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This article focuses on identifying the loss of production and costs (or lack thereof) associated with livestock health as well as animal disease externalities, with the intent to estimate economy-wide burden. It limits its scope to terrestrial livestock and aquaculture, wherein economic burden is predominately determined by market forces. Losses and costs are delineated into both direct losses and costs and indirect losses and costs, as well as ex post costs and ex ante costs. These costs include not only private expenditures but also public expenditures related to the prevention of, treatment of, and response to livestock disease. This distinction is important because a primary role of government is to mitigate externalities. The article then discusses market impacts and investments. Finally, it provides selected examples and illustrative observations and discusses future directions for research and application.

Cet article examine les pertes de production et les coûts associés (ou non) à la santé animale ainsi que les externalités liées aux maladies animales, dans le but d'estimer le fardeau pour l'ensemble de l'économie. L'examen se limite à la production d'animaux terrestres et aquatiques, secteurs où le fardeau économique est principalement déterminé par les forces du marché. Les pertes et les coûts sont répartis en pertes et coûts directs et indirects, ainsi qu'en coûts ex post et ex ante. Ces coûts comprennent non seulement les dépenses privées, mais aussi les dépenses publiques liées à la prévention, au traitement et aux réponses aux maladies des animaux d'élevage. Il s'agit d'une distinction importante car l'une des fonctions premières d'un gouvernement est d'atténuer les externalités. Les auteurs examinent ensuite les impacts sur les marchés et les investissements. Pour conclure, à partir d'exemples choisis et d'observations illustrant leur propos, les auteurs proposent des voies d'exploration pour la recherche et ses applications.

Este artículo se centra en determinar las pérdidas de producción y los costos (o la ausencia de ellos) asociados con las externalidades de la sanidad del ganado y las enfermedades animales, con el objetivo de estimar su impacto en toda la economía. El ámbito del artículo se limita a la ganadería terrestre y la acuicultura, donde el impacto económico está principalmente determinado por las fuerzas del mercado. Las pérdidas y los costos se clasifican en pérdidas y costos directos e indirectos, así como en costos ex post y ex ante. Dichos costos incluyen no solo los gastos privados, sino también los gastos públicos relacionados con la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades del ganado y la respuesta ante estas, una distinción que es importante habida cuenta de que una de las principales funciones del gobierno es mitigar las externalidades. En el artículo se analizan a continuación las repercusiones en el mercado y las inversiones y, por último, se presentan algunos ejemplos y observaciones ilustrativas y se examinan las orientaciones futuras de la investigación y sus aplicaciones.

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Apples are one of most economically important crops worldwide with a production of approximately 96 million tons in 2022. During postharvest storage, apple quality can decline due to the development of physiological disorders. Superficial scald is one of the main physiological disorders that develops in apples during cold storage and results in quality deterioration. Superficial scald is controlled by synthetic antioxidants such as diphenylamine (DPA) and ethoxyquin. Both chemicals have been banned from the EU due to their toxicity. The current review provides an update on superficial scald complicated development mechanism and summarizes studies investigating postharvest treatments as alternatives to DPA and ethoxyquin. Ethylene and oxygen are important factors that trigger the development of superficial scald in apples by regulating various metabolic pathways during cold storage. More studies are required to investigate alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and elucidate the contribution level of the different metabolites to superficial scald development.

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Suppressed demand arises from inadequate energy access, resulting in unmet basic needs. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the informal economy, rising temperatures, and electricity transmission losses on suppressed demand in Ghana from 2000 to 2020, using a quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) approach. The study forecasts suppressed demand using Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios, offering insights for energy system planning. The results indicate that all the variables significantly affect suppressed demand in the mid-quantiles. Notably, transmission losses and growth of informal economy variables significantly impact suppressed demand within the 50th to 75th quantiles but have minimal impact before the 50th and after the 75th quantiles in the long run. Additionally, rising temperatures substantially increase suppressed demand by increasing electricity demand for cooling. All future scenarios project this growth trend will continue through 2050, albeit at varying rates. In the business-as-usual (BAU) case, suppressed demand is expected to steadily increase from 1782 MW in 2020 to 8636 MW in 2050. This trajectory aligns well with historical growth trends, which saw suppressed demand increase from 659 GWh to 1782 GWh between 2000 and 2020. SSP scenarios suggest that suppressed demand could grow substantially through 2050, driven by high losses and informal sector growth. Despite sustainable development narratives like SSP1, suppressed demand remains high without major grid and governance improvements. Comparing the results with past studies shows that our findings align with previous research but provide more nuanced insights by incorporating the effects of the informal economy and using advanced forecasting techniques. Practical policy implications include investing in green infrastructure, upgrading grid infrastructure, and formalising the informal economy to alleviate suppressed demand. These actions are critical for sustainable energy access and meeting future electricity needs effectively.

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The present study examined two procedures for assessing the discounting of delayed, hypothetical, monetary losses: the Adjusting-Amount procedure (Estle et al., 2006) and the Delayed Losses Questionnaire (Myerson et al., 2017), which was modeled on Kirby et al.'s (1999) delayed reward Monetary Choice Questionnaire. Of interest was whether these two procedures assess the same underlying construct. Online participants (N = 431) completed both the Adjusting-Amount procedure and the Delayed Losses Questionnaire. Results revealed that regardless of the delayed amount and whether the discounting measure used was atheoretical (area under the curve and immediate-choice proportion) or theoretically based (log k), the discounting on the Adjusting-Amount procedure was highly correlated with the discounting on the Delayed Losses Questionnaire (all r > .72). In addition, most of the participants (72.2 %) who showed one type of discounting pattern on one procedure (e.g., who increased choice of the larger payment with increases in its delay or who always chose the immediate payment) showed the same pattern on the other procedure. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the loss discounting procedures and measures studied here all assess the same construct.

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High-performance wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells are used as top cells in perovskite/silicon or perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells, which possess the potential to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limitation of single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, WBG perovskites still suffer from severe nonradiative recombination and large open-circuit voltage (Voc) losses, which restrict the improvement of PSC performance. Herein, we introduce 3,3'-diethyl-oxacarbo-cyanine iodide (DiOC2(3)) and multifunctional groups (C=N, C=C, C-O-C, C-N) into perovskite precursor solutions to simultaneously passivate deep level defects and reduce recombination centers. The multifunctional groups in DiOC2(3) coordinate with free Pb2+ at symmetric sites, passivating Pb vacancy defects, effectively suppressing nonradiative recombination, and maintaining considerable stability. The results reveal that the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the 1.68 eV WBG perovskite solar cell with an inverted structure increases from 18.51% to 21.50%, and the Voc loss is only 0.487 V. The unpackaged device maintains 95% of its initial PCE after 500 h, in an N2 environment at 25°C.

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We report the effects of varying physiological and other properties on the heat and water exchange in the maxilloturbinate structure (MT) of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus or Eb) in realistic environments, using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. We find that the water retention in percent is very high (about 90 %) and relatively unaffected by either cold (-30 °C) or warm (10 °C) conditions. The retention of heat is also high, around 80 % . Based on a consideration of entropy production by the maxilloturbinate system, we show that anatomical and physiological properties of the seal provide good conditions for heat and water exchange at the mucus lining in the seal's nasal cavity. At normal values of tidal volume and maxilloturbinate (MT) length, the air temperature in the MT reaches the body temperature before the air has left the MT channels. This confers a safety factor which is expected to be helpful in exercise, when ventilation increases.

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The compatibility of perovskite and organic photovoltaic materials in solution processing provides a significant advantage in the fabrication of high-efficiency perovskite/organic tandem solar cells. However, additional recombination losses can occur during exciton dissociation in organic materials, leading to energy losses in the near-infrared region of tandem devices. Consequently, a ternary organic rear subcell is designed containing two narrow-bandgap non-fullerene acceptors to enhance the absorption of near-infrared light. Simultaneously, a unique diffusion-controlled growth technique is adopted to optimize the morphology of the ternary active layer, thereby improving exciton dissociation efficiency. This innovation not only broadens the absorption range of near-infrared light but also facilitates the generation and effective dissociation of excitons. Owing to these technological improvements, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells increased to 19.2%. Furthermore, a wide-bandgap perovskite front subcell is integrated with a narrow-bandgap organic rear subcell to develop a perovskite/organic tandem solar cell. Owing to the reduction in near-infrared energy loss, the PCE of this tandem device significantly improved, reaching 24.5%.

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Earthquake insurance is a critical risk management strategy that contributes to improving recovery and thus greater resilience of individuals. Insurance companies construct premiums without taking into account spatial correlations between insured assets. This leads to potentially underestimating the risk, and therefore the exceedance probability curve. We here propose a mixed-effects model to estimate losses per ward that is able to account for heteroskedasticity and spatial correlation between insured losses. Given the significant impact of earthquakes in New Zealand due to its particular geographical and demographic characteristics, the government has established a public insurance company that collects information about the insured buildings and any claims lodged. We thus develop a two-level variance component model that is based on earthquake losses observed in New Zealand between 2000 and 2021. The proposed model aims at capturing the variability at both the ward and territorial authority levels and includes independent variables, such as seismic hazard indicators, the number of usual residents, and the average dwelling value in the ward. Our model is able to detect spatial correlation in the losses at the ward level thus increasing its predictive power and making it possible to assess the effect of spatially correlated claims that may be considerable on the tail of loss distribution.

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Selenium (Se)-rich farmland is a valuable and nonrenewable resource for addressing the global challenge of Se deficiency. However, frequent warnings of heavy metal pollution have threatened the safety and legitimacy of Se-rich functional agriculture, eventually damaged public health security. Definitive and judgmental quantitative studies on this hazardous phenomenon are still missing. Relevant reviews published in the past have summarized textual descriptions of the problem, lacking the support of the necessary statistical analysis of the data. Based on the collected publications, the present study evaluated and analyzed the sources, risks and impacts of heavy metal pollution in Se-rich farmland. Concentrations of cadmium (Cd), arsenic, lead and zinc in Se-rich farmland were significantly higher than those in non-Se-rich farmland, especially Cd. Pollution source analyses indicated that Se enrichment and heavy metal pollution occurred simultaneously in farmland, related to Se-heavy metal homology in rocks. According to environmental risk assessment, both serious Cd pollution and the narrow Se concentration range of safety utilization limited the availability of Se-rich farmland. Pollution impact predictions showed that the pollution in Se-rich farmland would result in serious human health risks to consumers and economic losses of 4000 yuan/hm2 on production side. Tackling Cd pollution was anticipated to recover economic losses (81 %) while lowering the carcinogenic (60 %) and non-carcinogenic (10 %) health risks. Our study also provided recommendations to address heavy metal pollution in Se-rich farmland. The two criteria should be followed by pollution control strategies applied to Se-rich functional agriculture including (i) not affecting the original Se enrichment in plant and (ii) not being interfered by Se in soil-plant systems. This will provide valuable information for Se-rich functional agriculture and public health security.

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Pump As Turbine (PAT) utility represents a major advance in the field of hydraulic engineering. This work aims to improve the PAT performance characteristics. The sharp impeller leading edge (original impeller) was revealed by flow analysis as exhibiting negative effects on the PAT performances due to flow separation and flow misalignment. The performances of rounded and original impeller leading edge were studied by Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method carried out on ANSYS CFX. Although impeller leading edge rounding has notably improved the performances in off design conditions, the difference of efficiency between the both impeller types was decreasing when increasing the discharge. The hydraulic head generated by the rounded impeller leading edge was also slightly higher at part load conditions, but when increasing the discharge, the difference between the both heads became negligible. It appeared from numerical simulations that the impeller leading edge rounding allows to decrease the hydraulic losses of the individual sub-domains except the outlet pipe. For the seek of a comprehensive analysis, the significant losses were computed for the two impeller geometries. It was observed that the shock losses and swirling losses of the rounded impeller leading edge were lower at part load conditions, but when increasing the discharge, the both losses were lower for the original impeller geometry. The rounded impeller leading edge exhibited as well lower wall frictional losses for the entire operating range of discharge.

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Alternative means of control are becoming increasingly relevant to the improvement of safety and the reduction of postharvest losses and waste of fruit and vegetables, especially in view of the application of the EU Greed Deal. A previous study from our research group that focused on the electrolysis process of water and was conducted using NaCl and NaHCO3 as electrolytes proved to efficiently reduce pathogen inoculum in packinghouse washing water. In the present study, we examined the effect of the electrolyzed salt solutions (eNaCl and eNaHCO3) produced in the same experimental conditions previously reported to be used as postharvest treatments during handling and commercialization, and/or at the consumer's site. We tested the electrolyzed solutions, obtained in the presence or absence of the salts, against five relevant fungal pathogens in terms of conidia viability, and on various hosts in terms of rot incidence/severity. Chemical parameters of electrolyzed and non-electrolyzed solutions were also assessed. Although a different susceptibility to treatments was observed among pathogens, electrolyzed sodium chloride (eNaCl) was the most efficient treatment for preventing spore germination, as well as for minimizing fruit rot. However, a consistent control of fungal viability and consequent rot was also achieved using electrolyzed tap water (eW). The eNaHCO3, although less efficient on fungal viability, provided a significant effect against fruit rot. The investigated electrolyzed solutions seem promising for reducing the waste of fresh fruit and vegetables.

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This study introduces an orbital monitoring system designed to quantify non-technical losses (NTLs) within electricity distribution networks. Leveraging Sentinel-2 satellite imagery alongside advanced techniques in computer vision and machine learning, this system focuses on accurately segmenting urban areas, facilitating the removal of clouds, and utilizing OpenStreetMap masks for pre-annotation. Through testing on two datasets, the method attained a Jaccard index (IoU) of 0.9210 on the training set, derived from the region of France, and 0.88 on the test set, obtained from the region of Brazil, underscoring its efficacy and resilience. The precise segmentation of urban zones enables the identification of areas beyond the electric distribution company's coverage, thereby highlighting potential irregularities with heightened reliability. This approach holds promise for mitigating NTL, particularly through its ability to pinpoint potential irregular areas.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate embryo transfer in cattle as a pathway of transmitting neosporosis and to quantitatively and qualitatively compare the embryo production from seropositive and seronegative donors. Superovulatory treatments were performed on eight Girolando donors (four seropositive and four seronegative for N. caninum), resulting in the recovery of ninety-one structures (embryos and non-fertilized structures). Embryos collected and classified as viable were transferred to seronegative recipients and analyzed by PCR to identify N. caninum. No difference was observed in the number of structures collected from seropositive and seronegative donors (40 and 51; P = 0.64). There was a significant difference in the percentages of freezable (25 % and 74 %, P = 0.04) and transferable (27.5 % and 78.4 %, P = 0.003) embryos. The recipients had similar pregnancy rates (60 % and 57.1 %, P = 0.97) and pregnancy loss (50 % and 43.8 %, P = 0.58). There was no change in the serological status of the recipients, and no protozoan DNA was identified in none of the samples. It was concluded that the embryo transfer technique is safe regarding the transmission of neosporosis; however, the quality of embryo production was compromised from donors seropositive for N. caninum.

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Global warming is altering the frequency of extreme rainfall events and introducing uncertainties for non-point source pollution (NPSP). This research centers on orchard-influenced planting areas (OIPA) in the Wulong River Watershed of Shandong Province, China, which are known for their heightened nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution. Leveraging meteorological data from both historical (1989-2018) and projected future periods (2041-2100), this research identified five extreme rainfall indices (ERI): R10 (moderate rain), R20 (heavy rain), R50 (rainstorm), R95p (Daily rainfall between the 95th and 99th percentile of the rainfall), and R99p (>99th percentile). Utilizing an advanced watershed hydrological model, SWAT-CO2, this study carried out a comparison between ERI and average conditions and evaluated the effects of ERI on the hydrology and nutrient losses in this coastal watershed. The findings revealed that the growth multiples of precipitation in the OIPA for five ERI varied between 16 and 59 times for the historical period and 14 to 65 times for future climate scenarios compared to the average conditions. The most pronounced increases in surface runoff and total phosphorus (TP) loss were observed with R50, R95p, and R99p, showing growth multiples as high as 352 and 330 times, and total nitrogen (TN) growth multiples varied between 4.6 and 30.3 times. The contribution rates of R50 and R99p for surface runoff and TP loss in the OIPA during all periods exceeded 55%, however, TN exhibited the opposite trend, primarily due to the dominated NO3-N leaching in the sandy soil. This research revealed how the OIPA reacts to different ERI and pinpointed essential elements influencing water and nutrient losses.

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Storm surge disasters have caused devastating losses to coastal areas, making disaster prevention and mitigation capacity (DPMC) critical in promoting high-quality and sustainable economic development. In this paper, the systematic construction of a comprehensive index of storm surge disaster losses (SSDLs) and DPMC in China is described respectively. Then, panel fixed effect and threshold models are established to explore the relationship between SSDLs and economic growth, in particular, the moderating effect of DPMC. Our results reveal that, from 2006 to 2019, SSDLs exhibit an inverted N-shaped trend, with losses gradually decreasing from south to north. DPMC has been increasing but has visible spatial differences. Notably, SSDLs have a significant negative impact on economic development in China's coastal areas, however, DPMC can play an effective role in mitigating and regulating these negative shocks. With the continuous improvement of China's disaster prevention and mitigation system, SSDLs can be largely offset. Heterogeneity analysis shows that DPMC is most effective in the sample with a high SSDL, low DPMC, and in the southern marine economic circle in China. Further, the robustness tests are ensured by replacing measurement method, replacing GDP per capita with night-time lighting data, and replacing econometric models. Importantly, our study highlights the crucial non-linear role of DPMC in reducing the losses caused by storm surge disasters and promoting sustainable economic development. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to improve capacity building and subjectivity, regional cooperation and ensure the economic resilience of coastal areas in the face of storm surge disasters.

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Soil erosion is expected to worsen in the future as a result of climate change, growing population demands, improper land use, and excessive exploitation of natural resources in India. Due to the growing population and changes in land use, it has become increasingly crucial to map and quantitatively assess soil for the purpose of sustainable agricultural usage and planning conservation efforts. The problem of soil erosion is mainly on steeper slopes with intense rainfall in parts of Western Ghats. The 20.17% of geographical area have been converted into wasteland due to soil erosion. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a highly prevalent and effective technique utilized for estimating soil loss in order to facilitate the planning of erosion control measures. Despite the fact that RUSLE is accurately estimate sediment yields from gully erosion, it is an effective tool in estimating sheet and rill erosions losses from diverse land uses like agricultural to construction sites. The current study is mainly about combining the RUSLE model with GIS (Geographic Information System) to find out how much soil is being lost, particularly in Noyyal and Sanganur watersheds which is located in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu, India. This analysis is based on the soil order, with a significant proportion of alfisols and inceptisols being considered. The obtained outcome is contrasted with the established soil loss tolerance threshold, leading to the identification of the areas with the highest susceptibility to erosion. Within the narrower and more inclined section of the watershed, yearly soil loss scales from 0 to 5455 tonnes/ha/year, with an average annual loss of soil of 2.44 tonnes/ha. The severe soil erosion of 100 to 5455 tonnes/ha/year is found along the steep and greater slope length. The generated soil map was classified into six categories: very slight, slight, moderate, high, severe, and very severe. These classifications, respectively, occupied 6.23%, 14.88%, 10.56%, 15.70%, 7.73%, and 6.63% of the basin area. Based on the results of cross-validation, the estimated result of the present study was found to be very high compared to past studies conducted 0 to 368.12 tonnes/ha/year especially in very severe erosion zones. But very slight to severe erosion zones nearly matched with same level of soil loss. To protect the soil in the study area from erosion, more specific actions should be taken. These include micro-catchment, broad bed furrows, up-and-down farming, soil amendment with coconut coir pith composition, streambank stabilization with vegetation, and micro-water harvesting with abandoned well recharge. These actions should be carried out over time to make sure to work.

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Background: Pregnancy loss (PL) is a common, yet rarely examined public health issue associated with an increased risk of impaired mental health, particularly depression.Objective: Previous research shows childlessness to be a correlate of depression after PL. First studies also indicate associations of the type of loss, multiple losses, relationship quality, and coping strategies with depression after the loss of a pregnancy. However, results are inconsistent and the few existing studies show methodological deficits. Therefore, we expect higher depression scores for women without living children, and we exploratively examine the associations between the type of loss, the number of losses, relationship quality, and coping strategies with depression scores for women who suffered a PL.Method: In an online setting, N = 172 women with miscarriage (n = 137) or stillbirth (n = 35) throughout the last 12 months completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D), Brief-COPE, and Partnerschaftsfragebogen (PFB), a German questionnaire measuring relationship quality.Results: In a multiple hierarchical regression analysis, stillbirth, ß = 0.15, p = .035, presence of living children, ß = -0.17, p = .022, and self-blame/emotional avoidance, ß = 0.34, p < .001, are predictors of depression scores. However, there was no association between depression symptoms and other coping strategies, relationship quality, and multiple losses.Conclusions: Especially with regard to women who have no living children, have suffered a stillbirth, or are affected by self-blame/emotional avoidance, health care providers should monitor the presence of depressive symptoms. Our results indicate the need for specific instruments measuring coping style and relationship quality after PL, since the standard items of the PFB and the Brief-COPE seem inappropriate for this setting.

Stillbirth is associated with higher maternal depression scores than miscarriage.Women with living children show lower depression scores after pregnancy loss than childless women.Self-blame and emotional avoidance are associated with higher maternal depression scores after pregnancy loss.

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Italy is the leading rice producer in Europe and the second in the Mediterranean basin (after Egypt), with most of the production concentrated in a large paddy area between the Lombardy and Piedmont regions (northern Italy). In this area, irrigation of rice was traditionally carried out by wet seeding and continuous flooding; in the last fifteen years, this technique has been gradually replaced by dry seeding followed by a delayed flooding (DFL) or by an alternation of flooding and dry periods (FTI), which are economically more advantageous. This study presents the results of an extensive monitoring campaign designed and carried out in 2021 in a representative paddy district of the Lomellina area (Pavia, northern Italy) to assess the impact of the actual rice cropping strategies on surface water and groundwater quality, with particular attention to two widely used herbicides (MCPA and clomazone) and to nutrient losses (e.g., N, P, K). Results show that MCPA and clomazone concentrations detected in surface water and groundwater are always below the RAC (Regulatory Acceptable Concentration) values. As to nutrients, they do not show significant trends along the season in surface water and groundwater: this may be due to the fact that nutrient sources are many. Concerning the concentrations, nitrates may pose a problem for the area, especially for groundwater. However, further studies would be needed to understand to which extent rice cropping can be considered the major source of contamination for water resources.

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China is the largest global orchard distribution area, where high fertilization rates, complex terrain, and uncertainties associated with future climate change present challenges in managing non-point source pollution (NPSP) in orchard-dominant growing areas (ODGA). Given the complex processes of climate, hydrology, and soil nutrient loss, this study utilized an enhanced Soil and Water Assessment Tool model (SWAT-CO2) to investigate the impact of future climate on NPSP in ODGA in a coastal basin of North China. Our investigation focused on climate-induced variations in hydrology, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) losses in soil, considering three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) climate scenarios: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5. Research results indicated that continuous changes in CO2 levels significantly influenced evapotranspiration (ET) and water yield in ODGA. Influenced by sandy soils, nitrate leaching through percolation was the principal pathway for N loss in the ODGA. Surface runoff was identified as the primary pathway for P loss. Compared to the reference period (1971-2000), under three future climate scenarios, the increase in precipitation of ODGA ranged from 15% to 28%, while the growth rates of P loss and surface runoff were the most significant, both exceeding 120%. Orchards in the northwest basin proved susceptible to nitrate leaching, while others were more sensitive to N and P losses via surface runoff. Implementing targeted strategies, such as augmenting organic fertilizer usage and constructing terraced fields, based on ODGA's response characteristics to future climate, could effectively improve the basin's environment.

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