RESUMEN
Phoma black stem (PBS), caused by Phoma macdonaldii Boerema (teleomorph Leptosphaeria lindquistii Frezzi), is the most common stem disease of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the northern Great Plains region of the United States. However, the impact of PBS on sunflower yield in the United States is unclear, and a near complete absence of information on the impact of fungicides on disease management exists. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of PBS on sunflower yield, the efficacy of available fungicides, the optimal fungicide application timing, and the economic viability of fungicides as a management tool. Fungicide timing efficacy was evaluated by applying single and/or sequential applications of pyraclostrobin fungicide at three sunflower growth stages in 10 field trials between 2017 and 2019. Efficacy of 10 fungicides from the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) groups 3, 7, and 11 were evaluated in four field trials between 2018 and 2019. The impact of treatments on PBS were evaluated by determination of incidence, severity, maximum lesion height, disease severity index (DSI), and harvested yield. Nine of the 10 fungicides evaluated and all fungicide timings that included an early bud application resulted in disease reductions when compared with the nontreated controls. The DSI was negatively correlated to sunflower yield in high-yield environments (P = 0.0004; R2 = 0.3425) but not in low- or moderate-yield environments. Although FRAC 7 fungicides were generally most efficacious, the sufficient efficacy and lower cost of FRAC 11 fungicides make them more economically viable in high-yielding environments at current market conditions.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos , Fungicidas Industriales , Helianthus , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Fungicidas Industriales/farmacología , Helianthus/efectos de los fármacos , Helianthus/microbiología , Ascomicetos/efectos de los fármacos , Ascomicetos/fisiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Estados Unidos , Tallos de la Planta/microbiología , Estrobilurinas/farmacología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Plenodomus lindquistii (basionym: Leptosphaeria lindquistii) is the most prevalent fungus pathogen causing the black stem disease in sunflower. To date, only one whole-genome sequence is reported in NCBI, but no complete gene annotation has been submitted. Herein, we sequenced a Leptosphaeria lindquistii isolate from sunflower seeds imported from the United States using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing and Illumina short-read sequencing. We generated a 38.6-Mb genome assembly consisting of 29 contigs with an N50 of 1.689 Mb and a maximum length of 5.316 Mb. In the genome assembly, we identified 13,481 protein-coding genes, of which 12,531 were annotated. The high-quality assembly and annotation of the Leptosphaeria lindquistii genome will allow us to conduct further studies for the specific identification of pathogens causing sunflower black stem disease and provide a better understanding of the infection mechanisms of Leptosphaeria lindquistii.