia, 12% diabetes mellitus, 8% smoking habit, 19% personal history of ischemic heart disease, 5% COPD, 8% bronchial asthma, and 8% atrial fibrillation. In almost all the variables studied in PE, including the appearance of ventricular arrhythmias, no significant differences were found, neither by age nor sex, except for the existence of a very slight decrease in exercise capacity with mask use in older patients (>65years). CONCLUSIONS: The use of surgical or FFP2 face masks during the TMT did not affect functional capacity, blood pressure, heart rate, or increased ventricular arrhythmias.

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Resumen: Reportamos el manejo exitoso de la vía aérea con intubación orotraqueal a través de una máscara laríngea AuraOnceTM en un paciente con lesión de la médula espinal cervical. Su uso fue como dispositivo de rescate de la vía aérea tras intubación orotraqueal fallida con laringoscopía directa y dificultad para la ventilación con mascarilla en una paciente traumatizada de 46 años. Se tomó la decisión de utilizar la mascarilla laríngea sin intubación como conducto para la colocación de un tubo orotraqueal, lo cual se realizó con éxito. Este uso alternativo de la mascarilla laríngea Ambu AuraOnce podría ser de gran valor para los trabajadores de la salud en países de escasos recursos donde los dispositivos avanzados para las vías respiratorias no están fácilmente disponibles.

Abstract: We reported a successful airway management in a patient with a diagnosed cervical spinal injury with a non-intubating laryngeal mask AuraOnceTM. Its use was as a rescue airway device after failed orotracheal intubation with direct laryngoscopy and difficulty with facemask ventilation in a 46-year-old trauma patient. The decision was made to use the non-intubating laryngeal mask as a conduit for the placement of an orotracheal tube, which was done successfully. This alternative use of the Ambu AuraOnce laryngeal mask could be of great value to healthcare workers in resource-poor countries where advanced airway devices are not readily available.

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Se ha analizado, mediante un diseño cuasi-experimental con 19 sanitarios (33.7 ± 5.1 años), la importancia de la condición física, cognitiva y el rendimiento al portar un equipo de protección con mascarilla quirúrgica durante situaciones de entrenamiento en contextos significativos de intervención militar. Se midieron la frecuencia cardíaca y su variabilidad, los niveles de glucosa, la termorregulación, la fuerza explosiva y el esfuerzo percibido en tareas de rendimiento motor específicas (tapping test, torniquete, municionamiento), y de rendimiento cognitivo y decisional (triaje). Los resultados indican diferencias significativas (p < 05) en función de la condición física (glucemia y fuerza explosiva), del género (fuerza explosiva y torniquete), del hábito tabáquico (esfuerzo percibido) y del cuerpo de pertenencia (nivel de glucemia) en el grupo de estudio. Como conclusión, se destaca la importancia del entrenamiento físico y psicológico para la mejora de la respuesta operativa en situaciones sanitario-militares que requieren el uso de mascarilla quirúrgica. (AU)

Using a quasi-experimental design with 19 health workers (33.7 ± 5.1 years), the importance of physical and cognitive condition and performance when wearing protective equipment with a surgical mask during training situations in significant contexts of military intervention has been analysed. Heart rate and its variability, glucose levels, thermoregulation, explosive strength and perceived effort in specific motor performance tasks (tapping test, tourniquet, ammunition), and cognitive and decisional performance (triage) were measured. The results indicate significant differences (p < 05) depending on the physical condition (blood glucose and explosive strength), gender (explosive strength and tourniquet), smoking habit (perceived effort) and specialty (glucose level) in the study group. In conclusion, the importance of physical and psychological training is highlighted to improve the operational response in health-military situations that require the use of a surgical mask. (AU)

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En el artículo se detalla el procedimiento de validación de un cuestionario que analiza la percepción de los factores causales de la pandemia de la COVID-19, el CPFC-COVID-19. Se realizó una prueba piloto con 55 sujetos, se analizó la validez de contenido y de comprensión a través del juicio de 8 expertos y la validez de constructo a través de un análisis factorial exploratorio. Además, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio con una muestra de 427 personas, se calculó la validez convergente y se hizo un análisis descriptivo y de consistencia interna de los factores del cuestionario final. El CPFC-COVID-19 quedó constituido por 20 ítems y cuatro dimensiones: Distanciamiento social y Protección (DSP), Impacto psicológico percibido (IPP), Escepticismo (E) y Credibilidad de la información percibida (CIP). Los resultados demuestran la validez del cuestionario y unos altos índices de fiabilidad, lo que permite conocer las percepciones de la población acerca de los factores causales de la COVID-19.

The article details the validation procedure for a questionnaire that analyzes the perception of the causal factors of the COVID-19 pandemic, the CFPQ-COVID- 19. A pilot test was carried out with 55 subjects, its content and comprehension validity was analyzed through the judgment of 8 experts, and its construct validity through an exploratory factor analysis. In addition, a confirmatory factorial analysis was carried out with a sample of 427 people, the convergent validity was calculated, and a descriptive and internal consistency analysis of the factors of the final questionnaire was performed. The CPFC-COVID-19 finally comprised 20 items and four dimensions: Social distancing and Protection (SDP), Perceived psychological impact (PPI), Skepticism (S) and Credibility of perceived information (CPI). The results demonstrated the validity of the questionnaire and high reliability rates, which allows us to determine the perceptions of the population about the causal factors of COVID-19.

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Objetivo. Evaluar la influencia del uso de mascarillas faciales sobre la frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en reposo y en la actividad física en adultos de 18 a 60 años, en la ciudad de Lima, durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 en el 2020. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio de tipo experimental, analítico, prospectivo y transversal. Para la recopilación de datos se realizó una encuesta virtual vía Google forms, con una serie de preguntas e indicaciones para la correcta medida de la FC en diferentes situaciones: reposo, inmediatamente posterior a la actividad y 5 min posterior a la actividad física con y sin el uso de mascarillas (KN95, tela, quirúrgica y N95). Para el presente estudio se analizaron las posibles causas del aumento de la FC, por lo que fueron elegidos 60 adultos asintomáticos, 40 mujeres y 20 hombres, en el rango de edades entre 18 hasta 60 años. Resultados. Se obtuvo que la diferencia de la FC promedio con y sin uso de mascarilla inmediatamente posterior a la actividad física aumentó signifcativamente dependiendo del tipo de mascarilla. Con respecto a la KN95, se presenció un aumento de hasta en 9,6 latidos/min, mientras las mascarillas en tela, quirúrgica y N95 mostraron un aumento de 5,9, 5,6 y 7,4 latidos/min, respectivamente, bajo las mismas condiciones, calculándose en una media de 112,7 latidos/min por sobre 10,6 latidos/min en reposo, evidenciándose un incremento en hasta 7 % de su valor en reposo. Conclusión. Se comprobó que el uso de la mascarilla ejerce una notable influencia en la FC, inmediatamente y 5 minutos posterior terminada la actividad física, siendo la KN95 la mascarilla facial más utilizada y la de mayor influencia en el pulso cardiaco

Objective. To evaluate the influence of the use of face masks on resting heart rate (HR) and physical activity in adults aged 18 to 60 years, in the city of Lima, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Methods. An experimental, analytical, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out. For data collection, a virtual survey was carried out via Google Forms, with a series of questions and indications for the correct measurement of HR in different situations: at rest, immediately after activity and 5 min after physical activity with and without the use of masks (KN95, fabric, surgical and N95). For the present study, the possible causes of increased HR were analyzed, so 60 asymptomatic adults, 40 women and 20 men, in the age range of 18 to 60 years, were selected. Results. It was found that the difference in mean HR with and without mask use immediately after physical activity increased signifcantly depending on the type of mask. With respect to the KN95, an increase of up to 9.6 beats/min was observed, while the fabric, surgical and N95 masks showed an increase of 5.9, 5.6 and 7.4 beats/min, respectively, under the same conditions, calculating an average of 112.7 beats/ min over 10.6 beats/min at rest, showing an increase of up to 7% of its value at rest. Results. It was obtained that the difference in the average HR with and without mask use immediately after physical activity increased signifcantly depending on the type of mask. With respect to KN95, an increase of up to 9,6 beats/min was observed, while cloth, surgical and N95 masks showed an increase of 5,9, 5,6 and 7,4 beats/min, respectively, under the same conditions, calculated at an average of 112.7 beats/min over 10,6 beats/min at rest, evidencing an increase in up to 7 % of their value at rest. Conclusion. It was found that the use of the face mask exerts a notable influence on HR, immediately and 5 minutes after the end of the physical activity, being the KN95 the most used face mask and the one with the greatest influence on the cardiac pulse.

Objetivo. Avaliar o influence do uso de máscaras faciais em repouso de freqüência cardíaca (FC) e atividade física em adultos de 18-60 anos de idade, na cidade de Lima, durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em 2020. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo experimental, analítico, prospectivo e de corte transversal. Para a coleta de dados, foi realizada uma pesquisa virtual através de formulários Google, com uma série de perguntas e indicações para a medição correta de RH em diferentes situações: em repouso, imediatamente após o repouso, imediatamente após o exercício, e imediatamente após o exercício. situações: em repouso, imediatamente após a atividade e 5 minutos após a atividade física com e sem o uso de máscaras (KN95, tecido, cirúrgico e N95). Para o presente estudo, foram analisadas as possíveis causas do aumento do RH e foram selecionados 60 adultos assintomáticos, 40 mulheres e 20 homens, na faixa etária de 18 a 60 anos. Resultados. Descobriu-se que a diferença em HR com e sem o uso da máscara imediatamente após a atividade física aumentou significativamente, dependendo do tipo de máscara. Com respeito ao KN95, foi testemunhado um aumento de até 9,6 batidas/min, enquanto o tecido, as máscaras cirúrgicas e N95 mostraram um aumento de 5,9, 5,6 e 7,4 batimentos/min, respectivamente, nas mesmas condições, com uma média de 112,7 batimentos/min acima de 10,6 batimentos/min em repouso, mostrando um aumento de até 7% de seu valor de repouso. Conclusão. Verificou-se que o uso da máscara facial exerce uma influência notável na FC, imediatamente e 5 minutos após o final da atividade física, sendo a KN95 a máscara facial mais usada e a que tem maior influência no pulso cardíaco.

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Abstract Severe asthma affects more than 250 million people and represents high healthcare costs. Bronchial thermoplasty is a relatively new technique in interventional pulmonology for managing this condition. The procedure is done under general anesthesia and the patients are mostly ASA II and III; therefore, the anesthesia plan must be safe. The purpose of the article is to describe the anesthetic technique used (general anesthesia and laryngeal mask) and the immediate and early complications of the procedure. Four patients were included, each undergoing three sessions. The complications during and immediately after the procedure, as well as the early complications (up to seven days post-procedure) that could have required hospital management were discussed. In three of the sessions at least one acute bronchospasm event presented, but only one patient required hospital admission for more than 24 hours. Experience suggests that thermoplasty may be safely conducted under general anesthesia and laryngeal mask.

Resumen El asma grave afecta a más de 250 millones de personas y genera altos costos en el sistema de salud. La termoplastia bronquial es una técnica relativamente novedosa de la neumología intervencionista para el manejo de esta condición. Este procedimiento se realiza bajo anestesia general, y los pacientes son en su mayoría ASA II y III, por lo que el plan anestésico debe ser seguro. El objetivo del artículo es describir la técnica anestésica utilizada (anestesia general y máscara laríngea) y las complicaciones inmediatas y tempranas del procedimiento. Se incluyeron cuatro pacientes, cada uno de los cuales fue sometido a tres sesiones. Se describieron las complicaciones durante e inmediatamente después del procedimiento y las complicaciones tempranas (hasta siete días posprocedimiento), que hubieran requerido manejo hospitalario. En tres de las sesiones se presentó al menos un evento agudo de broncoespasmo y solo un paciente requirió hospitalización mayor a 24 horas. La experiencia sugiere que la termoplastia puede ser llevada a cabo de manera segura bajo anestesia general y mascara laríngea.

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OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 pandemic is associated with high incidence and fatality, however, non-communicable diseases remain a global public health problem with even greater morbidity and mortality. At present, there is a lag in diagnosis and treatment of patients with heart disease, particularly the performance of exercise testing (ET), due to the fear of aerosol generation and viral dissemination. Although some centers carry out the tests with the use of masks, the information is still superficial and preliminary. The objective of the study was to describe the ergometric performance observed when performing exercise tests during the COVID-19 (PANDEMIC-G) pandemic and to highlight the differences with those results carried out in another time, when there was no COVID-19 (NO PANDEMIC). METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out. PANDEMIC-G patients underwent ET between March 2020 and December 2020, once a biological triage was done and all of them wore N95 masks. They were compared to NO PANDEMIC patients that performed an ET between March 2019 and December 2019. Demographic and ergometric variables were presented and analyzed according to their type. All p < 0.05 were considered stochastically significant. RESULTS: A total of 361 ET were studied: 209 (58%) belonged to NO PANDEMIC and 152 (42%) to PANDEMIC-G. The number of ET stopped by dyspnea was greater in PANDEMIC-G (117) than in NO PANDEMIC (8). Exercise tolerance did not show significant changes. Systolic blood pressure, double product, and myocardial oxygen utilization were higher in PANDEMIC-G ET (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In the COVID-era, fewer stress tests were performed, which were suspended more frequently due to dyspnea. Higher values of systolic blood pressure and myocardial oxygen utilization were observed in PANDEMIC-G as well.

OBJETIVO: La pandemia de COVID-19 se asocia con una alta incidencia y letalidad; sin embargo, las enfermedades no transmisibles siguen siendo un problema de salud pública mundial con una morbilidad y mortalidad aún mayores. Actualmente, existe un retraso en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes con enfermedades cardíacas, particularmente en la realización de la prueba de esfuerzo (PE), debido al temor a la generación de aerosoles y la diseminación viral. Aunque algunos centros realizan las pruebas con el uso de tapabocas, la información aún es superficial y preliminar. El objetivo del estudio fue describir el desempeño ergométrico observado al realizar pruebas de ejercicio durante la pandemia COVID-19 (PANDEMIC-G) y remarcar las diferencias con las pruebas realizadas antes de ella (NO PANDEMIC). MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal. Los pacientes con PANDEMIC-G se sometieron a PE entre marzo y diciembre de 2020, una vez que se realizó un triaje biológico y todos usaron tapabocas N95. Fueron comparados con pacientes NO PANDEMIC, que realizaron una PE entre marzo y diciembre de 2019. Las variables se presentaron y analizaron según su tipo. Todos los valores de p inferiores a 0.05 se consideraron estocásticamente significativos. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron un total de 361 PE, donde 209 (58%) pertenecían a NO PANDEMIC y 152 (42%) a PANDEMIC-G. El número de PE detenidas por disnea fue mayor en PANDEMIC-G (n = 117) que en NO PANDEMIC (n = 8). La tolerancia al ejercicio no mostró cambios significativos. La presión arterial sistólica, el producto doble y la utilización de oxígeno del miocardio fueron mayores en las PE en el PANDEMIC-G (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONES: En la era COVID se realizaron menos pruebas de esfuerzo, que se suspendieron con mayor frecuencia por disnea. También se observaron valores más altos de presión arterial sistólica y utilización de oxígeno del miocardio en PANDEMIC-G.

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INTRODUCTION: Currently, the face mask represents an incomparable symbol whose value went from clinical work to impacting the containment of the spread of SARS-CoV-2, although it has become an element of discord in the general population. OBJECTIVE: To establish the impact of face mask use policies on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. METHODS: Face mask use policy variables, obtained from the website of the #Masks4All scientific movement, were associated with the number of infections, deaths and flattening of the curve published by the Johns Hopkins University resource center and EndCoronavirus.org. RESULTS: Face mask use policies were universal (required in shops, restaurants, public transport), partial (recommended, required in any public place) and absent. Associations of the face mask use policy with total cases (p = 0.01), cases per million (p = 0.04) and deaths per million population (p = 0.02) were statistically significant. Associations of the variables with the epidemiological curve trend were also statistically significant (p = 0.00). CONCLUSION: The recommendation for face mask widespread use is a measure with sufficient scientific support to reduce the number of COVID-19-related infections and deaths.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Actualmente, la mascarilla representa un símbolo incomparable cuyo valor pasó del trabajo clínico a impactar en la contención de la propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2; se convirtió en un elemento de discordia en la población general. OBJETIVO: Establecer el impacto de las políticas de uso de mascarilla en la morbimortalidad por COVID-19. MÉTODOS: Se asociaron las variables de política de uso de cubrebocas, obtenidas de la página web del movimiento científico #Masks4All, con el número de contagios, muertes y aplanamiento de la curva publicados por el centro de recursos de la Universidad Johns Hopkins y EndCoronavirus.org. RESULTADOS: Las políticas de uso de mascarilla fueron de tipo universal (requerido en tiendas, restaurantes, transporte público), parcial (recomendado, requerido en cualquier lugar público) y ausente. Las asociaciones de la política de uso de mascarilla con casos totales (p = 0.01), casos por millón (p = 0.04) y muertes por millón de habitantes (p = 0.02) resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Las asociaciones de las variables con la tendencia de la curva epidemiológica también resultaron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.00). CONCLUSIÓN: La recomendación del uso generalizado de mascarilla es una medida con suficiente respaldo científico para reducir el número de contagios y muertes por COVID-19.

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Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico en el que el paciente cursa impétigo que podría estar relacionado con el uso de mascarillas faciales por un tiempo prolongado. Caso clínico: Se reporta el tratamiento y la evolución de un caso clínico en un paciente adulto que consultó en un centro clínico privado por la presencia de lesiones vesiculares en la región labial superior con aumento de volumen generalizado en ambos labios. El cuadro clínico es compatible con infección por impétigo y herpes zóster asociado al uso prolongado de una mascarilla de tela. Se describe la importancia del empleo correcto de estas mascarillas que se están usando como medida de protección personal en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19, ya que las mismas pueden contribuir a generar infecciones faciales si no se mantiene una higiene apropiada (AU)

Aim: To present a clinical case in which the patient has impetigo that could be related to the use of facial masks for a long time. Clinical case: The treatment and evolution of a clinical case of an adult patient who attended a private clinical centre due to the presence of vesicular lesions in the upper labial region with generalized increase volume in both lips is reported. The clinical presentation is compatible with impetigo and herpes zoster infection associated with prolonged use of a cloth mask. The importance of the correct use of cloth masks that are being used as a personal protection measure in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is described, since they can contribute to facial infections if proper hygiene is not observed (AU))

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Introducción: Un componente importante del equipo de protección individual (EPI) frente al SARS-CoV-2 son las mascarillas quirúrgicas y las mascarillas autofiltrantes (FFP). La norma europea EN 149 establece y clasifica las mascarillas autofiltrantes en tres niveles de protección dependiendo del porcentaje de fuga del total de partículas en suspensión del aire exterior hacia el aire interior FFP1, FFP2, FFP3. El objetivo de este e ensayo de laboratorio es determinar y cuantificar el nivel de ajuste de las mascarillas autofiltrantes FFP2 combinadas con las mascarillas quirúrgicas mediante series de pruebas de ajuste (fit test). Material y Métodos: Se utilizó el equipo medidor de ajuste de mascarillas FFP modelo PortaCount® Pro + 8038 compatible con las normas y metodología de la OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) de los EEUU. Se realizaron series de pruebas de ajuste sobre diferentes modelos de mascarillas autofiltrantes FFP2 con y sin mascarilla quirúrgica para diferentes situaciones de respiración del trabajador participante en este experimento. Resultados: El uso de la mascarilla quirúrgica sobre una mascarilla autofiltrante FFP2 aporta una mejora en la protección respiratoria determinante, incrementando el factor de ajuste hasta de +200 (el factor de ajuste mínimo debe ser 100). Conclusiones: Las mascarillas quirúrgicas cuando se usan conjuntamente con las mascarillas autofiltrantes, podrían mejorar significativamente el grado de ajuste de todas las mascarillas autofiltrantes proporcionando una mayor eficacia de filtración y una mayor protección al usuario frente a la exposición a aerosoles (AU)

Introduction: Frontline healthcare workers have a high risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes COVID-19. The use of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential to prevent this occupational disease. Surgical masks and filtering face piece (FFP) respirators are important parts of this PPE. European standard EN 149 establishes three protection levels for FFP respirators (FFP1, FFP2, FFP3), depending on the particle infiltration degree through their materials, and these, in turn, are based on their filtration effectiveness. The aim of this laboratory test is to determine and quantify the filtration and fit rate of different FFP respirators, singly and in combination with surgical masks, by performing a series of fit tests and consequently, to check whether this combination improves protection levels for healthcare workers who care for COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: Several FFP respirators and surgical masks, singly and in combination, were fit tested with a PortaCount Pro + 8038, which fulfills OSHA standards, in a series of tests performed on healthcare workers in seven different breathing situations when taking care on COVID-19 patients, in order to determine and quantify their fit to the workers' face. Results: Wearing a surgical mask together with a highly efficient FFP respirator provided increased respiratory protection. Interestingly, one of these highly efficient FFP models, combined with a surgical mask, achieved a protection factor over 200 (whereas 100 is the minimum required protection factor). Conclusions: Surgical masks, when used together with a FFP2 respirator, could significantly improve the degree of fit of all self-filtering face piece by providing greater filtration efficiency and greater user protection from exposure to aerosols (AU)

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Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, la mascarilla representa un símbolo incomparable cuyo valor pasó del trabajo clínico a impactar en la contención de la propagación del virus SARS-CoV-2; se convirtió en un elemento de discordia en la población general. Objetivo: Establecer el impacto de las políticas de uso de mascarilla en la morbimortalidad por COVID-19. Métodos: Se asociaron las variables de política de uso de cubrebocas, obtenidas de la página web del movimiento científico #Masks4All, con el número de contagios, muertes y aplanamiento de la curva publicados por el centro de recursos de la Universidad Johns Hopkins y EndCoronavirus.org. Resultados: Las políticas de uso de mascarilla fueron de tipo universal (requerido en tiendas, restaurantes, transporte público), parcial (recomendado, requerido en cualquier lugar público) y ausente. Las asociaciones de la política de uso de mascarilla con casos totales (p = 0.01), casos por millón (p = 0.04) y muertes por millón de habitantes (p = 0.02) resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Las asociaciones de las variables con la tendencia de la curva epidemiológica también resultaron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.00). Conclusión: La recomendación del uso generalizado de mascarilla es una medida con suficiente respaldo científico para reducir el número de contagios y muertes por COVID-19.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, the face mask represents an incomparable symbol whose value went from clinical work to impacting the containment of the spread of SARS-CoV-2, although it has become an element of discord in the general population. Objective: To establish the impact of face mask use policies on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Methods: Face mask use policy variables, obtained from the website of the #Masks4All scientific movement, were associated with the number of infections, deaths and flattening of the curve published by the Johns Hopkins University resource center and EndCoronavirus.org. Results: Face mask use policies were universal (required in shops, restaurants, public transport), partial (recommended, required in any public place) and absent. Associations of the face mask use policy with total cases (p = 0.01), cases per million (p = 0.04) and deaths per million population (p = 0.02) were statistically significant. Associations of the variables with the epidemiological curve trend were also statistically significant (p = 0.00). Conclusion: The recommendation for face mask widespread use is a measure with sufficient scientific support to reduce the number of COVID-19-related infections and deaths.

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Objective. In the present work, a methodology has been developed for the evaluation of respiratory protection in surgical masks and respirators commonly used in the peruvian population, considering the particles most likely to contain active SARS-COV-2 virus, which includes the filtration capacity of the material used and the adjustment provided by the respiratory protection device. Methodology. A direct linear relationship has been determined between the logarithm of the concentration of suspended particles in air and the elapsed time; ao that, it is possible to compare the amount of internal and external particles to the mask or respirator in the same period of time and to know the percentage of respiratory protection of each sample evaluated. Conclusions: Concordance is obtained between the values ​​obtained for respiratory protection and those expected considering the level of filtration of the material used that makes up each surgical mask or respirator, and the level of adjustment presented by them, observing a significant increase in the levels of protection improving the fit in them.

Objetivo. En el presente trabajo se ha desarrollado una metodología para la evaluación de la protección respiratoria en mascarillas quirúrgicas y respiradores de uso común en la población peruana, considerando las partículas de mayor probabilidad de contener virus activo del SARS-COV-2, la cual incluye la capacidad de filtración del material empleado y el ajuste proporcionado por el dispositivo de protección respiratoria. Metodología. Se ha determinado una relación lineal directa entre el logaritmo de la concentración de partículas suspendidas en aire y el tiempo transcurrido; por lo cual es posible comparar la cantidad de partículas internas y externas a la mascarilla o respirador en un mismo período de tiempo y conocer el porcentaje de protección respiratoria de cada muestra evaluada. Conclusiones: Se obtiene concordancia entre los valores obtenidos de protección respiratoria y los esperados considerando el nivel de filtración del material empleado que compone cada mascarilla quirúrgica o respirador, y el nivel de ajuste presentado por los mismos, observándose un incremento significativo en los niveles de protección respiratoria mejorando el ajuste en los mismos.