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Dragonflies are some of the most stable and maneuverable flying organisms. To explore the mechanism of how dragonfly leading edges enhance flight lift, this article conducts a detailed study on the leading edge veins and the microstructures on them of dragonfly wings. Observations have discovered the special leading edge vein and the regularly distributed microstructures on the leading edge vein. A biomimetic model has been established, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation analysis has been conducted on the biomimetic model. The analysis explores the effects of microstructure characteristics, distribution patterns, and positions on the aerodynamic characteristics of dragonfly gliding. The analysis shows that the leading edge structure influences the incoming flow, simultaneously promotes the formation of the leading edge vortex (LEV), and increases the lift-to-drag ratio by up to 4%. A wing prototype featuring biomimetic microstructures is subsequently fabricated and tested in wind tunnel experiments. Compared with a control group without leading edge structures, the airflow passing through the biomimetic structures is influenced by the shape and arrangement of these structures. The smoother transition of the leading edge vein's shape facilitates the flow of air. The microstructures primarily filter and accelerate the airflow. The spacing of the microstructures affects the stability of the airflow, thereby influencing aerodynamic performance. Additionally, the middle-row arrangement of microstructures is more beneficial for gliding conditions, while the upper-row arrangement is more advantageous for flapping conditions. These findings enhance our understanding of insect wings and advance micro aerial vehicle applications. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This study observed the leading-edge veins and microstructures of dragonfly wings in detail. Using a biomimetic model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, it was found that these leading-edge structures promote the formation of leading-edge vortices (LEV), increasing the lift-to-drag ratio by up to 4%. Wind tunnel experiments demonstrated that wings with biomimetic microstructures significantly improved airflow smoothness and lift compared with control wings. Additionally, the arrangement of microstructures greatly affects airflow stability and aerodynamic performance, with middle-row arrangements being more beneficial for gliding and upper-row arrangements for flapping conditions. These findings enhance our understanding of insect wings and provide innovative guidance for designing efficient micro aerial vehicles.

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INTRODUCTION: Vehicles play an important role in pedestrian injury risk in crashes. This study examined the association between vehicle front-end geometry and the risk of fatal pedestrian injuries in motor vehicle crashes. METHOD: A total of 17,897 police-reported crashes involving a single passenger vehicle and a single pedestrian in seven states were used in the analysis. Front-end profile parameters of vehicles (2,958 vehicle makes, series, and model years) involved in these crashes were measured from vehicle profile photos, including hood leading edge height, bumper lead angle, hood length, hood angle, and windshield angle. We defined a front-end-shape indicator based on the hood leading edge height and bumper lead angle. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the effects of these parameters on the risk that a pedestrian was fatally injured in a single-vehicle crash. RESULTS: Vehicles with tall and blunt, tall and sloped, and medium-height and blunt front ends were associated with significant increases of 43.6%, 45.4%, and 25.6% in pedestrian fatality risk, respectively, when compared with low and sloped front ends. There was a significant 25.1% increase in the risk if a hood was relatively flat as defined in this study. A relatively long hood and a relatively large windshield angle were associated with 5.9% and 10.7% increases in the risk, respectively, but the increases were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Vehicle front-end profiles that were significantly associated with increased pedestrian fatal injury risk were identified. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Automakers can make vehicles more pedestrian friendly by designing vehicle front ends that are lower and more sloped. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) can consider evaluations that account for the growing hood heights and blunt front ends of the vehicle fleet in the New Car Assessment Program or regulation.

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Background and hypothesis: Assigning a psychiatric diagnosis in real-world situations is often difficult, given that the clinical presentation does not usually conform to the list of condensed, simplified behavioral descriptors of mainstream operational taxonomies (MOT) (eg, ICD-11 and DSM-5). The goal of this study was to benchmark diagnostic accuracy and reliability on a central and severe spectrum of psychopathology (ie, the schizophrenia spectrum disorders [SSDs]), adopting a pragmatic approach as close as possible to real-world clinical settings. Study Design: We examined the diagnostic performance of 30 international psychiatrists experts in SSD. The clinicians were asked to make their clinical best diagnostic estimate for two written clinical vignettes excerpted from real-world SSD cases. Study Results: In the first vignette, 22 out of the 30 clinicians (73.5%) indicated a SSD as their main diagnostic hypothesis. In the second vignette, 12 clinicians (40%) chose SSD as their main diagnostic hypothesis. Only 10 of the 30 clinicians (33%) correctly identified both vignettes as cases of SSD. The level of interrater diagnostic agreement (Fleiss' Kappa) was low but statistically significant (KFleiss = 0.08, P = .01). Conclusions: The results suggest that, even in a sample of influential international psychiatrists, the diagnostic accuracy and reliability on SSD presentations is poor and substantially inferior to those obtained in reliability studies using structured or semi-structured interviews. The widespread adoption of MOT systems in the last decades may have inadvertently eroded the ability of clinicians to detect a typical pattern of psychiatric illnesses.

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Morphing wing technology is crucial for enhancing the flight performance of aircraft. To address the monitoring challenges of full-scale variable-camber leading edges under flight conditions, this study introduces a ground-based strength testing technique aimed at precisely evaluating the deformation patterns and structural strength during actual operation. Firstly, the motion characteristics of the variable-camber leading edge were analyzed using numerical simulation based on kinematic theory. Secondly, a tracking loading test rig was designed and constructed to simulate the actuated deformation and aerodynamic loads of the leading edge. Next, mechanical boundary numerical simulation was then utilized to predict the motion trajectories of loading points on the upper and lower wing surfaces, and a multi-point coordinated control system was developed to achieve accurate experimental control. Finally, a multi-sensor iterative method was employed to ensure loading precision throughout the testing process. A case study was conducted using a leading edge test piece from a specific commercial aircraft. The results indicated that in the motion test of the variable-camber leading edge, the average error of the deflection angle was 4.59%; in the strength test, the average errors in the magnitude and direction of the applied load were 0.54% and 0.24%, respectively. These findings validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique in simulating the flight conditions of deforming wings and accurately obtaining the leading edge shape change curve, deformation accuracy curve, and strain curves of the upper and lower wing surfaces under deflection angles. Furthermore, this paper compares the deformation accuracy of different testing methods under test conditions, providing scientific evidence and technical support for the testing and evaluation of variable-camber leading edges.

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The European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) is under intense fishing pressure and exhibits distributional/abundance shifts linked to environmental change. The current understanding of population demographics needed for sustainable management is uncertain due to concerns that previous genetic studies lacked resolution and limited sampling of sardine north of the Bay of Biscay. To address these issues, we performed mtDNA sequencing and genome wide SNP analysis of samples collected across the Bay of Biscay, Celtic Sea, English Channel and North Sea. The complete SNP data reported a lack of structure throughout the sampled area compatible with high gene flow. A consensus suite of positive outlier SNPs was identified which reported a significant correlation with geographical distance with the largest differentiation between the southern Bay of Biscay and North Sea samples which also reported a significant mtDNA ΦST. While the roles of dispersal limitation and environmental heterogeneity underpinning this require further study, this adds to growing evidence that selection is influencing sardine population structure against a background of high gene flow. The results indicate that while there may be a level of demographic independence between North Sea and South Biscay sardine, the current delimitation of central (Biscay) and northern (Channel and Celtic Sea) operational stocks may misrepresent connectivity between the Biscay and Channel. The North Sea sample exhibited markedly lower mtDNA and nuclear variation than other samples. As sardine have only recently invaded the North Sea such reduced genetic variation is compatible with predictions for peripheral leading-edge populations but contrasts with patterns for other small pelagic species and emphasises the need to consider species-specific genetic structure in ecosystem-based management. Nascent management of the North Sea sardine fishery must ensure that current low levels of genetic diversity are not eroded further as this may decrease the species adaptive potential and inhibit its expansion.

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DNA replication is a fundamental process for cell proliferation, governed by intricate mechanisms involving leading and lagging strand synthesis. In eukaryotes, canonical DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle, facilitated by various components of the replicative machinery at sites known as replication origins. Leading and lagging strands exhibit distinct replication dynamics, with leading strand replication being relatively straightforward compared to the complex synthesis of lagging strands involving Okazaki fragment maturation. Central to DNA synthesis are DNA polymerases, with Polα, Polε, and Polδ playing pivotal roles, each specializing in specific tasks during replication. Notably, leading and lagging strands are replicated by different polymerases, contributing to the division of labor in DNA replication. Understanding the enzymology of asymmetric DNA replication has been challenging, with methods relying on ribonucleotide incorporation and next-generation sequencing techniques offering comprehensive insights. These methodologies, such as HydEn-seq, PU-seq, ribose-seq, and emRiboSeq, offer insights into polymerase activity and strand synthesis, aiding in understanding DNA replication dynamics. Recent advancements include novel conditional mutants for ribonucleotide excision repair, enzymatic cleavage alternatives, and unified pipelines for data analysis. Further developments in adapting techniques to different organisms, studying non-canonical polymerases, and exploring new sequencing platforms hold promise for expanding our understanding of DNA replication dynamics. Integrating strand-specific information into single-cell studies could offer novel insights into enzymology, opening avenues for future research and applications in repair and replication biology.

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OBJECTIVE: The early identification and diagnosis of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) are essential yet difficult in patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To develop an evidence-based, nurse-leading early warning model for TA-TMA, and implement the healthcare quality review and improvement project. METHODS: This study was a mixed-methods, before-and-after study. The early warning model was developed based on quality evidence from literature search. The healthcare quality review and improvement project mainly included baseline investigation of nurse, improvement action and effectiveness evaluation. The awareness and knowledge of early parameter of TA-TMA among nurses and the prognosis of patients underwent HSCT were compared before and after the improvement. RESULTS: A total of 1 guideline, 1 evidence synthesis, 4 expert consensuses, 10 literature reviews, 2 diagnostic studies, and 9 case series were included in the best evidence. The early warning model including warning period, high-risk characteristics and early manifestation of TA-TMA was developed. The improvement action, including staff training and assessment, suspected TA-TMA identification and patient education, was implemented. The awareness and knowledge rate of early parameter of TA-TMA among nurses significantly improved after improvement action (100% vs. 26.7%, P < 0.001). The incidence of TA-TMA was similar among patients underwent HSCT before and after improvement action (2.8% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.643), while no fall event occurred after improvement action (0 vs. 1.2%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The evidence-based early warning model and healthcare quality improvement project could enhance the awareness and knowledge of TA-TMA among healthcare providers and might improve the prognosis of patients diagnosed with TA-TMA.

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The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) Chief Registrar Programme (CRP) emerged from the RCP Future Hospital Commission Report (2013) and aimed to address development of clinical leadership and quality improvement to maintain high standards of patient safety and experience. The 2016 pilot created a new senior leadership role recruiting doctors in training committed to quality improvement and leadership development to champion delivering change in trusts, supported by a year-long bespoke development programme designed and delivered by the RCP. Following validation of the pilot's impact, the CRP has evolved to become a 'flagship' programme for the RCP with increasing penetrance across the UK to maximise impact for chief registrars to lead and deliver quality improvement in trusts. The longer-term goal is that enthusiastic early leaders will deliver sustainable and impactful change regionally and in the wider NHS. This article seeks to explore the CRP development themes and reflects on the learning from the programme and the experiences of chief registrars. The CRP has evolved during a time of significant healthcare challenge with the programme delivering a future generation of medical leaders to navigate these challenges, deliver improvement and innovation across the health sector. We show how chief registrars and alumni can continue to drive forward widespread impact on individuals, organisations and the wider NHS, providing a strategic solution to meet current and future challenges in the NHS.

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Pump As Turbine (PAT) utility represents a major advance in the field of hydraulic engineering. This work aims to improve the PAT performance characteristics. The sharp impeller leading edge (original impeller) was revealed by flow analysis as exhibiting negative effects on the PAT performances due to flow separation and flow misalignment. The performances of rounded and original impeller leading edge were studied by Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method carried out on ANSYS CFX. Although impeller leading edge rounding has notably improved the performances in off design conditions, the difference of efficiency between the both impeller types was decreasing when increasing the discharge. The hydraulic head generated by the rounded impeller leading edge was also slightly higher at part load conditions, but when increasing the discharge, the difference between the both heads became negligible. It appeared from numerical simulations that the impeller leading edge rounding allows to decrease the hydraulic losses of the individual sub-domains except the outlet pipe. For the seek of a comprehensive analysis, the significant losses were computed for the two impeller geometries. It was observed that the shock losses and swirling losses of the rounded impeller leading edge were lower at part load conditions, but when increasing the discharge, the both losses were lower for the original impeller geometry. The rounded impeller leading edge exhibited as well lower wall frictional losses for the entire operating range of discharge.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia. Early detection of MCI can help slow down the progression of AD. At present, there are few studies exploring the characteristics of abnormal dynamic brain activity in AD. This article uses a method called leading eigenvector dynamics analysis (LEiDA) to study resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data of AD, MCI, and cognitively normal (CN) participants. By identifying repetitive states of phase coherence, intergroup differences in brain dynamic activity indicators are examined, and the neurobehavioral scales were used to assess the relationship between abnormal dynamic activities and cognitive function. The results showed that in the indicators of occurrence probability and lifetime, the globally synchronized state of the patient group decreased. The activity state of the limbic regions significantly detected the difference between AD and the other two groups. Compared to CN, AD and MCI have varying degrees of increase in default and visual region activity states. In addition, in the analysis related to the cognitive scales, it was found that individuals with poorer cognitive abilities were less active in the globally synchronized state and more active in limbic region activity state and visual region activity state. Taken together, these findings reveal abnormal dynamic activity of resting-state networks in patients with AD and MCI, provide new insights into the dynamic analysis of brain networks, and contribute to a deeper understanding of abnormal spatial dynamic patterns in AD patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, but few studies have explored the characteristics of abnormal dynamic brain activity in AD patients. Here, our report reveals the abnormal dynamic activity of the patients' resting-state network, providing new insights into the dynamic analysis of brain networks and helping to gain a deeper understanding of the abnormal spatial dynamic patterns in AD patients.

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This study investigates the role of leading-edge (LE) curvature in flapping wing aerodynamics considering hovering and forward flight conditions. A scaled-up robotic model is towed along its longitudinal axis by a rack gear carriage system. The forward velocity of the robotic model is changed by varying the advance ratioJfrom 0 (hovering) to 1.0. The study reveals that the LE curvature has insignificant influence on the cycle-average aerodynamic lift and drag. However, the time-history lift coefficient shows that the curvature can enhance the lift around the middle of downstroke. This enhanced lift is reduced from 5% to 1.2% asJchanged from 0 to 1.0. Further flow examinations reveal that the LE curvature is beneficial by enhancing circulation only at the outboard wing sections. The enhanced outboard circulation is found to emanate from the less stretched leading-edge vortices (LEVs), weakened trailing-edge vortices (TEVs), and the coherent merging of the tip vortices (TVs) with the minor LEVs as observed from the phase-lock planar digital particle image velocimetry measurements. The far-wake observation shows that the LE curvature enhances the vorticity within the TV, helping to reduce the overall flow fluctuations in the far field. These findings can be extended to explain the predominantly straight LE wing shape with a small amount of curvature only observed near the wing tip for flapping fliers with Re from 103to 104.

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Agriculture accounts for over half of Australia's land use therefore the farmers managing this land need to be safe at work. This paper offers measuring farm safety culture as a way to overcome the stagnation in the trend of fatal farm injury burden. To work towards achieving a way to measure farm safety culture, this research reviewed the leading indicators of safety. Following PRISMA guidelines, we screened for globally significant literature in the field of methodologies to measure safety climate and safety culture. We performed a rapid review of literature resulting in nineteen articles that add to our understanding of how to create and re-adapt existing questionnaires and produce validated metrics. The leading indicators were grouped into 8 dimensions where we found a translational disconnect between safety for organisational structures and safety for family farm businesses. This paper provides recommendations for government, safety regulators, policymakers, and industry of the leading indicators that may be applicable for measuring farm safety culture for Australian farmers.

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Purpose: Bibliometric and scientometric analyses provide a structured approach to large amounts of data, enabling the prediction of research theme trends over time, the detection of shifts in the boundaries of disciplines, and the identification of the most productive countries, institutions and scholars. In the context of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiotheranostics, no bibliometric or scientometric analysis has been published thus far. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify key contributors to the literature, assess the global scientific production of related research, and possibly predict future development patterns. Methods: Scientometrics and bibliometrics were utilized to analyze the current body of knowledge while tracking its evolution to support scientific decision-making comprehensively and systematically. Science mapping techniques were employed to visualize research activities. Two different tools, Tableau and VOSviewer, were utilized, with VOSviewer being deemed the most suitable for the research objectives. The Web of Science (WoS) was used as the principal database for the searches. Results: Through the search process over a period of 30 years (January 1993-January 2023), 694 original studies in the English language were subjected to comprehensive analysis. By employing bibliometric and scientometric methods, multiple networks were created that mapped various concepts, such as publication trends, leading countries, cocitations, coauthorship among researchers and scientists, as well as coauthorship among organizations and funding agencies. This study revealed the evolutionary patterns, trends, outliers, and key players in the PSMA field, which enabled a more nuanced understanding of the research landscape. Conclusion: This research contributes to the enrichment of knowledge on PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics through detailed global bibliometric and scientometric analyses. It stresses the necessity for the development of communication platforms, the establishment of supportive infrastructures, and the implementation of proactive solutions to address emerging challenges. This study offers a significant resource for delineating effective strategies and identifying prominent funding bodies essential for continuous advancements in the field of PSMA-based diagnosis and therapy for prostate cancer. It is vital to sustain this momentum to ensure further progress in this pioneering area.

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Cooperation is essential for the survival of human society. Understanding the nature of cooperation and its underlying mechanisms is crucial for studying human behavior. This paper investigates the impact of leadership on public cooperation by employing repeated sequential public goods games, as well as by examining whether leading by example (through rewards and punishments) can promote cooperation and organizational success. The leaders were assigned randomly and were given the authority to reward or punish. As a result, (1) the leaders showed a strong tendency toward reciprocity by punishing free riders and rewarding cooperators at their own expense, which enhanced the intrinsic motivation for others to follow their example; and (2) both rewards and punishments were effective in promoting cooperation, but punishment was more effective in sustaining a high level of collaboration. Additionally, leaders preferred using rewards and were more reluctant to use punishments. These findings are crucial for creating organizational structures that foster cooperation.

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Invasive species are a growing global economic and ecological problem. However, it is not well understood how environmental factors mediate invasive range expansion. In this study, we investigated the recent and rapid range expansion of common tansy across environmental gradients in Minnesota, USA. We densely sampled individuals across the expanding range and performed reduced representation sequencing to generate a dataset of 3071 polymorphic loci for 176 individuals. We used non-spatial and spatially explicit analyses to determine the relative influences of geographic distance and environmental variation on patterns of genomic variation. We found no evidence for isolation by distance but strong evidence for isolation by environment, indicating that environmental factors may have modulated patterns of range expansion. Land use classification and soils were particularly important variables related to population structure although they operated on different spatial scales; land use classification was related to broad-scale patterns and soils were related to fine-scale patterns. All analyses indicated a distinctive genetic cluster in the most recently invaded portion of the range. Individuals from the far northwestern range margin were separated from the remainder of the range by reduced migration, which was associated with environmental resistance. This portion of the range was invaded primarily in the last 15 years. Ecological niche models also indicated that this cluster was associated with the expansion of the niche. While invasion is often assumed to be primarily influenced by dispersal limitation, our results suggest that ongoing invasion and range shifts with climate change may be strongly affected by environmental heterogeneity.

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A turbulence model study was performed to analyze the flow around the Tubercle Leading Edge (TLE) wing. Five turbulence models were selected to evaluate aerodynamic force coefficients and flow mechanism by comparing with existing literature results. The selected models are realizable k-ε, k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST), ( γ - R e θ ) SST model, Transition k-k l -ω model and Stress- ω Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). For that purpose, the TLE wing model was developed by using the NACA0021 airfoil profile. The wing model is designed with tubercle wavelength of 0.11c and amplitude of 0.03c. Numerical simulation was performed at chord-based Reynolds number of Rec = 120,000. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation reveals that among the selected turbulence models, Stress- ω RSM estimated aerodynamic forces (i.e. lift and drag) coefficients closest to that of the experimental values followed by realizable k-ε, ( γ - R e θ ) SST model, k-ω SST model and k-k l -ω model. However, at a higher angle of attacks i.e. at 16° & 20° k-ω SST model predicted closest drag and lift coefficient to that of the experimental values. Additionally, the critical observation of pressure contour confirmed that at the lower angle of attack Stress- ω RSM predicted strong Leading Edge (LE) suction followed by realizable k-ε, ( γ - R e θ )SST model, k-ω SST model and k-k l -ω model. Thus, the superiority of Stress- ω RSM in predicting the aerodynamic force coefficients is shown by the flow behavior. In addition to this pressure contours also confirmed that k-k l -ω model failed to predict tubercled wing aerodynamic performance. At higher angles of attacks k-ω SST model estimated aerodynamic force coefficients closest to that of the experimental values, thus k-ω SST model is used at 16° & 20° AoAs. The observed streamline behavior for different turbulence models showed that the Stress- ω RSM model and k-k l -ω model failed to model flow behavior at higher AoAs, whereas k-ω SST model is a better approach to model separated flows that experience strong flow recirculation zone.

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A series of wind tunnel tests were performed to investigate the effect of turbulent inflows on the aerodynamic characteristics of variously modified trough incident leading-edge-protuberanced (LEP) wing configurations at various turbulence intensities. A self-developed passive grid made of parallel arrays of round bars was placed at different locations of the wind tunnel to generate desired turbulence intensity. The aerodynamic forces acting over the trough incidence LEP wing configuration where obtained from surface pressure measurements made over the wing at different turbulence intensities using an MPS4264 Scanivalve simultaneous pressure scanner corresponding to a sampling frequency of 700 Hz. All the test models were tested at a wide range of angles of attack ranging between 0°≤α≤90° at turbulence intensities varying between 5.90% ≤ TI ≤ 10.54%. Results revealed that the time-averaged mean coefficient of lift (CL) increased with the increase in the turbulence intensity associated with smooth stall characteristics rendering the modified LEP test models advantageous. Furthermore, based on the surface pressure coefficients, the underlying dynamics behind the stall delay tendency were discussed. Additionally, attempts were made to statistically quantify the aerodynamic forces using standard deviation at both the pre-stall and the post-stall angles.

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AIM: To explain and understand leading care close to older persons in community home care from the perspective of registered nurses (RNs). BACKGROUND: Leading care close to older persons in home care is an overlooked and not well-described phenomenon. In home care, specific demands are placed on the registered nurse, as responsible for leading care guided by the older person's expectations and desires. DESIGN: A reflective lifeworld hermeneutic approach grounded in the philosophy of phenomenology and hermeneutics. The study followed the COREQ checklist. METHODS: Individual interviews were conducted with nine RNs working in community home care in a community in western Sweden. The data were analysed with a lifeworld hermeneutic approach. RESULTS: The findings present four partially interpreted themes: leading with respect in a shared space, leadership that involves existential questions of life, balancing responsibility enables preservation of autonomy and challenges in maintaining a patient perspective. The partially interpreted themes conclude in a main interpretation: The patient perspective as an anchor when balancing responsibility for another person in an existential vulnerability of life. CONCLUSION: Leading care means being both close to the patient and at a distance when caring is performed through the hands of others. Ethical demands are placed on RNs as they encounter the vulnerability of the older person. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The findings can contribute to a greater understanding of the meaning of RNs as leaders and may have an impact for decision makers and policies to create conditions for leadership that contributes to dignified care for older persons in community home care. PATIENT OF PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Registered nurses working in community home care participated in data collection.

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Background: Youth is undeniably the most important resource of any country. This study aimed to determine the trend of mortality rate and the cause of death, based on the ICD-10, among young people in Iran and examines significance of the changes in any cause during the last three decades. Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis of data, which examines the trend of death rate and its causes among young adult, aged 15-24 yr, longitudinally during 1990-2019. The data source was the GBD web-site. Linear Regression analysis was used to measure the slope of changes in mortality rates and causes of death during the period, where "time" was the independent variable and "mortality rate" and "causes of mortality" were dependent variables. Results: The death rate of young people declined by 56% during the period, equal to an average of 2.17 units per year. The most common cause of death has been injuries (69%), then NCDs (25%), and finally communicable diseases (6%). However, death due to injuries (except SUD), communicable diseases (except HIV), and NCDs (except musculoskeletal disorders) declined significantly by 1.43, 0.3, and 0.09 units per year, over 30 yr respectively. Conclusion: Examining past trends in death rates and causes strengthens insights into the state and future trends in health and death-related indicators, which are crucial for policy-making, especially in developing countries with limited resources.

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Cooperation between employees in a company is an important input to firm performance. This study examines how a manager's cooperative behavior and the visibility of this behavior affect the cooperation amongst employees, and subsequently firm performance. To do so, we conducted a field experiment with managers and their employees from 320 Vietnamese small and micro firms to determine the impact of a manager's leading by example (LBE) on employees' behavior, corporate culture, and firm performance. Both managers and employees participated in a Public Good experiment which aimed to elicit an individual cooperative behavior. Noteworthy is that the decision made by a manager in the experiment was given as an example to employees before they made decision in that same experiment. We considered that the example of cooperation by managers in the Public Good experiment communicated a powerful signal to the employees regarding the importance of fostering cooperation in the workplace. Such a signal by the manager, who is at the top in the organizational hierarchy, would impact their employees' behavior in the workplace and firm's outcomes beyond the experiment. Interestingly, we found that concealing a manager's identity from their employees enhances the impacts of LBE.