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Objective: This study aims to identify fracture patterns on the lingual aspect of the mandible following Bilateral Sagittal Osteotomy of the Mandibular Ramus and correlate these patterns with mandibular anatomical characteristics in patients with cleft lip and palate. Methods: Two hundred cone beam CT scans were analyzed, with 100 scans in the preoperative period to assess mandibular anatomy and 100 in the postoperative period to evaluate the course of fractures on the lingual surface after surgery. Results: Statistical analysis revealed no correlation between the depth of the mandibular fossa and the type of fracture after bilateral sagittal osteotomy. Similarly, there was no association between the height and angle of the mandibular body and the type of fracture. The most common fracture type observed was the type 3 pattern, characterized by a line running through the mandibular canal. Furthermore, no relationship was identified between the studied anatomical aspects and the occurrence of undesired fractures. Conclusions: The anatomical data presented in this study can assist surgeons in selecting the safest surgical techniques and optimal osteotomy sites, particularly in patients with cleft lip and palate.

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los patrones de fractura en la superfície lingual de la mandíbula después de la osteotomía sagital bilateral de la rama mandibular y correlacionar estos patrones con las características anatómicas mandibulares en pacientes com fisura labiopalatina. Métodos: Se analizaron doscientas tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico, con cien tomografías en el período preoperatorio para evaluar la anatomía mandibular y cien en el período postoperatorio para evaluar el curso de las fracturas en la superficie lingual después de la cirugía. Resultados: El análisis estadístico no reveló correlación entre la profundidad de la fosa mandibular y el tipo de fractura después de la osteotomía sagital bilateral. Del mismo modo, no hubo asociación entre la altura y el ángulo del cuerpo mandibular y el tipo de fractura. El tipo de fractura más común observado fue el patrón tipo 3, caracterizado por una línea que atraviesa el canal mandibular. Además, no se identificó relación entre los aspectos anatómicos estudiados y la ocurrencia de fracturas no deseadas. Conclusiones: Los datos anatómicos presentados en este estudio pueden ayudar a los cirujanos a seleccionar las técnicas quirúrgicas más seguras y los sitios de osteotomía óptimos, especialmente en pacientes con fisura labiopalatina.

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BACKGROUND: The study examines a sample of patients presenting for viscerocranial computer tomography that does not display any apparent signs of asymmetry, assesses the three-dimensional congruency of the mandibular ramus, and focuses on differences in age and gender. METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort study screened viscerocranial CT data of patients without deformation or developmental anomalies. Segmentations were obtained from the left and right sides and superimposed according to the best-fit alignment. Comparisons were made to evaluate three-dimensional congruency and compared between subgroups according to age and gender. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were screened, and one hundred patients met the inclusion criteria. There were no statistical differences between the left and right sides of the mandibular ramus. Also, there were no differences between the subgroups. The overall root mean square was 0.75 ± 0.15 mm, and the mean absolute distance from the mean was 0.54 ± 0.10 mm. CONCLUSION: The mean difference was less than one millimetre, far below the two-millimetre distance described in the literature that defines relative symmetry. Our study population displays a high degree of three-dimensional congruency. Our findings help to understand that there is sufficient three-dimensional congruency of the mandibular ramus, thus contributing to facilitating CAD-CAM-based procedures based on symmetry for this specific anatomic structure.

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Background: Sagittal split ramus osteotomy is an established procedure used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Major bleeding is representative intraoperative complication involves vessels such as the inferior alveolar, facial, and maxillary arteries and accompanying veins, in particular the retromandibular vein (RMV). We previously described the RMV course patterns using embalmed cadavers. However, owing to the possible influence of formalin fixation and unclear skeletal classification of the jaws, the present study aimed to use contrast-enhanced computed tomography to confirm the RMV in patients with defined jaw deformities. Methods: Twenty patients with orthognathic jaw deformities (40 sides) were included. The RMV and the lateral and posterior views of the mandible were evaluated using contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Course patterns and RMV positions were classified as previously reported. Results: Three patterns were identified in the lateral view. Type A: RMV posterior to the posterior border of the ramus (n=25; 62.5%). Type B: adjoining the posterior border of the ramus (n=12; 30.0%). Type C: anterior to the posterior border of the ramus (n=3; 7.5%). Five course patterns were identified in the posterior view. Pattern I: rectilinear course running medial to the posterior border of the ramus (n=3; 7.5%). Pattern II: diagonal course running medially from immediately posterior to posterior border of the ramus (n=11; 27.5%). Pattern III: rectilinear course running immediately posterior to the posterior border of the ramus (n=12; 30.0%). Pattern IV: diagonal course running from lateral to medial relative to the posterior border of the ramus (n=8; 20.0%). Pattern V: diagonal course running from lateral to immediately posterior relative to the posterior border of the ramus (n=6; 15.0%). In the no-course pattern group, the RMV inferior to the lingula was lateral to its position and superior to that of the lingula. In half of the cases, the left and right sides exhibited different running patterns. We observed no correlation between the skeletal patterns of jaw deformities and the course of the RMV. Conclusions: Type B/Pattern II that runs in a straight line bordering the posterior margin of the ramus requires the most attention during surgery. These findings suggest the possibility of predicting intraoperative bleeding risk.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present an innovative surgical protocol, navigation-based endoscopic enucleation (NBEE) for the treatment of large mandibular cystic lesions involving the mandibular ramus. METHODS: Twelve patients who presented with a large mandibular cystic lesion involving the mandibular ramus were enrolled in this study. Preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation were performed in all 12 patients. RESULTS: All patients in this study were treated with navigation-based endoscopic enucleation successfully. The follow-up period ranged from 7 to 10 months. Bone regenerated was found in all patients postoperatively. Three patients experienced temporary mandibular nerve palsy, and all relieved within 2 months. No pathological bone fracture was found during surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The use of navigation-based endoscopic enucleation (NBEE) for the treatment of large mandibular cystic lesions involving the ramus proved to be an effective method for complete and precise enucleation of the cystic lesion that also preserved the surrounding tissue.

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Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to determine the angulation changes of the proximal segment following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) setback and its correlation with the amount of immediate postoperative surgical movement. The correlation between postoperative relapse of the distal and proximal segment at six months postoperatively was also evaluated. Materials and methods: The CBCT-generated lateral cephalometric images of 39 patients who underwent BSSO setback with or without Le Fort I osteotomy were evaluated preoperatively (T0), immediately postoperative (T1), and six months postoperatively (T2). Results: The mean surgical setback was 7.28 ± 4.45 mm at B point. The proximal segment's immediate postoperative mean posterior rotation was 2.13 ± 3.59 degrees. Six months after the operation, the mean distal segment relapse was 0.89 ± 3.03 mm at B point. The proximal segment relapse was 0.81 ± 1.63 degrees. A significant moderate correlation was found (P < 0.05) between the surgical movement and the immediate postoperative proximal segment rotation and between the surgical movement and the distal segment relapse. A significant correlation was found between the distal segment relapse and the average and left proximal segment relapse. There was no significant correlation between immediate postoperative proximal segment rotation and distal segment relapse. Conclusion: The immediate postoperative posterior rotation of the proximal segment had a negligible effect on mandibular relapse. The amount of surgical movement, on the other hand, was more related to distal segment relapse. The intraoperative proximal segment rotation should thus be minimized in cases with a significant surgical setback.

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Introduction: This study aims to quantitively analyze mandibular ramus and body deformities, assessing the asymmetry and progression in different components. Methods: This is a retrospective study on hemifacial microsomia children. They were divided into mild/severe groups by Pruzansky-Kaban classification and into three age groups (<1 year,1-5 years, 6-12 years old). Linear and volumetric measurements of the ramus and the body were collected via their preoperative imaging data to compare between the different sides and severities, using independent and paired tests, respectively. The progression of asymmetry was assessed by changes in affected/contralateral ratios with age using multi-group comparisons. Results: Two hundred and ten unilateral cases were studied. Generally, the affected ramus and body were significantly smaller than those on the contralateral side. Linear measurements on the affected side were shorter in the severe group. Regarding affected/contralateral ratios, the body was less affected than the ramus. Progressively decreased affected/contralateral ratios of body length, dentate segment volume, and hemimandible volume were found. Discussion: There were asymmetries in mandibular ramus and body regions, which involved the ramus more. A significant contribution to progressive asymmetry from the body suggests treatment focus in this region.

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Background: In medico-legal investigations identification of skeletal remains is of utmost importance. The skeletal remains most commonly investigated are pelvic and skull bones with the mandible an important element to analyze sexual dimorphism. Mandibular ramus can differentiate between the two genders as the stages of mandibular development, growth rates, and duration are different in both genders. Metric analysis on the radiographs is found to be of higher values when skeletal sex determination is considered. Aims and Objectives: 1) To compare and evaluate the various measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital OPG's. 2) To assess the usefulness of mandibular ramus as an aid in gender determination in the Bagalkot population. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 80 patients (40 males & 40 females) using Kodak 8000 C digital panoramic radiographs of the Bagalkot population with ages ranging from 18 to 58 years. Five parameters namely coronoid ramus height, condyle ramus height, condyle coronoid breadth, maximum ramus breadth, and minimum ramus breadth were taken into consideration, the values were measured and data were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: In the present study, all the measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital panoramic radiographs showed a statistically significant difference between both the genders except for minimum ramus breadth which was found to be insignificant. Conclusion: Discriminant analysis of mandibular ramus using panoramic radiography can be used as an effective tool in gender determination and can be used as an aid in forensic sciences.

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Objective: The growth and development of the mandible strongly depend on modeling changes occurring at its ramus. Here, we investigated covariance patterns between the morphology of the ramus and the rest of the face. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 159 adults (55 males and 104 females) with no history of orthodontic treatment were collected. Geometric morphometrics with sliding semi-landmarks was used. The covariance between the ramus and face was investigated using a two-block partial least squares analysis (PLS). Sexual dimorphism and allometry were also assessed. Results: Differences in the divergence of the face and anteroposterior relationship of the jaws accounted for 24.1% and 21.6% of shape variation in the sample, respectively. Shape variation was greater in the sagittal plane for males than for females (30.7% vs. 17.4%), whereas variation in the vertical plane was similar for both sexes (23.7% for males and 25.4% for females). Size-related allometric differences between the sexes accounted for the shape variation to a maximum of 6% regarding the face. Regarding the covariation between the shapes of the ramus and the rest of the face, wider and shorter rami were associated with a decreased lower anterior facial height as well as a prognathic mandible and maxilla (PLS 1, 45.5% of the covariance). Additionally, a more posteriorly inclined ramus in the lower region was correlated with a Class II pattern and flat mandibular plane. Conclusions: The width, height, and inclination of the ramus were correlated with facial shape changes in the vertical and sagittal planes.

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Statement of the Problem: Medial depression of the mandibular ramus (MDMR) as a normal anatomical variation might complicate orthognatic surgeries that involve ramus. When planning an orthognatic surgery, it is clinically valuable to notice MDMR in osteotomy site to decrease the risk of failure. Purpose: The aim of present study was to evaluate the prevalence as well as characteristics of MDMR in three skeletal sagittal classifications. Materials and Method: This cross sectional study evaluated 530 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, of which 220 were enrolled. The skeletal sagittal classification, the presence of MDMR, the shape, depth, and width of MDMR were recorded for each patient by two examiners. Chi-square test was performed to determine the differences between three skeletal sagittal groups and between two genders. Results: The overall prevalence of MDMR was 60.45%. MDMR was mostly detected in class III (76.92%), followed by class II (76.66%), and class I (54.87%). In the analyzed CBCT scans, semi-lunar was the most common shape detected (42.85%), followed by triangular (30.82%), circular (18.04%), and tear-drop (8.27%). The depth of MDMR was not significantly different between three sagittal groups and between genders; however, the width of MDMR was higher in class III group and in male patients. In the present study, MDMR was found to be more common in patients with class II and class III skeletal classifications. Although, MDMR was more frequent in class III, the difference between class II and class III was not significant. Conclusion: More caution is needed during orthognatic surgery in patients with dentoskeletal deformities during the splitting of the ramus. Moreover, higher width of MDMR in class III and male patients should be concerned when planning an orthognatic surgery for these patients.

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Background The goal of this study is to use digital orthopantomographs (OPGs) to find out the role the mandibular ramus plays in figuring out a person's gender. Methodology Six hundred digital OPGs of patients, aged 21 to 50 years of either gender, fulfilling the exclusion and inclusion criteria, were randomly selected from the department archives exclusively for this digital retrospective study. All the scans were anonymized before the analysis. A total of seven measurements (in mm) were performed on OPGs, namely, minimum and maximum widths of the ramus, minimum and maximum condylar heights, maximum height of the ramus and coronoid, gonial angle bilaterally, and bigonial width. The data obtained was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), by a stepwise discriminant functional analysis for gender determination. Results Linear measurements, including maximum and minimum widths of the ramus, maximum height of the condyle, height of the ramus, and coronoid and bigonial width, revealed more values in males than in females. However, the gonial angle showed higher average values in females than in males. Moreover, all seven parameters showed statistically insignificant age-related changes. Conclusions The mandibular ramus showed high sexual dimorphism, and its analysis on OPG can be a valuable aid in the determination of gender in the fields of forensic odontology and anthropology.

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Osteomas of the maxilla and the mandible are rare, benign, and slow-growing tumors arising from the bone cells. They are more frequently located on the mandible than the maxilla, with mandibular body, angle, and condyle being more frequently affected. The development of a peripheral osteoma at the mandibular ramus is a rare occurrence, and few cases have been published in English literature. Even though the developmental process of this pathologic entity is characterized as slow growing, little data are known about the developmental rate of the peripheral osteomas of the mandible. In our paper, we present a case of peripheral osteoma of the external surface of the right mandibular ramus that was diagnosed 10 years earlier; its dimensions were measured precisely at that time with CT. The patient declined a surgical operation, and 10 years after the initial diagnosis, she visited our department with an increase in the size of the lesion and asked for a re-evaluation. A new CBCT was performed, and accurate measurement of the new dimensions of the lesion was conducted; this was compared with the previous dimensions. The comparison of the current CBCT with the CT performed 10 years earlier permitted to calculate the growth rate of osteoma that was approximately 2.0 mm/year.

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BACKGROUND: Mandible is the strongest and most dimorphic bone of skull which resists postmortem changes and plays an important role in sex determination. Skeletal characteristic differ in different population therefore need of population specific studies. The aim of present study was to determine sex by morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus. METHODS: A cross sectionalstudy was performed in orthopantomogram of patients collected from Dental Department of Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal. One hundred and fifty digital orthopantomogram of patient fulfilling inclusion criteria were included in the study. Five different mandibular parameters (maximum ramus breadth, minimum ramus breadth, condylar height/maximum ramus height, projective height of ramus, and coronoid height) were measured bilaterally resulting in total 300 rami being assessed. Orthopantomogram were made with Planmeca ProMax classic 2D machine and all the measurements on digital radiograph were performed with Planmeca Romexis viewer software version 5.1.0.R. Discriminant function analysis was performed to find the most significant predictors for determining sex. RESULTS: All the measured mandibular parameters were statistically significantly higher in male than females (P<0.001). Condylar height was the most significant predictors for determining sex. The discriminate function equation was derived to determine sex with an overall accuracy of 84.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Morphometric analysis of mandibular ramus using digital orthopantomogram showed a high sexual dimorphism.

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The purpose is to describe a technique of using ramal bone graft for reconstructing defects of the infra-orbital rim (IOR), assess outcomes and complications. This was a retrospective chart review of 16 patients who underwent ramal bone grafting for IOR fractures. Outcomes evaluated were improvement in clinical findings (lid/globe malposition, tethering of facial skin and implant extrusion) and complications. Data analysis included descriptive statistics. The sample included 15 males and 1 female, with a mean age of 31.6 years. Lid malposition, globe malposition and tethering of facial skin was seen in 16, 13 and 6 patients, respectively. One patient demonstrated extrusion of implant. The mean size of bone harvested was 14 × 7 mm. All patients demonstrated improved globe position post-treatment, while 3 had residual lid retraction. Two patients demonstrated wound dehiscence in the donor site. In conclusion ramal bone graft was found to be a viable alternative for IOR reconstruction.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate short- and long-term postoperative changes of both morphology and transverse stability in mandibular ramus after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) in patients with jaw deformity using three-dimensional (3D) orthognathic surgery planning treatment software for measurement of distances and angles. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective study included consecutive patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion who had undergone intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy and computed tomography images before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 1 year after (T2) surgery. Reference points, reference lines and evaluation items were designated on the reconstructed 3D surface models to measure distances, angles and volume. The average values at T0, T1, T2 and time-dependent changes in variables were obtained. RESULTS: After surgery, the condylar length, ramal height, mandibular body length and mandibular ramus volume were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), while clinically insignificant change was observed from T1 to T2. The angular length was increased immediately after surgery (P < 0.05), but it was decreased 1 year after surgery (P < 0.05). Lateral ramal inclination showed significant increase after surgery (P < 0.05) and maintained at T2. CONCLUSION: Changes in the morphology of the mandibular ramus caused by IVRO do not obviously bring negative effect on facial appearance. Furthermore, despite position and angle of mandibular ramus changed after IVRO, good transverse stability was observed postoperatively. Therefore, IVRO technique can be safely used without compromising esthetic results.

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SUMMARY: Sex estimation is the first step in human identification. The mandibular ramus and the condyle have been widely used as indicators for sexual diagnosis because they are regions that undergo important morphological changes which increase sexual dimorphism. The object of the present study was to carry out a systematic review to determine the metric parameters of the mandibular ramus that present the greatest sexual dimorphism, and to sex estimation from the angle of mandible (MA). We included documents in English, Spanish and Portuguese which analysed sex estimation or sex diagnosis by metric analysis of the mandibular ramus in humans. The search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, up to December 2020. The risks of bias were analysed using the AQUA tool. The search identified 538 studies. After exclusion of duplicates and irrelevant articles, 39 studies were included for qualitative analysis. Of these, 18 studies were carried out on dry mandibles and 21 by imaging techniques, totalling 7270 participants of 14 different nationalities. We found 14 sex-estimation parameters in the mandibular ramus, plus the MA. Sex estimation by the MA is variable; it is a good predictor only for some populations. The height of the mandibular ramus, the angle of mandible, the bicondylar angle and the height of the coronoid process were the estimation parameters cited in the greatest number of studies. The mandibular ramus presents great sexual dimorphism and can be used as a sex predictor in different populations. Although some parameters of the mandibular ramus can present accuracy of almost 80 % when analysed in isolation, more accurate sex estimation is achieved when the parameters are analysed in conjunction.

RESUMEN: La estimación sexual es el primer paso en la identificación humana. La rama mandibular y el cóndilo se han utilizado ampliamente como indicadores para el diagnóstico sexual debido a que son regiones que sufren cambios morfológicos importantes, aumentando el dimorfismo sexual. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática a fin de determinar los parámetros métricos de la rama mandibular que presentan mayor dimorfismo sexual, bien estimar el sexo a través del ángulo de la mandíbula (AM). Se incluyeron artículos en Inglés, Español y Portugués que analizaron la predicción sexual o el diagnóstico sexual mediante análisis métrico de la rama mandibular en humanos. La búsqueda fue realizada a través de PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, con límite hasta Diciembre 2020. El análisis de los riesgos de sesgos se realizó con la herramienta AQUA. Fueron identificados 538 estudios. Tras la exclusión de duplicados y estudios fuera del tema fueron incluidos 39 estudios para análisis cualitativa. De estos, 18 estudios fueron realizados en mandíbulas secas y 21 en exámenes de imagen, totalizando 7270 participantes de 14 nacionalidades distintas. Fueron encontrados 14 parámetros predictores del sexo en la rama mandibular más el AM. La predicción sexual a través del AM es variable, siendo un buen predictor solamente para algunas poblaciones. La altura de la rama mandibular, ángulo bigoníaco, ángulo bicondilar y la altura del proceso coronoides fueron los parámetros predictivos citados en mayor número de estudios. La rama mandibular presenta gran dimorfismo sexual y puede ser utilizada como predictor del sexo en diferentes poblaciones. A pesar que algunos parámetros de la rama mandibular pueden presentar una precisión de casi 80 % cuando analizadas de forma aislada, una mayor predicción sexual es alcanzada cuando los parámetros son analizados en conjunto.

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The prevalence of crossed beaks ranging from 0.2 to 7.4% was documented in at least 12 chicken strains. Previous studies focused largely on candidate molecules, whereas the morphological observation was missing. This study reported a detailed phenotype and prevalence of crossed beaks based on morphological observation in nine thousand nine hundred 1-day-old female Beijing-You chicks. Affected chicks were classified into 2 categories based on the direction of the mandibular deformation: left and right. Each category was selected to sacrifice for the measurement of length, width, and thickness of the bilateral mandibular ramus (MR). The normal chicks were used as controls. Paraffin section was made for the bilateral MR of a crossed beak and a normal control for histology analysis. A total of 97 out of 9,900 chickens showed beak deformity including 71 crossed beaks (0.72%) and 26 side beaks (0.26%) for which the upper and lower beak were both bent in the same direction. There was no difference in the direction of the bend of the lower beak in crossed beaks (P > 0.05). The incidence of crossed beaks increased quickly from 0 to 56 d and no new incidence after 56 d. The angle of the crossed beaks was below 5° in the first week and had grown more severe with age until 56 d. The mandible structure showed that condyle served as a growth center for the MR extension. The short-side MR of crossed beaks was thicker than normal ones (P < 0.05) and caused the mandible deviated to the same direction. Meanwhile, the short-side MR prevented the occlusion, leading the jugal arch deformity, which in turn resulted in a bent maxillary horizontally. Similarly, chicks with side beaks also had asymmetry in MR length and the deformities of the jugal arch after dissection. In summary, asymmetric growth of bilateral MR induced crossed beaks and side beaks; the mandibular condyle could be an ideal sample for the related molecular mechanism studies underlying this trait.

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BACKGROUND: The determination of sex is as a keystone in the identification. The skull is considered the second-best mark of gender determination. However in cases where a complete dry skull is not found, the mandible may play an important role in gender estimation as it is the most dimorphic, largest, and strongest bone of the skull. Studies showed cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) found better than traditional methods. The using of CBCT device can obtain undistorted and good-quality 3D images with a low radiation dose.In this study, it was purposed to measure the morphometric parameters of the 3D mandible models in the Central Anatolian Turkish population and to evaluate the effectiveness of measurements in gender determination. METHOD: The study was consisted of 70 individuals (35 males, 35 females; mean age 24,69 ± 2,85 years). Linear parameters were measured in mm using the mouse-driven method. The measurements were recorded from the both of right and left side. Acquired measurements between groups were evaluated with Student t-test. RESULTS: In the present study five different parameters of mandible were measured and mean values were determined. It was found that all variable of mandibular ramus on CBCT models showed a statistically significant difference among the sex (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular ramus measurements can be useful tool for sex determination. These results propose that the mandible describes sexual dimorphism in the modern adult Central Anatolian Turkish population. However further studies with larger populations are needed to reveal this relation.

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OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to assess possible sex-related variations in the dimensions of the mandibular ramus. METHODS: We divided 240 patients into two groups: an impacted lower third molar group of 115 subjects (68 men and 47 women) and a normally erupted lower third molar group of 125 subjects (89 men and 36 women). RESULTS: The study identified multiple sex-related differences between impacted and normally erupted lower molar groups. Men demonstrated greater values in the majority of variables compared to women. Furthermore, men in both the impacted and control groups had greater condylar length, coronoid process length, ramus height, ramal width, retromolar space, and retromolar space ratio than women. By contrast, women in both groups had a larger gonial angle, more upright lower posterior teeth, and more upright impaction than men. Both sexes in the control group had larger values for most measurements than their counterparts in the impacted group. Women in both groups had more upright posterior teeth and less inclined third molars. CONCLUSION: In our study, men had greater values for most of the analysed variables compared to women. Configuration of the mandibular ramus is related to the sex, which might enhance the probability of third molar eruption or impaction.