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Objective: We report on the development and characterization of a UV-C (λ = 200 - 280 nm, λpeak = 254 nm) chamber designed for the rapid disinfection of N95 class filtering-facepiece respirators contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. The device was evaluated against Betacoronavirus strain MHV-3 and its virucidal capacity was evaluated as a function of different applied UV-C doses (UV-C exposure times of 60 s, 120 s, 180 s, and 240 s) using two types of respirators geometry (shell and two-panel shapes, 3M 8801 H and 9920 H, respectively), at eight points of the respirators. Background: Most chemical disinfection methods are not recommended for N95 masks. UV-C light provided by UVGI lamps (254 nm) is an effective physical agent against viruses and bacteria due to direct photochemical harming effect on DNA/RNA, and can provide rapid disinfection for personal protective equipment such as N95/PFF2 masks. Results: The device reached a mean elimination rate of 99.9999% of MHV-3 inoculated into all the assessed different points on the tested PFF2 respirator models in a UV-C cycle of just 60 s. Statistical analysis performed through Person´s chi-square test showed no correlation between the viral infectivity reduction and the viral inoculation point (p = 0.512) and the tested respirator models (p = 0.556). However, a correlation was found between the exposure time and the viral infectivity reduction (p = 0.000*), between UV-C and no UV-C exposure. All the tested UV-C exposure times (60 s, 120 s, 180 s, and 240 s) provided the same reduction in infection rates. Therefore, 60 s was confirmed as the minimum exposure time to achieve a 99.9999% or 6 Log reduction in MHV-3 coronavirus infection rates in the PFF2 samples tested in the device. Conclusions: We conclude that the assessed UV-C chamber for the inactivation of MHV-3 coronavirus in N95/PFF2 standard masks can be a promising tool for effective and rapid disinfection of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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LEDs have specific wavelengths that can positively influence the production of microalga biomass and biomolecules of interest. Filling the gaps in the literature, this study evaluated the effect of different LED wavelengths and photoperiods on protein productivities and free amino acid (FAA) profile of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures. The best protein productivity results were obtained in red and green LED cultures using integral and partial photoperiods, respectively. In these experiments, protein productivities increased 2 and 1.6 times, respectively, compared to the control culture using fluorescent light. Green LEDs in partial photoperiod provided also the highest concentrations of essential and non-essential FAA, about 1.8 and 2.3 times higher, respectively, than control cultures. LEDs showed to be a promising sustainable light source for increasing protein productivity and FAA concentration in Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures.
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Microalgas , Spirulina , Aminoácidos , BiomasaRESUMEN
The aim of this work is to study the byproducts formed as a result of the photocatalytic process under different conditions of light wavelength and photocatalyst doping, rendering valuable information about the fate of pollutants for water treatment applications. Salicylic acid was selected as a model emerging pollutant and powders of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) and TiO2 were prepared by the sol-gel process, using TiO2 P-25 Degussa as benchmark. Two light sources, UVA fluorescent tubes (372 nm) and blue LEDs (462 nm), were employed for photolysis and photocatalysis experiments. Transformation products formed during the process were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Major differences were found in the amount and identity of the transformation products due to the different light sources, detecting similar transformation products among the studied catalysts. Under UVA light, hydroxylated and carbonylated byproducts were the first intermediates to reach maximum abundances whereas presumed ring opening products were the last ones. On the other hand, under blue LED illumination byproducts accumulated with decreased mineralization. Photocatalytic degradation pathways were proposed based on the findings.
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Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Agua , Catálisis , Espectrometría de Masas , Fotólisis , Ácido Salicílico , TitanioRESUMEN
Several studies of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) have been performed to verify the efficiency of this treatment against caries-related microorganisms. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of aPDT and to review the literature regarding its effects on cariogenic microorganisms organized in biofilms and/or caries lesions. The literature was searched for reviews and original papers about aPDT and its outcomes against Streptococcus mutans as well as other caries-associated microorganisms or caries lesions. Moreover, research on photosensitizers and light sources are also reviewed. The publications were selected using PubMed, Web of Science, and manual search of references cited in key papers. The descriptors used were "dental caries" and "photodynamic therapy". The relative efficacy of aPDT to reduce the population of cariogenic bacteria in in vitro biofilms is demonstrated by large number of laboratory studies. Preclinical (in situ models) and clinical studies show a less pronounced bacterial reduction for aPDT than for in vitro models, especially in dentin carious lesions, since the bacteria in dentin caries may be less susceptible to this therapy due to the limited photosensitizer penetration as well as reduced diffusion of light along dentin structures. Although aPDT may be an efficient and less invasive complementary approach to disinfect deep caries lesions, there is insufficient scientific evidence of its efficacy to warrant a clinical recommendation for its use.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Caries Dental/tratamiento farmacológico , Caries Dental/microbiología , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Biopelículas , HumanosRESUMEN
Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) pay a key role in biogeochemical cycles, and it can convert light energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis process. Photosynthetic microbial fuel cell (photo-MFC) is regarded as a promising energy-harvesting technology, which is also applied to environment treatment in recent years. The previous studies show that photo-MFC with APB have higher power putout than other bioelectrochemical systems. However, photo-MFC with APB is not reviewed due to some limited factors in the development process. In this review, photo-MFC with APB is treated according to its electron transfer pathways, the current understanding, APB strains, application, influence of substrates, and economic assessment. Meanwhile, knowledge of photosynthesis components and electron transfer pathways of APB is crucial for developing new energy and easing the serious energy crisis. Moreover, some new insights (the optimization of light source and self-sustaining bioelectricity generation) are proposed for the future explorations.
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Fuentes de Energía Bioeléctrica , Fotosíntesis , BacteriasRESUMEN
Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar a combinação do comprimento de onda e filtro que melhor detecta dente e osso e verificar qual material biológico (esmalte, raiz dental ou osso) possui maior fluorescência quando exposto a uma fonte de luz alternativa (ALS). Amostras de dente e osso foram iluminadas com uma ALS e fotografadas. Os programas Adobe Photoshop™ e ImageJ™ foram usados para análise das imagens. Os dados obtidos das medidas dos pixels das fotografias foram submetidos a análise de variância. Os valores com efeitos significativos tiveram suas médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Em todos os testes, o nível de significância adotado foi p≤0,05 e os valores calculados pelo sistema SAS. Os resultados mostraram que a melhor combinação para detectar dente e osso é o comprimento de onda 455 nm com o filtro laranja. A fluorescência da raiz é maior que a do esmalte que é maior do que o osso. O material biológico teve maior fluorescência que o material inerte. Esse conhecimento pode auxiliar o perito a triar e detectar esses materiais biológicos, por exemplo em situações em que dentes e pequenos ossos estiverem fragmentados, tanto na cena do crime quanto no laboratório.
Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the combination of wavelength and filter that best detects tooth and bone, and to determine which biological materials (enamel, dental root or bone) have highest fluorescence intensity when exposed to an alternate light source (ALS). Tooth and bone samples were lighted with ALS and photographed. Adobe Photoshop™ and ImageJ™ softwares were used for image analysis. Data obtained by measuring the photograph pixels were subjected to analysis of variance. The mean values of significant effects were compared by the Tukey test. In all tests, the significance level was set at p≤0.05 and the values calculated by the SAS system. The results showed that the best combination for detecting tooth and bone is an illumination wavelength of 455 nm with an orange filter. The fluorescence of dental root is greater than that of enamel, which in turn is greater than that of bone. The biological material had markedly higher fluorescence than the inert material. This knowledge can help the forensic expert to screen and detect biological materials, for example in situations where there are fragmented teeth and small bones, both at the scene and in the laboratory.
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Humanos , Huesos/efectos de la radiación , Luz , Diente/efectos de la radiación , Fluorescencia , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
A study to evaluate the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as an attractant for phlebotomine sand flies at two animal pens in a livestock area in Brazil was performed. Light-suction traps were operated overnight with the following light sources: green, blue, and incandescent (control) lights. In total, 22 individual collections were made at each site and 44 with each trap type. In total, 2,542 specimens belonging to 14 phlebotomine species were collected. The most abundant species in the light traps were Nyssomyia whitmani, Evandromyia evandroi, Micropygomyia goiana, Lutzomyia longipalpis, and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata Taking the two sites together, the green-LED light was the most attractive, followed by the blue and incandescent lights, and the difference between the green-LED and the control was statistically significant. Most species were green-biased at both sites, but some species-specific differences were observed. However, even with these differences, the standard incandescent light was outcompeted by LEDs. The green-LED-biased response observed in the present study, together with numerous advantages in favor of LEDs, suggests that the green-LED light source can be used as an effective substitute for the currently used incandescent bulb in monitoring traps for phlebotomine sand flies in Brazil.
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Control de Insectos/métodos , Psychodidae/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Control de Insectos/instrumentación , Luz , Ganado/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ganado/parasitología , Psychodidae/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different light sources, thermocycling and silane on the bond strength of metallic brackets to ceramic. Cylinders of feldspathic ceramic were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s. Half of the cylinders (Groups 1 to 4) received two layers of silane. Metallic brackets were bonded to the cylinders using Transbond XT and divided into 8 groups (n=20), according to light source (Radii Plus LED - 40 s; Groups 1, 2, 5 and 6 and XL 2500 halogen light - 40 s; Groups 3, 4, 7 and 8) and experimental conditions with (Groups 2, 4, 6 and 8) without thermocycling (Groups 1, 3, 5 and 7). Shear bond testing was carried out after 24 h of deionized water storage (Groups 1, 3, 5 and 7) and thermocycling (Groups 2, 4, 6 and 8; 7,000 cycles - 5°/55 °C). Date were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). The Adhesive Remnamt Index (ARI) was evaluated at 8× magnification. The application of silane was effective in increasing the shear bond strength of the brackets to ceramic (p<0.05). Significant difference (p<0.05) on the bond strength was observed between light sources with or without thermocycling. The ARI showed a predominance of scores 0 for all groups, with an increase in scores 1, 2 and 3 for the silane groups. In conclusion, silane improved significantly the shear bond strength of the brackets to ceramic. The thermocycling and light sources influence on the bond strength.
Resumo O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de luz, termociclagem e silano na resistência de união de bráquetes metálicos a cerâmica feldspática. Cilindros de cerâmica feldspática foram condicionados com ácido fluorídrico a 10% por 60 s. Metade dos cilindros (Grupos 1 a 4) recebeu duas camadas de silano. Bráquetes metálicos foram colados aos cilindros usando Transbond XT (3M Unitek), formando 8 grupos (n=20), dependendo das fontes de luz usadas para fotoativação (Radii Plus LED - 40s; Grupos 1, 2, 5 e 6 e XL 2500 halógena - 40 s; Grupos 3, 4, 7 e 8), nas condições experimentais com (Grupos 2, 4, 6 e 8) e sem ciclagem térmica (Grupos 1, 3, 5 e 7). O ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento foi realizado após armazenagem por 24 h em água deionizada (Grupos 1, 3, 5 e 7) ou armazenados e submetidos a ciclagem térmica (Grupos 2, 4, 6 e 8; 7.000 ciclos - 5° e 55° C). Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância de três fatores e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). O Índice de Remanescente Adesivo (IRA) foi avaliado com aumento de 8×. O uso do silano foi efetivo no aumento da resistência de união ao cisalhamento de bráquetes à cerâmica. Diferença significante na resistência de união foi observada entre as fontes de luz, e com ou sem ciclagem térmica. O IRA mostrou predominância de escore 0 para todos os grupos, com aumento de escores 1, 2 e 3 para os grupos com silano. Em conclusão, a aplicação do silano melhorou significativamente a resistência de união ao cisalhamento de bráquete à cerâmica. A ciclagem térmica e as fontes de luz influenciaram a resistência da união.
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Cerámica , Metales , Resistencia al Corte , Silanos/químicaRESUMEN
Paederus beetles are cosmopolitan medically important insects that cause dermatitis linearis to humans. In Brazil, despite the medical importance of these beetles, no studies focusing directly on the abundance and ecological features of harmful species exist. Therefore, this study aims at determining the abundance and the nocturnal hourly dispersal of Paederus species attracted to fluorescent, incandescent, and black light sources in the Brazilian savanna. Paederus species were captured from May to September for three consecutive years, between 2011 and 2013. The specimens were caught hourly, from 1800 to 0600 hours. Paederus beetles were attracted to incandescent, fluorescent, and black light lamps as light sources. A total of 959 individuals of five species were collected. The collected species were Paederus protensus Sharp (59.85%), Paederus columbinus Laporte de Castelnau (29.20%), Paederus mutans Sharp (7.09%), Paederus brasiliensis Erichson (3.34%), and Paederus ferus Erichson (0.52%). The black light was the most attractive source, and the darkest collecting point was the most representative for the number of individuals. The lowest catches were captured at full moon, and the highest catches were between 2200 and 0100 hours. Future investigations are needed to better understand the role of night temperature and soil humidity affecting the seasonal growth of Paederus beetle populations of northeastern Brazil.
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Escarabajos/fisiología , Animales , Brasil , Femenino , Luz , Masculino , Dinámica Poblacional , Estaciones del Año , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength to the dentin of an adhesive material used for root reinforcement light activated with different sources. Roots were divided into 4 groups (n=15) according to the light source used to activate the resin reinforcement: GI, non-weakened roots (control); GII, halogen light (H) 600 mW/cm2; GIII, LED 800 mW/cm2 and GIV, LED 1500 mW/cm2. The reinforcement was done with adhesive, composite resin and fiberglass posts. After 24 h, the specimens were sectioned and the first slice of each post region was used in the push out test in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Failure modes of the debonded specimens were examined. Data (MPa) were analyzed by ANOVA and Holm-Sidak test (=0.05). The second slice from each region was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LED-1500 (4.69 ± 1.74) provided bond strength similar to the control group (5.05 ± 2.63) and statistically different from H-600 (1.96 ± 0.94) and LED-800 (2.75 ± 1.90), which were similar to each other (p<0.05). Cervical (4.16 ± 2.32) and middle (4.43 ± 2.32) regions showed higher bond strength than the apical (2.25 ± 1.50) (p<0.05). There was a prevalence of adhesive failures in H-600 and LED-800 and cohesive failures in LED-1500. SEM showed the formation of long, numerous and fine tags. It was concluded that LED-1500 provided higher bond strength of resin reinforcement to the dentin.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à dentina de uma resina utilizada para reforço de raiz, ativada com diferentes fontes de luz. De acordo com a fonte de luz utilizada as raízes foram divididas em 4 grupos (n = 15): GI, raízes não fragilizadas (controle); GII, luz halógena (H) 600 mW/cm2; GIII, LED 800 mW/cm2 e GIV, LED 1500 mW/cm2. O reforço foi feito com adesivo, resina composta e pino de fibra de vidro. Após 24 h, os espécimes foram seccionados e o primeiro slice de cada região utilizado para o teste de união push out, na máquina de ensaios universais com 0,5 mm/min, e o tipo da falha avaliada. Os dados obtidos (MPa) foram analisados utilizando os testes de ANOVA e Holm-Sidak (=0.05). O segundo slice de cada região foi analisado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O LED-1500 (4.69 ± 1.74) proporcionou resistência a união similar ao controle (5.05 ± 2.63) e estatisticamente diferente do H-600 (1.96 ± 0.94) e LED-800 (2.75 ± 1.90), que são similares entre si (p<0.05). As regiões cervical (4.16 ± 2.32) e média (4.43 ± 2.32) apresentaram alta resistência à união quando comparadas à região apical (2.25 ± 1.50) (p<0.05). Houve uma predominância de falhas adesivas com as fontes de luzes H-600 e LED-800 e coesivas com o LED-1500. A análise em MEV demonstrou a formação de longos tags resinosos. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o LED-1500 proporcionou maior resistência à resina utilizada para o reforço da dentina radicular.
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Resinas Compuestas , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Luz , Raíz del Diente , Microscopía Electrónica de RastreoRESUMEN
The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of white fluorescent lamps as light source and adequate growth-medium sucrose concentration for sugarcane micropropagation (Saccharum officinarum L.). Sugarcane (RB 872552 variety) bud explants were evaluated during the multiplication and rooting phases under controlled growth-room conditions. Different light sources (blue, red and green LEDs; Growlux and white fluorescent lamps) and different medium sucrose concentrations (0; 15; 30 and 45g L-1) were used, maintaining constant light intensity (20µmol m-2 s-1), photoperiod (16h) and temperature (25+2°C). The experiment was a completely randomized design, and treatments were arranged in a 5x4 factorial (five light sources and four medium sucrose concentrations) with six replications. Sugarcane bud growth was satisfactory under the three LED types studied. The presence of sucrose in growth media was essential for bud multiplication and rooting. Nevertheless, each light source requires the respective medium sucrose concentration adjustment for best results. Red LEDs provided a significantly high multiplication rate (although not the highest) with 8.5 buds per sub-culture and 34.9g L-1 of sucrose; also, the highest bud length (33.3mm) and the best plantlet acclimatization. Therefore, LED sources can advantageously substitute fluorescent lamps in laboratories of sugarcane micropropagation.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) em substituição a lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas e adequar a concentração de sacarose na micropropagação de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). Brotações da variedade RB 872552 foram avaliadas nas fases de multiplicação e enraizamento, utilizando as fontes de luz LEDs azuis, LEDs vermelhos, LEDs verdes, lâmpadas Growlux e lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas, e as concentrações de sacarose de 0, 15, 30 e 45g L-1, fixando-se a intensidade luminosa em 20µmol m-2 s-1. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial 5x4 (fontes de luz x concentrações de sacarose). O desenvolvimento das brotações foi satisfatório sob os três tipos de LEDs estudados. A presença de sacarose no meio de cultivo foi indispensável para multiplicação e enraizamento das brotações, sendo necessário ajuste da concentração para cada fonte de luz. Os LEDs vermelhos não proporcionaram a maior taxa de multiplicação, porém esta foi bastante alta (8,5 brotos por subcultivo, com adição de 34,9g L-1 de sacarose), com maior comprimento dos brotos (33,3mm) e maior eficiência de aclimatização das plantas. Concluiu-se que os LEDs podem ser utilizados como substitutos das lâmpadas fluorescentes em laboratórios de micropropagação de cana-de-açúcar.
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A novel light source - light blanket composed of a series of parallel cylindrical diffusing fibers (CDF) is designed to substitute the hand-held point source in the PDT treatment of the malignant pleural or intraperitoneal diseases. It achieves more uniform light delivery and less operation time in operating room. The preliminary experiment was performed for a 9cmx9cm light blanket composed of 8 9-cm CDFs. The linear diffusers were placed in parallel finger-like pockets. The blanket is filled with 0.2 % intralipid scattering medium to improve the uniformity of light distribution. 0.3-mm aluminum foil is used to shield and reflect the light transmission. The full width of the profile of light distribution at half maximum along the perpendicular direction is 7.9cm and 8.1cm with no intralipid and with intralipid. The peak value of the light fluence rate profiles per input power is 11.7mW/cm2/W and 8.6mW/cm2/W respectively. The distribution of light field is scanned using the isotropic detector and the motorized platform. The average fluence rate per input power is 8.6 mW/cm2/W and the standard deviation is 1.6 mW/cm2/W for the scan in air, 7.4 mW/cm2/W and 1.1 mW/cm2/W for the scan with the intralipid layer. The average fluence rate per input power and the standard deviation are 20.0 mW/cm2/W and 2.6 mW/cm2/W respectively in the tissue mimic phantom test. The light blanket design produces a reasonably uniform field for effective light coverage and is flexible to confirm to anatomic structures in intraoperative PDT. It also has great potential value for superficial PDT treatment in clinical application.
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The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of white fluorescent lamps as light source and adequate growth-medium sucrose concentration for sugarcane micropropagation (Saccharum officinarum L.). Sugarcane (RB 872552 variety) bud explants were evaluated during the multiplication and rooting phases under controlled growth-room conditions. Different light sources (blue, red and green LEDs; Growlux and white fluorescent lamps) and different medium sucrose concentrations (0; 15; 30 and 45g L-1) were used, maintaining constant light intensity (20µmol m-2 s-1), photoperiod (16h) and temperature (25+2°C). The experiment was a completely randomized design, and treatments were arranged in a 5x4 factorial (five light sources and four medium sucrose concentrations) with six replications. Sugarcane bud growth was satisfactory under the three LED types studied. The presence of sucrose in growth media was essential for bud multiplication and rooting. Nevertheless, each light source requires the respective medium sucrose concentration adjustment for best results. Red LEDs provided a significantly high multiplication rate (although not the highest) with 8.5 buds per sub-culture and 34.9g L-1 of sucrose; also, the highest bud length (33.3mm) and the best plantlet acclimatization. Therefore, LED sources can advantageously substitute fluorescent lamps in laboratories of sugarcane micropropagation.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) em substituição a lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas e adequar a concentração de sacarose na micropropagação de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). Brotações da variedade RB 872552 foram avaliadas nas fases de multiplicação e enraizamento, utilizando as fontes de luz LEDs azuis, LEDs vermelhos, LEDs verdes, lâmpadas Growlux e lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas, e as concentrações de sacarose de 0, 15, 30 e 45g L-1, fixando-se a intensidade luminosa em 20µmol m-2 s-1. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial 5x4 (fontes de luz x concentrações de sacarose). O desenvolvimento das brotações foi satisfatório sob os três tipos de LEDs estudados. A presença de sacarose no meio de cultivo foi indispensável para multiplicação e enraizamento das brotações, sendo necessário ajuste da concentração para cada fonte de luz. Os LEDs vermelhos não proporcionaram a maior taxa de multiplicação, porém esta foi bastante alta (8,5 brotos por subcultivo, com adição de 34,9g L-1 de sacarose), com maior comprimento dos brotos (33,3mm) e maior eficiência de aclimatização das plantas. Concluiu-se que os LEDs podem ser utilizados como substitutos das lâmpadas fluorescentes em laboratórios de micropropagação de cana-de-açúcar.
RESUMEN
The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) instead of white fluorescent lamps as light source and adequate growth-medium sucrose concentration for sugarcane micropropagation (Saccharum officinarum L.). Sugarcane (RB 872552 variety) bud explants were evaluated during the multiplication and rooting phases under controlled growth-room conditions. Different light sources (blue, red and green LEDs; Growlux and white fluorescent lamps) and different medium sucrose concentrations (0; 15; 30 and 45g L-1) were used, maintaining constant light intensity (20µmol m-2 s-1), photoperiod (16h) and temperature (25+2°C). The experiment was a completely randomized design, and treatments were arranged in a 5x4 factorial (five light sources and four medium sucrose concentrations) with six replications. Sugarcane bud growth was satisfactory under the three LED types studied. The presence of sucrose in growth media was essential for bud multiplication and rooting. Nevertheless, each light source requires the respective medium sucrose concentration adjustment for best results. Red LEDs provided a significantly high multiplication rate (although not the highest) with 8.5 buds per sub-culture and 34.9g L-1 of sucrose; also, the highest bud length (33.3mm) and the best plantlet acclimatization. Therefore, LED sources can advantageously substitute fluorescent lamps in laboratories of sugarcane micropropagation.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de diodos emissores de luz (LEDs) em substituição a lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas e adequar a concentração de sacarose na micropropagação de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). Brotações da variedade RB 872552 foram avaliadas nas fases de multiplicação e enraizamento, utilizando as fontes de luz LEDs azuis, LEDs vermelhos, LEDs verdes, lâmpadas Growlux e lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas, e as concentrações de sacarose de 0, 15, 30 e 45g L-1, fixando-se a intensidade luminosa em 20µmol m-2 s-1. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial 5x4 (fontes de luz x concentrações de sacarose). O desenvolvimento das brotações foi satisfatório sob os três tipos de LEDs estudados. A presença de sacarose no meio de cultivo foi indispensável para multiplicação e enraizamento das brotações, sendo necessário ajuste da concentração para cada fonte de luz. Os LEDs vermelhos não proporcionaram a maior taxa de multiplicação, porém esta foi bastante alta (8,5 brotos por subcultivo, com adição de 34,9g L-1 de sacarose), com maior comprimento dos brotos (33,3mm) e maior eficiência de aclimatização das plantas. Concluiu-se que os LEDs podem ser utilizados como substitutos das lâmpadas fluorescentes em laboratórios de micropropagação de cana-de-açúcar.
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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different light sources and curing time on the degree of conversion and microhardness of two surfaces within a nanofilled composite resin. METHODS: Four experimental groups (n=10) were formed in accordance with the light source (quartz-tungsten halogen (QTH - 600mW/cm(2)), or light-emitting-diode (LED - 800mW/cm(2))) and the time of curing (20 s or 40 s). The specimens were prepared with a circular mould (5 mm ∅ and 2 mm thick), according to the respective protocol, and the Knoop microhardness and degree of conversion was measured at the top and the base of the specimens. The degree of conversion was evaluated by the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results were analyzed by ANOVA two-way repeated measures and Tukey's test (α=,05). RESULTS: Both the degree of conversion and microhardness were higher at the top than at the bottom of the specimens. The QTH light source presented better values on the degree of conversion evaluation, but this result was not observed in the microhardness evaluation. Although forty seconds of curing promotes an increased level of microhardness, it did not influence the degree of conversion. CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that increasing the time of curing to 40 s promotes an increase in microhardness, but it does not influence the degree of conversion of a nanofilled composite resin. QTH promote better monomeric conversion; however, the microhardness values are similar to LED curing. For all situations tested, the bottom of the specimens presented lower results than the top.
RESUMEN
This study evaluated the effects of thermocycling and different light sources on the bond strength of metallic brackets to bovine tooth enamel using an adhesive resin. Bovine teeth were etched with 35% phosphoric acid gel for 20 s. After application of primer, metallic brackets were bonded to the buccal surface using Transbond XT, forming 8 groups (n=20), depending on the light source used for photoactivation (AccuCure 3000 argon laser - 20 s, Apollo 95E plasma arc - 12 s, UltraLume 5 LED - 40 s and XL2500 halogen light - 40 s) and experimental conditions without (Groups 1 to 4) or with thermocycling (Groups 5 to 8). Shear bond testing was carried out after 24 h of distilled water storage (Groups 1 to 4) or storage and thermocycling in distilled water (groups 5 to 8; 1,500 cycles - 5o/55oC). Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). The Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was evaluated at ×8 magnification. No significant differences (p>0.05) in bond strength were found when the conditions without and with thermocycling were compared for any of the light sources. No significant differences (p>0.05) in bond strength were found among the light sources, irrespective of performing or not thermocycling. There was a predominance of ARI scores 1 in all groups. In conclusion, light sources and thermocycling had no influence on the bond strength of brackets to bovine enamel.
Este estudo avaliou o efeito da termociclagem e diferentes fontes de luz na resistência de união de bráquetes metálicos ao esmalte bovino utilizando uma resina adesiva. Dentes bovinos foram condicionados com ácido fosfórico 35% por 20 s. Após aplicação do primer, bráquetes metálicos foram colados na superfície bucal usando Transbond XT, formando 8 grupos (n=20), dependendo das fontes de luz usadas para fotoativação (AccuCure 3000 argon laser - 20 s, Apollo 95E plasma arc - 12 s, UltraLume 5 LED - 40 s e XL2500 halogen light - 40 s) nas condições experimentais sem (Grupos 1 a 4) ou com termociclagem (Grupos 5 a 8). O teste de resistência de união foi realizado após 24 h armazenados em água destilada (Grupos 1 a 4) ou armazenados e termociclados em água destilada (Grupos 5 a 8;1500 ciclos - 5o/55oC). Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância de duas vias e ao teste de Tukey (p<0,05). O Índice Remanescente do Adesivo (IRA) foi avaliado em aumento de 8 vezes. Nenhuma diferença significante (p>0,05) na resistência de união foi encontrada quando as condições, sem ou com termociclagem foi comparado, para qualquer das fontes de luz. Nenhuma diferença significante (p>0,05) na resistência de união foi encontrada entre as fontes de luz, independente de realizar ou não a termociclagem. O IRA mostrou predominância de escore 1 em todos os grupos. Em conclusão, as fontes de luz e a termociclagem não influenciaram na resistência de união do bráquete ao esmalte bovino.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Luces de Curación Dental/clasificación , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Aleaciones Dentales/química , Esmalte Dental/ultraestructura , Soportes Ortodóncicos , Adhesividad , Grabado Ácido Dental/métodos , Análisis del Estrés Dental/instrumentación , Luz , Ensayo de Materiales , Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , Cementos de Resina/química , Resistencia al Corte , Estrés Mecánico , Propiedades de Superficie , Acero Inoxidable/química , Temperatura , Factores de Tiempo , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
This study evaluated the bond strength of brackets to ceramic testing different etching times and light sources for photo-activation of the bonding agent. Cylinders of feldspathic ceramic were etched with 10 percent hydrofluoric acid for 20 or 60 s. After application of silane on the ceramic surface, metallic brackets were bonded to the cylinders using Transbond XT (3M Unitek). The specimens for each etching time were assigned to 4 groups (n=15), according to the light source: XL2500 halogen light, UltraLume 5 LED, AccuCure 3000 argon laser, and Apollo 95E plasma arc. Light-activation was carried out with total exposure times of 40, 40, 20 and 12 s, respectively. Shear strength testing was carried out after 24 h. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated under magnification. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Specimens etched for 20 s presented significantly lower bond strength (p<0.05) compared with those etched for 60 s. No significant differences (p>0.05) were detected among the light sources. The ARI showed a predominance of scores 0 in all groups, with an increase in scores 1, 2 and 3 for the 60 s time. In conclusion, only the etching time had significant influence on the bond strength of brackets to ceramic.
Este estudo avaliou a resistência de união de bráquetes à cerâmica testando diferentes tempos de condicionamento e fontes de luz para fotoativação do agente de união. Cilindros de cerâmica feldspática foram condicionados com ácido fluorídrico 10 por cento por 20 ou 60 s. Após aplicação de silano na superfície da cerâmica, bráquetes metálicos foram colados aos cilindros utilizando Transbond XT (3M Unitek). Os espécimes de cada tempo de condicionamento foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=15): fonte halógena XL2500, LED UltraLume 5, laser de argônio AccuCure 3000 e arco de plasma Apollo 95E. A fotoativação foi realizada com tempo total de 40, 40, 20 e 12 s, respectivamente. O teste de cisalhamento foi realizado após 24 h. O índice de adesivo remanescente (IAR) foi avaliado sob aumento. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA de duas vias e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Espécimes condicionados por 20 s apresentaram resistência de união significativamente menor que espécimes condicionados por 60 s. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as fontes de luz. O IAR mostrou predominância de escores 0 para todos os grupos, com aumento nos escores 1, 2 e 3 para o tempo 60 s. Em conclusão, apenas o tempo de condicionamento teve influência significativa na resistência de união de bráquetes à cerâmica.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Luces de Curación Dental/clasificación , Recubrimiento Dental Adhesivo , Aleaciones Dentales/química , Grabado Dental/métodos , Porcelana Dental/química , Soportes Ortodóncicos , Adhesividad , Silicatos de Aluminio/química , Análisis del Estrés Dental/instrumentación , Ácido Fluorhídrico/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Procesos Fotoquímicos , Polimerizacion , Compuestos de Potasio/química , Cementos de Resina/química , Resistencia al Corte , Estrés Mecánico , Propiedades de Superficie , Silanos/química , Acero Inoxidable/química , Factores de Tiempo , Diente/anatomía & histologíaRESUMEN
Realizou-se um estudo para avaliar o efeito de fontes de luz na micropropagação de morangueiro, com níveis crescentes de BAP no meio de cultivo. Para tanto, inocularam-se gemas de brotações da cultivar 'Sabrosa' em meio MS com 30g L-1 de sacarose, 100mg L-1 de mio-inositol, 7g L-1 de ágar e BAP (0; 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; e 1,5mg L-1), em pH 5,8. Os explantes foram cultivados a 25+2°C, com 16 horas de fotoperíodo e luminosidade de 20µmol m-2 s-1, esta última fornecida por diferentes fontes de luz (LED azul-EDEB 3LA1, LED verde-EDET 3LA1, LED vermelho-EDER 3LA3, lâmpada fluorescente Growlux e lâmpada fluorescente branca). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em um fatorial 5x5 (concentrações de BAP x fontes de luz), com seis repetições. O experimento foi repetido em três subcultivos sucessivos de 35 dias cada. Nestes avaliaram-se o número de brotações por explante e a altura das brotações. Ao final do terceiro subcultivo, determinaram-se, ainda, as concentrações de carotenoides e de clorofilas a e b, independentemente do nível de BAP. Maior número de brotações por explante foi obtido sob LEDs vermelhos e verdes. Concentrações de BAP no meio de cultura entre 0,82 e 1,22mg L-1, dependendo da fonte de luz, proporcionaram maior multiplicação in vitro de brotações. Sob todas as fontes de luz foram obtidas brotações de maior comprimento em meio isento de BAP. Brotações cultivadas sob LEDs vermelhos apresentaram maior quantidade de pigmentos fotossintéticos, enquanto aquelas sob LEDs verdes e lâmpadas Growlux apresentaram a menor.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different sources of light in strawberry micropropagation, under increasing levels of BAP in culture medium. 'Sabrosa' shoots were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 30g L-1 sucrose, 100mg L-1 myo-inositol, 7 agar g L-1 and BAP (0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; e 1.5mg L-1), pH 5.8. The explants were cultivated at 25+2°C, 16 hours photoperiod and 20µmol m-2 s-1. The luminosity was supplied by different sources of light (blue-EDEB 3LA1 LED, green-EDET 3LA1 LED, red-EDER 3LA3 LED, Growlux fluorescent lamp and white fluorescent lamp). The experimental design was a factorial entirely randomized (5 concentrations of BAP x 5 light sources) with six replications. The experiment was repeated in three successive subcultures of 35 days each, being evaluated the shoot number per explant and shoot height. The carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b determinations were carried out after the third subculture, independently of BAP concentration. Shoot number per explant was higher under red and green LEDs. BAP concentrations between 0.82 and 1.22mg L-1 in culture medium showed higher multiplication rate depending on the light source. Shoot length was highest in culture medium without BAP under all light sources. Shoots cultivated under red LEDs showed higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments, while those under green LEDs and Growlux light bulbs showed the lowest.
RESUMEN
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different sources of light in strawberry micropropagation, under increasing levels of BAP in culture medium. 'Sabrosa' shoots were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 30g L-1 sucrose, 100mg L-1 myo-inositol, 7 agar g L-1 and BAP (0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; e 1.5mg L-1), pH 5.8. The explants were cultivated at 25+2°C, 16 hours photoperiod and 20µmol m-2 s-1. The luminosity was supplied by different sources of light (blue-EDEB 3LA1 LED, green-EDET 3LA1 LED, red-EDER 3LA3 LED, Growlux fluorescent lamp and white fluorescent lamp). The experimental design was a factorial entirely randomized (5 concentrations of BAP x 5 light sources) with six replications. The experiment was repeated in three successive subcultures of 35 days each, being evaluated the shoot number per explant and shoot height. The carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b determinations were carried out after the third subculture, independently of BAP concentration. Shoot number per explant was higher under red and green LEDs. BAP concentrations between 0.82 and 1.22mg L-1 in culture medium showed higher multiplication rate depending on the light source. Shoot length was highest in culture medium without BAP under all light sources. Shoots cultivated under red LEDs showed higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments, while those under green LEDs and Growlux light bulbs showed the lowest.
Realizou-se um estudo para avaliar o efeito de fontes de luz na micropropagação de morangueiro, com níveis crescentes de BAP no meio de cultivo. Para tanto, inocularam-se gemas de brotações da cultivar 'Sabrosa' em meio MS com 30g L-1 de sacarose, 100mg L-1 de mio-inositol, 7g L-1 de ágar e BAP (0; 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; e 1,5mg L-1), em pH 5,8. Os explantes foram cultivados a 25+2°C, com 16 horas de fotoperíodo e luminosidade de 20µmol m-2 s-1, esta última fornecida por diferentes fontes de luz (LED azul-EDEB 3LA1, LED verde-EDET 3LA1, LED vermelho-EDER 3LA3, lâmpada fluorescente Growlux e lâmpada fluorescente branca). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em um fatorial 5x5 (concentrações de BAP x fontes de luz), com seis repetições. O experimento foi repetido em três subcultivos sucessivos de 35 dias cada. Nestes avaliaram-se o número de brotações por explante e a altura das brotações. Ao final do terceiro subcultivo, determinaram-se, ainda, as concentrações de carotenoides e de clorofilas a e b, independentemente do nível de BAP. Maior número de brotações por explante foi obtido sob LEDs vermelhos e verdes. Concentrações de BAP no meio de cultura entre 0,82 e 1,22mg L-1, dependendo da fonte de luz, proporcionaram maior multiplicação in vitro de brotações. Sob todas as fontes de luz foram obtidas brotações de maior comprimento em meio isento de BAP. Brotações cultivadas sob LEDs vermelhos apresentaram maior quantidade de pigmentos fotossintéticos, enquanto aquelas sob LEDs verdes e lâmpadas Growlux apresentaram a menor.
RESUMEN
The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different sources of light in strawberry micropropagation, under increasing levels of BAP in culture medium. 'Sabrosa' shoots were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 30g L-1 sucrose, 100mg L-1 myo-inositol, 7 agar g L-1 and BAP (0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; e 1.5mg L-1), pH 5.8. The explants were cultivated at 25+2°C, 16 hours photoperiod and 20µmol m-2 s-1. The luminosity was supplied by different sources of light (blue-EDEB 3LA1 LED, green-EDET 3LA1 LED, red-EDER 3LA3 LED, Growlux fluorescent lamp and white fluorescent lamp). The experimental design was a factorial entirely randomized (5 concentrations of BAP x 5 light sources) with six replications. The experiment was repeated in three successive subcultures of 35 days each, being evaluated the shoot number per explant and shoot height. The carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b determinations were carried out after the third subculture, independently of BAP concentration. Shoot number per explant was higher under red and green LEDs. BAP concentrations between 0.82 and 1.22mg L-1 in culture medium showed higher multiplication rate depending on the light source. Shoot length was highest in culture medium without BAP under all light sources. Shoots cultivated under red LEDs showed higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments, while those under green LEDs and Growlux light bulbs showed the lowest.
Realizou-se um estudo para avaliar o efeito de fontes de luz na micropropagação de morangueiro, com níveis crescentes de BAP no meio de cultivo. Para tanto, inocularam-se gemas de brotações da cultivar 'Sabrosa' em meio MS com 30g L-1 de sacarose, 100mg L-1 de mio-inositol, 7g L-1 de ágar e BAP (0; 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; e 1,5mg L-1), em pH 5,8. Os explantes foram cultivados a 25+2°C, com 16 horas de fotoperíodo e luminosidade de 20µmol m-2 s-1, esta última fornecida por diferentes fontes de luz (LED azul-EDEB 3LA1, LED verde-EDET 3LA1, LED vermelho-EDER 3LA3, lâmpada fluorescente Growlux e lâmpada fluorescente branca). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em um fatorial 5x5 (concentrações de BAP x fontes de luz), com seis repetições. O experimento foi repetido em três subcultivos sucessivos de 35 dias cada. Nestes avaliaram-se o número de brotações por explante e a altura das brotações. Ao final do terceiro subcultivo, determinaram-se, ainda, as concentrações de carotenoides e de clorofilas a e b, independentemente do nível de BAP. Maior número de brotações por explante foi obtido sob LEDs vermelhos e verdes. Concentrações de BAP no meio de cultura entre 0,82 e 1,22mg L-1, dependendo da fonte de luz, proporcionaram maior multiplicação in vitro de brotações. Sob todas as fontes de luz foram obtidas brotações de maior comprimento em meio isento de BAP. Brotações cultivadas sob LEDs vermelhos apresentaram maior quantidade de pigmentos fotossintéticos, enquanto aquelas sob LEDs verdes e lâmpadas Growlux apresentaram a menor.