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Introducción: La principal medida de prevención frente a la enfermedad meningocócica invasiva es la vacunación. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la aceptabilidad y las desigualdades socioeconómicas en el acceso a la vacuna frente a meningococo B (MenB) en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo previo a la introducción de la misma en el calendario. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en la cohorte de niños/as nacidos entre 2016 y 2019, de tipo ecológico, empleando registros poblacionales electrónicos. Se describieron las coberturas de vacunación, se analizaron los factores asociados al estado vacunal, se describieron las distribuciones espaciales de cobertura de vacunación y de índice de privación (IP) y se analizó la asociación entre ambas mediante regresión espacial. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia creciente de las coberturas de primovacunación, pasando de un 44% en la cohorte de nacidos en el año 2016 a un 68% en la cohorte de 2019. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estado vacunal y el IP (OR de primovacunación en zonas con IP5 respecto a zonas con IP1: 0,38; IC 95%: 0,39-0,50; p<0,001). El análisis espacial mostró correlación inversa entre el IP y la cobertura de vacunación. Conclusiones: El ascenso de las coberturas de esta vacuna muestra aceptación por parte de la población. La relación entre nivel socioeconómico y cobertura de vacunación confirma la existencia de una desigualdad en salud, y subraya la importancia de su inclusión en el calendario.(AU)

Introduction: The main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. Results: We observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. Conclusions: The rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: The main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. RESULTS: We observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule.

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La enfermedad meningocócica provoca cada año más de 500.000 casos y 85.000 muertes en el mundo y un 20 por ciento de los sobrevivientes sufre secuelas. En Cuba, en 1980, la incidencia llegó a 14,4 por 100.000 habitantes para todas las edades y fue declarada como el principal problema de salud del país. En niños menores de 1 año se reportaron más de 120 casos por 100.000 habitantes en algunas provincias. En 1989, investigadores en La Habana, Cuba desarrollaron una vacuna contra meningococo B y C; VA-MENGOC-BC®, la primera en el mundo eficaz contra el meningococo del serogrupo B. Su eficacia de 83 por ciento se demostró en un estudio de campo prospectivo a doble ciegas, aleatorizado, contra placebo. En su producción se empleó por primera vez la tecnología vesicular o proteoliposómica. Esta vacuna se usó en una campaña de vacunación masiva y posteriormente fue incluida en el Programa Ampliado de Inmunización en Cuba y tuvo un impacto acumulado sobre la incidencia de la enfermedad meningocócica del serogrupo B superior a 95 por ciento (93 por ciento-98 por ciento). La vacunación masiva y sistemática cambió el espectro de cepas del meningococo en los portadores asintomáticos sanos y la circulación de cepas en las poblaciones hacia fenotipos no virulentos. La enfermedad dejó de ser un problema de salud en el país. VA-MENGOC-BC® es la vacuna contra la enfermedad meningocócica del serogrupo B que se aplicó en el mayor número de susceptibles en el mundo. En América Latina se administraron más de 60 millones de dosis. En varios países donde se ha usado VA-MENGOC-BC®, circulan cepas diferentes a la vacunal y contra todas ellas se demostró un elevado porcentaje de efectividad (55%-98 por ciento en menores de 4 años y 73 por ciento-100 por ciento en mayores de 4 años). VA-MENGOC-BC® y su tecnología proteoliposómica han tenido impacto y mantienen su potencialidad, no solo en la enfermedad meningocócica, sino en el desarrollo de otras vacunas y adyuvantes(AU)

Every year, meningococcal infection by Neisseria meningitidis causes over 500,000 cases and 85,000 deaths in the world, with 20 percent of survivors suffering sequelae. In Cuba its incidence in 1980 reached 5.9 cases per 100,000 population; about 80 percent of cases were serogroup B, prompting health authorities to declare meningococcal disease the country's main public health problem. Several provinces reported over 120 cases per 100,000 children aged <1 year, overwhelmingly serogroup B. At that time, no vaccines existed with proven efficacy against N. meningitidis serogroup B, nor was there a vaccine candidate that could be successful in the short term. By 1989, researchers in Havana had developed a Cuban meningococcal B and C vaccine, VA-MENGOC-BC®, the world's first against serogroup B meningococcal disease. Its efficacy of 83 percent was demonstrated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field study. Vaccine production used vesicle or proteoliposome technology for the first time. The same year, the World Intellectual Property Organization awarded its gold medal to the main authors of the VA-MENGOC-BC® patent. The vaccine was used in a mass vaccination campaign and later included in Cuba's National Immunization Program, with a cumulative impact on incidence of serogroup B meningococcal disease greater than 95 percent (93 percent-98 percent). Mass, systematic vaccination shifted the spectrum of meningococcal strains in healthy asymptomatic carriers and strains circulating among population groups toward nonvirulent phenotypes. The disease ceased to be a public health problem in the country. VA-MENGOC-BC® is the most widely applied vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease in the world. Over 60 million doses have been administered in Latin America. In several countries where it has been applied, in which strains other than the vaccine-targeted strains circulate, VA-MENGOC-BC® has demonstrated effectiveness against all (55 percent-98 percent in children aged ≥4 years and 73 percent-100 percent in children aged >4 years). The vaccine and its proteoliposome technology have had an impact and continue to have potential, not only for meningococcal disease, but also for development of other vaccines and adjuvants(AU)

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the evolution of meningococcal disease (MD) in the city of Barcelona between 1988 and 2015 and to assess the impact of the vaccine against serogroup C. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: The evolution of MD and by serogroup was analysed using the information included in the mandatory notification diseases registry. Incidences of all serogroups between the periods of before and after the implementation of the serogroup C vaccine in 2000 were compared. Vaccination coverage among cases, serogroup among vaccinated cases and mortality and case fatality rates were analysed. RESULTS: MD has evolved from an incidence rate in children aged under 1 of 63.09 cases per 100,000 in 1997-2000 to 15.44 per 100,000 in 2001-2015. All MD serogroups incidences decreased after the implementation of the vaccine, especially for serogroup C among children aged between 1 and 4. Since 2000 vaccine coverage in MD cases by this serogroup was 7.6% while in those affected by serogroup B it was 35.0% (p<.01). Among those vaccinated, 66.4% of cases were serogroup B and 5.2% were C (p<.01). Mortality and case fatality rates were 7.7% and 0.19/100,000 respectively, without significant changes in time regarding case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence caused by serogroups B and C has decreased after the systematic vaccination against serogroup C. Vaccination against serogroup B could further reduce the impact of this lethal disease which has not decreased during this period.

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Objetivo: Describir la situación epidemiológica de la enfermedad meningocócica en Colombia. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo que recopiló información de diferentes fuentes pertenecientes al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia en Salud Pública. Las variables fueron analizadas de forma descriptiva y se calcularon las tasas de incidencia cuando los datos requeridos estuvieron disponibles. Resultados: Durante el periodo 2005-2011 se notificaron 1.065 casos, lo que representó un promedio anual de incidencia de 0,36/100.000 habitantes. De estos, se confirmaron tan solo el 46%, lo que apunta a la existencia de una importante brecha de notificación y confirmación. La mayor incidencia se encontró en menores de un año (5,4-6,9/100.000 habitantes) y el 50% de los casos se presentaron en menores de 10 años. Discusión: La Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B representó la mayor proporción de los aislamientos; sin embargo, en los últimos años los serogrupos Y y C han tenido un repunte importante. Los síntomas fueron en general inespecíficos, el curso de la enfermedad fue rápido y la letalidad fue alta (13,3%). Conclusiones: Existe la necesidad de mejorar las herramientas disponibles para la vigilancia. Las acciones preventivas deben estar dirigidas a lactantes y niños, con protección contra los serogrupos Y y C. Es necesaria la investigación de estrategias contra el serogrupo B.

Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to describe the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Colombia. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive study based on data from various sources in the National Surveillance System. The variables were analysed descriptively and the incidence rates were estimated when the required data were available. Results: During the 2005-2011 period, 1,065 cases were reported, which represented an annual mean incidence of 0.36/100.000 inhabitants. Of these, only 46% were confirmed, which reveals a gap between reporting and confirmation. The greatest incidence was observed in infants younger than one year (5.4-6.9/100,000) and 50% of the cases occurred in children under 10 years of age. Discussion: Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B represented the greatest proportion of isolates; however, serogroups Y and C have been increasing recently. The symptoms were non-specific, the course of the disease was rapid and the lethality high (13.3%). Conclusions: There is a need to improve the available tools for diagnosis and surveillance. Prevention must be oriented toward infants, toddlers and children including protection against serogroups C and Y. Research into strategies for prevention against serogroup B is also necessary.

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Objetivos: Descrever a cobertura da vacina meningocócica C em crianças menores de um ano de idade, em 2012, nos estados e regiões do Brasil, e correlacionar com variáveis socioeconômicas e cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo ecológico. A cobertura vacinal foi calculada utilizando o número de doses da vacina em 2012, disponível no Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, como numerador, e população residente menor de um ano, também em 2012, como denominador. Ainda, foi realizada uma correlação de Pearson (r) entre a cobertura vacinal e as variáveis socioeconômicas. Resultados: As regiões Norte e Nordeste não atingiram a recomendação de 95% para cobertura. A cobertura vacinal apresentou correlação positiva moderada com renda média per capita (r=0,6) e negativa e moderada com o coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusão: São necessárias ações educativas e políticas para aumentar a cobertura vacinal com objetivo de reduzir a incidência da doença meningocócica, além de estudos com delineamentos mais robustos.

Objectives: To determine the coverage of the meningococcal C vaccine in children younger than one year of age in the states and regions of Brazil in 2012, and to correlate these findings with socioeconomic variables and the coverage of the Family Health Strategy. Methods: This was an ecological study. The vaccination coverage was calculated by dividing the number of vaccine doses administered in 2012 (numerator), which was determined from the data available in the Information System of the National Immunization Program, by the resident population less than one year also in 2012 (denominator). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated for the vaccination coverage and socioeconomic variables. Results: The North and Northeast regions did not reach the recommended vaccination coverage (95%). The vaccination coverage showed a positive and moderate correlation with family income (r=0.6) and a negative and moderate correlation with the Gini coefficient (r=-0.5). Conclusion: Educational programs and policies are required to increase vaccination coverage and reduce the incidence of meningococcal disease. In addition, studies with more robust designs are necessary

Objetivos: Describir la cobertura de la vacuna contra el meningococo C en niños menores de un año de edad, en 2012, en los estados y regiones de Brasil, y correlacionar con variables socioeconómicas y cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia. Métodos: Estudio Ecológico. La cobertura de vacunación se calculó utilizando el número de dosis de la vacuna en 2012, disponible en el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunización, como numerador, y la población residente menor a un año, también en 2012, como denominador. Se realizó la correlación de Pearson (r) entre cobertura de la vacuna y las variables socioeconómicas. Resultados: En las regiones Norte y Noreste no alcanzaron la cobertura recomendada del 95%. La cobertura de vacunación mostró correlación positiva moderada con el ingreso promedio per cápita (r=0,6), y negativa moderada con el coeficiente de Gini (r=-0,5). Conclusión: Son necesarias acciones educativas e políticas para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación, con el fin de reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad meningocócica, así como los estudios con diseños más robustos.

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INTRODUCTION: Meningococcal disease is an infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis, and those of serogroup B are currently the most predominant. It has been difficult to create effective vaccines for this serogroup in order to modify or reduce its morbidity. The aim of this study was to review existing data on the new vaccine 4CMenB and its potential contribution to the prevention of this infection. METHODS: A panel of 12 experts (from Pediatrics, Public Health and Vaccinology) conducted a literature search and prioritized 74 publications. A review of the vaccine was then prepared, which was discussed in a meeting and subsequently validated by e-mail. RESULTS: 4CMenB vaccine, based on four components (NadA, fHbp, NHBA and OMVnz), was designed by reverse vaccinology. The Meningococcal Antigen Typing System (MATS) shows a potential of 70-80% coverage of the strains in Europe. Clinical trials show that the vaccine is safe and immunogenic in infants, children, adolescents, and adults, and induces an anamnestic response. The incidence of fever is similar to systemic vaccines administered alone, but higher when co-administered with them, although the fever pattern is predictable and self-limited. It is compatible with the Spanish routine vaccines, and can be administered simultaneously with the currently available hexavalent and pentavalent vaccines, as well as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The 4CMenB vaccine is the only strategy currently available to prevent meningococcal disease caused by serogroup B.

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La enfermedad meningocócica es de distribución mundial y presenta brotes de gran magnitud en el cinturón de la meningitis (África Subsahariana). A partir de 2001, la tendencia de la enfermedad en Chile disminuye, cambiando su presentación a baja endemia. Así, en el 2010 presentó una incidencia de 0,5 por cien mil habitantes. El grupo más afectado son los menores de 5 años, y de éstos, los menores de un año. Además, desde 1994 el serogrupo C fue considerado reemergente, produciendo brotes en 1999 y 2002. Esta enfermedad es de vigilancia universal e inmediata, cuyo sistema de vigilancia contempla indicadores de calidad, que evalúan los componentes clínico, epidemiológico y laboratorio. Este artículo analiza la situación epidemiológica de la enfermedad en Chile y su tendencia mundial, así como el fundamento para el cumplimiento de indicadores que requieren una respuesta oportuna frente al caso sospechoso sin esperar la confirmación de laboratorio.

Meningococcal disease has worldwide distribution and present large-scale outbreaks on the meningitis belt (sub-Saharian Africa). Since 2001, disease trend in Chile decreases, changing its presentation to low endemicity. Thus, 2010 registered an incidence of 0.5 per 100 thousand habitants. The most affected group was < 5 years old, specifically < 1 year old. Besides,since 1994, serogroup C was considered re-emergent, causing outbreaks in 1999 and 2002. This disease considersimmediate and universal surveillance and comprise quality indicators that assess clinical, epidemiological and laboratory components. This article analyze the epidemiological situation in Chile and its world trend, also the fundamental basis for indicator fullfilments that requires a fast response against a suspected case, without waiting for laboratory confirmation.

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Se realizó, con la autorización de la Dirección Municipal de Educación, Dirección Municipal de Salud y el consentimiento informado de los padres, un estudio transversal descriptivo en 318 niños de la Escuela "Mártires del Corynthia"; con el propósito de conocer la prevalencia de portadores de meningococo en niños de edad escolar, determinar los marcadores epidemiológicos de las cepas aisladas y establecer la posible relación existente entre el portador y las variables como edad, sexo, antecedente de infección respiratoria aguda, hacinamiento, amigdalectomía, efecto inhibitorio de la flora acompañante y el estado secretor de antígenos ABH en la saliva. A todos, se les tomó exudado nasofaríngeo y una muestra de saliva. Además, los padres llenaron una encuesta donde se indagó sobre los factores de riesgo a investigar. Se detectó 6,9 % de portadores de meningococo y predominaron las cepas NA:NT:P1.NST:L3,7,9. Los factores de riesgo que dieron resultados estadísticamente significativos respecto a la condición de portador de Neisseria meningitidis fueron: edad, antecedente de infección respiratoria aguda y la presencia de Streptococcus pneumoniae y Neisseria lactamica de la flora bacteriana acompañante en la nasofaringe de los niños investigados.

A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted among 318 children from the "Mártires del Corynthia" Primary School under the authorization of the Municipal Division of Education and the informed consent of their parents aimed at knowing the prevalence of meningoccoco carriers in school children, determining the epidemiological markers of the isolated strains and establishing the possible relation existing between the carrier and variables, such as age, sex, acute respiratory infection history, hacinamiento, amigdalectomy, inhibitory effect of of the accompanying flora and the secretory state of ABH antigens in saliva. All of them underwent nasopharyngeal exudate and a saliva sample was taken. In adition, the paents were surveyed about the risks factors to be investigated. 6.9 % of meningoccoco carriers were found and the NA:NT:P1:NST:L3,7,9 strains predominated. The risk factors with statistically significant results regarding the condition of carrier Neisseria meningitidis carrier were age, acute respiratory infection history, and the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria lactamica of the accompanying bacterial flora in the nasopharynx of the children under study.

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