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Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to infect cells. Even if the known protein receptors for these viruses have no evolutionary relationships, they do share ontological commonalities that the virus might leverage to exacerbate the pathophysiology. ANPEP/CD13, DPP IV/CD26, and ACE2 are the three protein receptors that are known to be exploited by several human coronaviruses. These receptors are moonlighting enzymes involved in several physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation; moreover, the three proteins are expressed in kidney, intestine, endothelium, and other tissues/cell types. Here, we spot the commonalities between the three enzymes, the physiological functions of the enzymes are outlined, and how blocking either enzyme results in systemic deregulations and multi-organ failures via viral infection or therapeutic interventions is addressed. It can be difficult to pinpoint any coronavirus as the target when creating a medication to fight them, due to the multiple processes that receptors are linked to and their extensive expression.
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The syndromic surveillance of a group of diseases that have similar signs and symptoms, a common pathophysiology, and diverse etiology is aimed at rapidly detecting the presence of outbreaks which could potentially harm public health. This includes not only known outbreaks of infectious origin but also those of unknown origin. In patients suspected of having SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, it is recommended to consider other etiologies of tropical fever in the differential diagnosis when these patients live in or come from endemic areas, as is the case of dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, acute Chagas disease, and rickettsiosis, among other endemic diseases. The possibility of SARS-CoV-2/AH1 AH5N1 MERS-CoV coinfection with these pathogens should also be considered.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To perform a systematic literature review to analyze existing data on the neurological effects of coronavirus on newborns. Data sources: We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), and searched the PubMed and Embase platforms for the keywords [brain damage OR pregnancy OR developmental outcomes] and [coronavirus OR SARS-CoV-2 OR SARS-CoV OR MERS-CoV] between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2020. Data synthesis: Twenty-three reports described the course of pregnant women exposed to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV during the gestational period, eight to SARS-CoV-2, eight to SARS-CoV, and seven to MERS-CoV. No data were found on abnormalities in brain development or on a direct link between the virus and neurological abnormalities in the human embryo, fetus, or children. Spontaneous miscarriage, stillbirth, and termination of pregnancy were some complications connected with SARS/MERS-CoV infection. SARS-CoV-2 is not currently associated with complications in the gestational period. Conclusions: The literature has no data associating exposure to coronavirus during pregnancy with brain malformations and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, despite the lack of reports, monitoring the development of children exposed to SARS-CoV-2 is essential given the risk of complications in pregnant women and the potential neuroinvasive and neurotropic properties found in previous strains.
RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para analisar os dados existentes sobre os efeitos neurológicos do coronavírus em recém-nascidos. Fontes de dados: Esta revisão seguiu as diretrizes dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review - PRISMA) e dos Protocolos dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revisões Sistemáticas e Meta-Análises (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols - PRISMA-P), pesquisando as plataformas PubMed e Embase pelas palavras-chave [brain damage (dano cerebral) OU pregnancy (gravidez) OU developmental outcomes (alterações de desenvolvimento)] e [coronavirus (coronavírus) OU SARS-CoV-2 OU SARS-CoV OU MERS-CoV] entre 1º de janeiro de 2000 e 1º de junho de 2020. Síntese dos dados: Vinte e três relatos descreveram a evolução de mulheres grávidas expostas ao SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV ou MERS-CoV durante o período gestacional, oito ao SARS-CoV-2, oito ao SARS-CoV e sete ao MERS-CoV. Não foram encontrados dados sobre anormalidades no desenvolvimento cerebral ou sobre uma ligação direta entre o vírus e alterações neurológicas no embrião, feto ou crianças. Abortamento espontâneo, morte fetal e interrupção da gravidez foram algumas das complicações relacionadas à infecção por SARS/MERS-CoV. Até o momento, o SARS-CoV-2 não está associado a complicações no período gestacional. Conclusões: Não há dados na literatura que associem a exposição ao coronavírus durante a gravidez com malformações cerebrais e distúrbios do neurodesenvolvimento. No entanto, apesar da falta de relatos, o monitoramento do desenvolvimento de crianças expostas ao SARS-CoV-2 é essencial devido ao risco de complicações em gestantes e às potenciais propriedades neuroinvasivas e neurotrópicas encontradas em cepas anteriores.
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The aim of this scoping review was to identify knowledge gaps and to describe the current state of the research on the association between TMPRSS2 and the essential beta coronaviruses (Beta-CoVs) infection and the molecular mechanisms for this association. We searched MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We included 13 studies. Evidence shows an essential role of TMPRSS2 in Spike protein activation, entry, and spread into host cells. Co-expression of TMPRSS2 with cell surface receptors (ACE2 or DPP4) increased virus entry. This serine protease is involved in the formation of large syncytia between infected cells. TMPRSS2 cleaved the Spike protein of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV, and increased virus propagation. Accumulating evidence suggests that TMPRSS2 is an essential protease for virus replication. We highlighted its critical molecular role in membrane fusion and the impact in viral mRNA replication, then promoting/driving pathogenesis and resistance.
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COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/genética , Serina Endopeptidasas , COVID-19/genética , Línea Celular , Humanos , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo , SARS-CoV-2 , Serina Endopeptidasas/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus , Internalización del VirusRESUMEN
In 2019, COVID-19 emerged as a severe respiratory disease that is caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease has been associated with high mortality rate, especially in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases. This could be attributed to dysregulated immune responses and severe systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients. The use of effective antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and modulation of the immune responses could be a potential therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Studies have shown that natural phenolic compounds have several pharmacological properties, including anticoronavirus and immunomodulatory activities. Therefore, this review discusses the dual action of these natural products from the perspective of applicability at COVID-19.
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Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Factores Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Fitoquímicos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Proteasas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/farmacología , Coronavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Humanos , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/química , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Inhibidores de Proteasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
During the past 17 years, the coronaviruses have become a global public emergency, with the first appearance in 2012 in Saudi Arabia of the Middle East respiratory syndrome. Among the structural proteins encoded in the viral genome, the nucleocapsid protein is the most abundant in infected cells. It is a multifunctional phosphoprotein involved in the capsid formation, in the modulation and regulation of the viral life cycle. The N-terminal domain of N protein specifically interacts with transcriptional regulatory sequence (TRS) and is involved in the discontinuous transcription through the melting activity of double-stranded TRS (dsTRS).
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Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio , Resonancia Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Proteínas de la Nucleocápside/química , Modelos Moleculares , Dominios ProteicosRESUMEN
SARS-CoV-2 es el tercer coronavirus que emerge en las últimas dos décadas y produce la enfermedad denominada COVID-19 (enfermedad infecciosa por coronavirus 2019). Ha demostrado ser fácilmente transmisible entre humanos con una rápida diseminación mundial y declarada como pandemia el 11 de marzo 2020. A la fecha ha causado millones de casos y muertes, disrupción de servicios sanitarios y severas consecuencias sociales, económicas y políticas en todos los países. Los estudios filogenéticos lo relacionan con SARS-CoV presentes en murciélagos. Comparte características de patogenicidad con sus parientes más cercanos, SARS-CoV y MERS-CoV. 15 a 20% de los afectados presentan cuadros graves. A la fecha no se cuenta con antivirales efectivos ni vacunas. Para un adecuado control se hace imprescindible dilucidar aspectos epidemiológicos, moleculares y de patogenicidad. En esta revisión se presenta información básica sobre epidemiología, origen, estructura y patogenia de SARS-CoV-2. i:es
SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus emerging in the last two decades producing a disease denominated COVID-19 (infectious disease by coronavirus 2019). It has demostrated to be easily transmisible between humans with a fast world wide dissemination and declared a pandemia in March 11, 2020. Up to date it has caused millions of cases, deaths, disruptions in medical services and severe social, political and economic consecuences, all around the globe. Phylogenetic studies relate it to SARS-CoV present in bats. It shares pathogenic characteristics with its close relatives, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 15 to 20% of the patients develop a severe clinical course. Up to date there are no effective antiviral drugs or vaccines. For an adecuate control it is essential to learn about epidemiological, pathogenic and molecular aspects. In this review some basic information about epidemiology, origin source, structure and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 is presented. i:en
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Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidad , SARS-CoV-2/ultraestructura , COVID-19/epidemiología , Coronavirus , PandemiasRESUMEN
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus; the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Millions of cases and deaths to date have resulted in a global challenge for healthcare systems. COVID-19 has a high mortality rate, especially in elderly individuals with pre-existing chronic comorbidities. There are currently no effective therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, the identification of effective therapeutics is a necessity. Terpenes are the largest class of natural products that could serve as a source of new drugs or as prototypes for the development of effective pharmacotherapeutic agents. In the present study, we discuss the antiviral activity of these natural products and we perform simulations against the Mpro and PLpro enzymes of SARS-CoV-2. Our results strongly suggest the potential of these compounds against human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Antivirales/farmacología , Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Inhibidores de Proteasas/farmacología , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Terpenos/farmacología , Antivirales/química , COVID-19/virología , Proteasas 3C de Coronavirus/metabolismo , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteasas/química , SARS-CoV-2/enzimología , Terpenos/química , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
Introduction: Brazil is the second largest country with COVID-19 positive cases worldwide. Due to the potent spread of the virus and the scarcity of kits and supplies, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has granted authorization for the use of kits available during this emergency, without an accurate evaluation of their performance. This study compared the performance and cost-effectiveness of seven molecular assays/kits available in São Paulo, Brazil, for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Materials and methods: A total of 205 nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples from suspected cases of COVID-19, were tested using the following assays: (i) GeneFinder COVID-19 plus RealAmp kit; (ii) 2019-nCoV RNA PCR-Fluorescence Probing, Da An Gene Co.; (iii) in-house RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2 IAL; (iv) 2019-nCoV kit, IDT; (v) molecular SARS-CoV-2 (E) kit, Bio-Manguinhos; (vi) Allplex 2019-nCoV modified Assay, Seegene Inc, and (vii) Biomol one-step COVID-19 kit, IBMP. The criteria for determining a SARS-CoV-2 true positive result included the cycle threshold cut-off values, the characteristics of exponential/linear curves, the gene target diversity, and a positive result in at least two assays. Results: The overall sensitivity of the assays listed were GeneFinder 83.6%, Da An Gene 100.0%, IAL 90.4%, IDT 94.6%, Bio-Manguinhos 87.7%, Allplex 97.3%, and IBMP 87.7%. The minor sensitive gene target was RdRP. Although all assays had a Cohen's Kappa index ≥0.893, the best tests used multiplex assays identifying N-gene and/or E-gene targets. Conclusion: All assays tested accurate for diagnosis, but considering cost-effectiveness (cost, time consumption, number of samples tested, and performance), the in-house IAL assay was ideal for COVID-19 diagnosis in São Paulo, Brazil.
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Severe respiratory infections were highlighted in the SARS-CoV outbreak in 2002, as well as MERS-CoV, in 2012. Recently, the novel CoV (COVID-19) has led to severe respiratory damage to humans and deaths in Asia, Europe, and Americas, which allowed the WHO to declare the pandemic state. Notwithstanding all impacts caused by Coronaviruses, it is evident that the development of new antiviral agents is an unmet need. In this review, we provide a complete compilation of all potential antiviral agents targeting macromolecular structures from these Coronaviruses (Coronaviridae), providing a medicinal chemistry viewpoint that could be useful for designing new therapeutic agents.
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Antivirales/farmacología , Diseño de Fármacos , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/efectos de los fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Humanos , PandemiasRESUMEN
The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to an unprecedented pandemic, which demands urgent development of antiviral drugs and antibodies; as well as prophylactic approaches, namely vaccines. Algae biotechnology has much to offer in this scenario given the diversity of such organisms, which are a valuable source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds that can also be used to produce vaccines and antibodies. Antivirals with possible activity against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized, based on previously reported activity against Coronaviruses or other enveloped or respiratory viruses. Moreover, the potential of algae-derived anti-inflammatory compounds to treat severe cases of COVID-19 is contemplated. The scenario of producing biopharmaceuticals in recombinant algae is presented and the cases of algae-made vaccines targeting viral diseases is highlighted as valuable references for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Successful cases in the production of functional antibodies are described. Perspectives on how specific algae species and genetic engineering techniques can be applied for the production of anti-viral compounds antibodies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are provided.
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Antivirales/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Lectinas/farmacología , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Polifenoles/farmacología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Antivirales/química , Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Betacoronavirus/efectos de los fármacos , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidad , Productos Biológicos/química , Productos Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Núcleo Celular/química , Núcleo Celular/genética , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/química , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/química , Cloroplastos/genética , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Ingeniería Genética/métodos , Humanos , Lectinas/química , Lectinas/aislamiento & purificación , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/efectos de los fármacos , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/patogenicidad , Pandemias , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/efectos de los fármacos , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/patogenicidad , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/tratamiento farmacológico , Vacunas Virales/biosíntesis , Vacunas Virales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the main neurological manifestations related to coronavirus infection in humans. METHODOLOGY: A systematic review was conducted regarding clinical studies on cases that had neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. The search was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and LILACS with the following keywords: "coronavirus" or "Sars-CoV-2" or "COVID-19" and "neurologic manifestations" or "neurological symptoms" or "meningitis" or "encephalitis" or "encephalopathy," following the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. Neurological alterations after CoV infection may vary from 17.3% to 36.4% and, in the pediatric age range, encephalitis may be as frequent as respiratory disorders, affecting 11 % and 12 % of patients, respectively. The Investigation included 409 patients diagnosed with CoV infection who presented neurological symptoms, with median age range varying from 3 to 62 years. The main neurological alterations were headache (69; 16.8 %), dizziness (57, 13.9 %), altered consciousness (46; 11.2 %), vomiting (26; 6.3 %), epileptic crises (7; 1.7 %), neuralgia (5; 1.2 %), and ataxia (3; 0.7 %). The main presumed diagnoses were acute viral meningitis/encephalitis in 25 (6.1 %) patients, hypoxic encephalopathy in 23 (5.6 %) patients, acute cerebrovascular disease in 6 (1.4 %) patients, 1 (0.2 %) patient with possible acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, 1 (0.2 %) patient with acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, and 2 (1.4 %) patients with CoV related to Guillain-Barré syndrome. CONCLUSION: Coronaviruses have important neurotropic potential and they cause neurological alterations that range from mild to severe. The main neurological manifestations found were headache, dizziness and altered consciousness.
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In the 21st century, three highly pathogenic betacoronaviruses have emerged, with an alarming rate of human morbidity and case fatality. Genomic information has been widely used to understand the pathogenesis, animal origin and mode of transmission of coronaviruses in the aftermath of the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks. Furthermore, genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis have had an unprecedented relevance in the battle against the 2019-2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the newest and most devastating outbreak caused by a coronavirus in the history of mankind. Here, we review how genomic information has been used to tackle outbreaks caused by emerging, highly pathogenic, betacoronavirus strains, emphasizing on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. We focus on shared genomic features of the betacoronaviruses and the application of genomic information to phylogenetic analysis, molecular epidemiology and the design of diagnostic systems, potential drugs and vaccine candidates.
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Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Genoma Viral , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/virología , Animales , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Diseño de Fármacos , Genes Virales , Humanos , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio/genética , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/virología , Vacunas Virales/genética , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Los coronavirus han estado presentes entre los humanos hace décadas, causando entre el 10 - 30% de los resfríos comunes en los humanos. Dos coronavirus han causado pandemias y alertas globales en las últimas décadas: SARS-CoV Y MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 es el séptimo coronavirus en generar una infección en humanos, y el tercero en generar una pandemia. En este artículo, presentamos y comparamos la cronología, epidemiología y las medidas de control de cada una de las pandemias: SARS, MERS y COVID-19. (AU)
Coronaviruses have been present in humans for decades, causing 10-30% of common colds in humans. Two coronaviruses have caused global pandemics and alerts in recent decades: SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh coronavirus to generate an infection in humans, and the third to generate a pandemic. In this article, we present and compare the chronology, epidemiology, and control measures of each of the pandemics: SARS, MERS and COVID-19. (AU)
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Humanos , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Coronavirus , Coronavirus Relacionado al Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo , Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente MedioRESUMEN
Before the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, coronaviruses (CoVs) were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans. However, it was this epidemic that highlighted this group of viruses and included them among the causative agents of emerging epidemic diseases. In addition, in 2012, another new CoV responsible for the Middle East respiratory syndrome was identified. Both infections were considered a threat to global health security. At present, the third epidemic caused by a CoV is being faced. This new CoV, called 2019-nCoV, was originated in the city of Wuhan, China, and has been linked to severe respiratory infections in humans. Thanks to the collaboration of experts worldwide, more information about this virus and its infection is reported each day, which allows modifying the recommendations for its prevention and treatment, without forgetting that the ultimate goal is to control this epidemic. In this review, the important aspects of this new coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, and its disease, COVID-19, have been summarized with the information available up to February 2020.
Previo al brote del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave de 2003, los coronavirus (CoV) no eran considerados como agentes altamente patogénicos para los humanos. Sin embargo, fue dicha epidemia la que destacó este grupo de virus y lo incluyó entre los agentes causantes de enfermedades epidémicas emergentes. Adicionalmente, en 2012 se identificó un nuevo CoV causante del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio. Ambas infecciones fueron consideradas una amenaza para la seguridad sanitaria mundial. Hoy en día se presenta la tercera epidemia causada por un CoV. Este nuevo CoV, llamado 2019-nCoV, se originó en la ciudad de Wuhan, China, y ha sido relacionado con infecciones respiratorias graves en humanos. Gracias a la colaboración de expertos en todo el mundo, cada día se logra obtener más información sobre este virus y la infección que causa, lo cual permite modificar las recomendaciones para su prevención y tratamiento sin olvidar que el fin último es lograr el control de la epidemia. En esta revisión se resumen los aspectos más importantes acerca del nuevo 2019-nCoV y la enfermedad COVID-19, con la información disponible hasta febrero de 2020.
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Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Coronavirus , Brotes de Enfermedades , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/virología , COVID-19 , China , Salud Global , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Abstract Before the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, coronaviruses (CoVs) were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans. However, it was this epidemic that highlighted this group of viruses and included them among the causative agents of emerging epidemic diseases. In addition, in 2012, another new CoV responsible for the Middle East respiratory syndrome was identified. Both infections were considered a threat to global health security. At present, the third epidemic caused by a CoV is being faced. This new CoV, called 2019-nCoV, was originated in the city of Wuhan, China, and has been linked to severe respiratory infections in humans. Thanks to the collaboration of experts worldwide, more information about this virus and its infection is reported each day, which allows modifying the recommendations for its prevention and treatment, without forgetting that the ultimate goal is to control this epidemic. In this review, the important aspects of this new coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, and its disease, COVID-19, have been summarized with the information available up to February 2020.
Resumen Previo al brote del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave de 2003, los coronavirus (CoV) no eran considerados como agentes altamente patogénicos para los humanos. Sin embargo, fue dicha epidemia la que destacó este grupo de virus y lo incluyó entre los agentes causantes de enfermedades epidémicas emergentes. Adicionalmente, en 2012 se identificó un nuevo CoV causante del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio. Ambas infecciones fueron consideradas una amenaza para la seguridad sanitaria mundial. Hoy en día se presenta la tercera epidemia causada por un CoV. Este nuevo CoV, llamado 2019-nCoV, se originó en la ciudad de Wuhan, China, y ha sido relacionado con infecciones respiratorias graves en humanos. Gracias a la colaboración de expertos en todo el mundo, cada día se logra obtener más información sobre este virus y la infección que causa, lo cual permite modificar las recomendaciones para su prevención y tratamiento sin olvidar que el fin último es lograr el control de la epidemia. En esta revisión se resumen los aspectos más importantes acerca del nuevo 2019-nCoV y la enfermedad COVID-19, con la información disponible hasta febrero de 2020.
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Humanos , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/virología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Coronavirus , Betacoronavirus , Organización Mundial de la Salud , China , Salud Global , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19RESUMEN
La infección generada por el coronavirus, denominado SARS-CoV-2, llamada coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), surgió en China a finales de diciembre de 2019. Actualmente ha sido categorizada como una pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se han documentado alteraciones de pruebas hepáticas, sin embargo, los estudios se han enfocado en los efectos cardíacos, pulmonares y renales de esta infección. La alteración de pruebas hepáticas en el contexto de COVID-19 puede ser consecuencia de hepatitis viral, toxicidad farmacológica, inflamación o choque. También se considera como un marcador de pronóstico y gravedad de la enfermedad. El impacto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con enfer-medad hepática preexistente o receptores de trasplante hepático no es claro, y se plantean distintas hipótesis sobre mayor o menor riesgo de enfermedad grave y de descompensación de la enfermedad de base.(AU)
The infection generated by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged late December of 2019 in China. It is currently categorized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Studies have focused on cardiac, pulmonary, and renal effects of this infection, but liver test abnormalities have also been documented. This alteration may be a consequence of viral hepatitis, phar-macological toxicity, inflammation, or shock. It is also considered a marker of prognosis and severity of the disease. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with pre-existing liver disease or liver transplant recipients is unclear, and different hypotheses exist regarding the higher or lower risk of severe disease and decompensation of the underlying disease.
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Humanos , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Trasplante de Hígado , Infecciones por Coronavirus/metabolismo , Enfermedades del Sistema Digestivo/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Crónica Inducida por Sustancias y DrogasRESUMEN
The appearance of novel pathogens of humans with epidemic potential and high mortality rates have threatened global health security for centuries. Over the past few decades new zoonotic infectious diseases of humans caused by pathogens arising from animal reservoirs have included West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Ebola virus, Nipah virus, Lassa Fever virus, Hanta virus, Dengue fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Zika virus. The recent Ebola Virus Disease epidemic in West Africa and the ongoing Zika Virus outbreak in South America highlight the urgent need for local, regional and international public health systems to be be more coordinated and better prepared. The One Health concept focuses on the relationship and interconnectedness between Humans, Animals and the Environment, and recognizes that the health and wellbeing of humans is intimately connected to the health of animals and their environment (and vice versa). Critical to the establishment of a One Health platform is the creation of a multidisciplinary team with a range of expertise including public health officers, physicians, veterinarians, animal husbandry specialists, agriculturalists, ecologists, vector biologists, viral phylogeneticists, and researchers to co-operate, collaborate to learn more about zoonotic spread between animals, humans and the environment and to monitor, respond to and prevent major outbreaks. We discuss the unique opportunities for Middle Eastern and African stakeholders to take leadership in building equitable and effective partnerships with all stakeholders involved in human and health systems to take forward a 'One Health' approach to control such zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential.