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El parto prematuro, las cesáreas, los antibióticos y la lactancia materna limitada contribuyen al aumento de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión descriptiva del uso de probióticos en pediatría, con foco en la cepa Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Ciertos probióticos han demostrado ser eficaces en la diarrea aguda y en la diarrea asociada a antibióticos. L. rhamnosus GG y Saccharomyces boulardii pueden acortar la duración y los síntomas. L. reuteri DSM 17938 y L. rhamnosus GG fueron efectivos para el abordaje del cólico del lactante. El uso de esta cepa en fórmulas infantiles para alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca promovería la adquisición más temprana de tolerancia. En la prevención de dermatitis atópica, la administración de L. rhamnosus GG durante el embarazo redujo su manifestación en el bebé. El empleo de probióticos como coadyuvantes es una posibilidad para considerar en la práctica pediátrica actual.

Preterm birth, C-sections, antibiotics, and limited breastfeeding contribute to the increase in noncommunicable diseases. Our objective was to perform a descriptive review of probiotic use in pediatrics, focused on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Certain probiotics have demonstrated to be effective in acute diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. L. rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii may shorten their duration and symptoms. L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. rhamnosus GG were effective to manage infant colic. The use of this strain in infant formulas for cow's milk protein allergy may promote an earlier tolerance acquisition. In relation to the prevention of atopic dermatitis, the administration of L. rhamnosus GG during pregnancy reduced its development in the infant. The use of probiotics as adjuvants is a possibility to consider in current pediatric practice.

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Preterm birth, C-sections, antibiotics, and limited breastfeeding contribute to the increase in noncommunicable diseases. Our objective was to perform a descriptive review of probiotic use in pediatrics, focused on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Certain probiotics have demonstrated to be effective in acute diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. L. rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii may shorten their duration and symptoms. L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. rhamnosus GG were effective to manage infant colic. The use of this strain in infant formulas for cow's milk protein allergy may promote an earlier tolerance acquisition. In relation to the prevention of atopic dermatitis, the administration of L. rhamnosus GG during pregnancy reduced its development in the infant. The use of probiotics as adjuvants is a possibility to consider in current pediatric practice.

El parto prematuro, las cesáreas, los antibióticos y la lactancia materna limitada contribuyen al aumento de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión descriptiva del uso de probióticos en pediatría, con foco en la cepa Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Ciertos probióticos han demostrado ser eficaces en la diarrea aguda y en la diarrea asociada a antibióticos. L. rhamnosus GG y Saccharomyces boulardii pueden acortar la duración y los síntomas. L. reuteri DSM 17938 y L. rhamnosus GG fueron efectivos para el abordaje del cólico del lactante. El uso de esta cepa en fórmulas infantiles para alergia a las proteínas de leche de vaca promovería la adquisición más temprana de tolerancia. En la prevención de dermatitis atópica, la administración de L. rhamnosus GG durante el embarazo redujo su manifestación en el bebé. El empleo de probióticos como coadyuvantes es una posibilidad para considerar en la práctica pediátrica actual.

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The finding of economical and practical applications for milk whey is still a challenge for dairy industries. This paper presents information about the development of a probiotic-prebiotic beverage based on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Costa Rican guava (CRG) fruit pulp with industrial potential. First, a supplemented whey media was developed for LGG growth, and the whey-supplemented media was used for fermentation in bioreactors. LGG reached a maximum growth rate of 0.32 hr-1 after 48 hr of fermentation. The whey-grown probiotics were then mixed with CRG pulp to produce the probiotic-prebiotic beverage. The survival kinetics of LGG in the formulated drink was not affected by the addition of CRG pulp (P > 0.05), and the shelf-life of the inoculated beverage surpassed 40 days with a minimum population of 106 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Properties as pH, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and proanthocyanidins (PACs) content exhibited a significant difference after storage time (P < 0.05). Finally, three different formulas of the beverage with different whey content were compared through sensory evaluation. The prototype with 50% whey content was one of the most valuable beverage formulas according to the organoleptic parameters, which remarks about the possibility of developing a probiotic whey-based beverage containing CRG pulp. Furthermore, this is the first report about CRG beverages as a probiotic vector. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research focuses on the evaluation of the properties of a probiotic beverage, with a promissory industrial application using whey, as a dairy industry byproduct, combined with the pulp of the highly nutritious and subutilized Costa Rican guava (CRG) fruit.

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Objective: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is among the leading causes of death from liver disease. Among the factors involved in its pathogenesis are inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on hepatic lipid accumulation, activation of inflammasomes, and gut permeability markers in experimental model of ALD with zebrafish.Methods: An experiment was conducted to assess the effective LGG dose capable of promoting intestinal colonization. Animals were divided into three groups (n = 64/group): ethanol group (E), ethanol + probiotic group (EP), and control group (C). Groups E and EP were exposed to 0.5% ethanol concentration for 28 days. At the end of this period, animals were euthanized, and livers were collected for Oil Red staining and assessment of the inflammasome system. Intestines were collected for evaluation of gut permeability markers.Results: The dose of 1.55 × 106 UFC LGG/fish/d promoted intestinal colonization. Group EP presented lower hepatic lipid accumulation, lower il-1ß expression, and higher cldn15a expression when compared to group E.Conclusions: Supplementation with LGG was protective for hepatic steatosis in ALD model. In addition, LGG influenced the modulation of the inflammatory response and markers of gut permeability, improving the gut barrier structure.

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Fucosyl-oligosaccharides are natural prebiotics that promote the growth of probiotics in human gut and stimulate the innate immune system. In this work, the release of α-lfucosidase by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and the use of this enzyme for the synthesis of fucosyl-oligosaccharides were investigated. Since α-lfucosidase is a membrane-bound enzyme, its release from the cells was induced by addition of 4-nitrophenyl-α-l-fucopyranoside (pNP-Fuc). Enzyme activity associated with the cell was recovered at 78% of its total activity. Fucosyl-oligosaccharides where synthesized using α-l-fucosidase extract and pNP-Fuc as donor substrate, and D-lactose or D-lactulose as acceptor substrates, reaching a yield up to 25%. Fucosyllactose was obtained as a reaction product with D-lactose, and its composition was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). It is possible that the fucosyl-oligosaccharide synthesized in this study has biological functions similar to human milk oligosaccharides.

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Cryptococcosis, an invasive fungal infection distributed worldwide that affects both domestic and wild animals, has incredible rates regarding treatment failure, leading to the necessity of the development of new therapies. In this way, we aimed to evaluate the probiotic (Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus paracasei ST-11, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) and antimicrobial photodynamic alternative therapies against Cryptococcus gattii in a murine model. Although previous studies suggest that these therapies can be promising against cryptococcosis, our experimental conditions for both probiotic and antimicrobial photodynamic therapies (aPDT) were not able to improve the survival of mice with cryptococcosis, even with the treatment combined with fluconazole. Our results may help other researchers to find the best protocol to test alternative therapies against Cryptococcus gattii.

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Ethanol is a widely consumed drug, which acts on the central nervous system to induce behavioral alterations ranging from disinhibition to sedation. Recent studies have produced accumulating evidence for the therapeutic role of probiotic bacteria in behavior. We aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on the behavior of adult zebrafish chronically exposed to ethanol. Adult wild-type zebrafish were randomly divided into four groups, each containing 15 fish. The following groups were formed: Control (C), received unsupplemented feed during the trial period; Probiotic (P), fed with feed supplemented with LGG; Ethanol (E), received unsupplemented feed and 0.5% of ethanol directly added to the tank water; and Probiotic+Ethanol (P+E), group under ethanol exposure (0.5%) and fed with LGG supplemented feed. After 2 weeks of exposure, the novel tank test was used to evaluate fish behavior, which was analyzed using computer-aided video tracking. LGG alone did not alter swimming behavior of the fish. Ethanol exposure led to robust behavioral effects in the form of reduced anxiety levels, as indicated by increased vertical exploration and more time spent in the upper region of the novel tank. The group exposed to ethanol and treated with LGG behaved similarly to animals exposed to ethanol alone. Taken together, these results show that zebrafish behavior was not altered by LGG per se, as seen in murine models. This was the first study to investigate the effects of a probiotic diet on behavior after a chronic ethanol exposure.

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Lactobacilli are normal inhabitants of the human intestine. They are also present in maternal milk, where Lactobacillus reuteri was first described. This confirms that maternal milk transfers components of the maternal microbiota to the offspring. L. reuteri ATCC 55730 decreases the intensity and duration of infantile colic defined as episodes of strident crying for at least 3 hours, 3 times a week during 3 months. Its etiology is unknown but recent evidence shows that affected infants harbor less Iactobacilli and more Bacteroides in their feces. In 2008 it was shown that this strain carries plasmidia that could transfer resistance to antibiotics. For this reason L. reuteri it was cured of these factors and this resulted in L. reuteri DSM 17938 which is devoid of them; tests in vitro, in laboratory animals and in humans demonstrated that both strains are equivalent. The effect of L. reuteri in infantile colic may be explained by its blocking at the level of the dorsal ganglia of the spinal chord of the transmission to the central nervous system of afferent pain stimuli. L. reuteri has effects on gastroesophageal reflux probably through the acceleration of gastric emptying and it decreases the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis. Other positive effects are related to chronic constipation and acute diarrhea. L. reuteri synthesizes a molecule with intense bactericidal activity, β-hidroxy propenal o reuterin from glycerol, which may explain some of its effects. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 is probably the probiotic that has been studied the most and for a longer period. It shortens the duration and it decreases the number of evacuations in acute diarrhea as well as the duration and frequency of vomiting. It also induces improvements of antibiotic associated diarrhea and of upper respiratory infections. The positive effects of Lactobacillus GG may be due to the stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity and to the activation of macrophages and of NK lymphocytes. One of its effects refers the response its administration induces in infants with atopy/eccema. Some studies have demonstrated that the severity and extent of the lesions is decreased after Lactobacillus GG administration, that may persist for some years after its administration has been ended. Lactobacillus GG also exerts positive effects on conditions such as the irritable bowel syndrome through mechanisms that are not known with certainty.

Los lactobacilos son habitantes normales de las mucosas de los seres humanos; también están presentes en la leche materna. Lactobacillus reuteri fue descrito en la leche de una madre peruana, lo que confirma que estas bacterias son parte de la microbiota que las madres transfieren a sus hijos. El cólico infantil son episodios de llanto excesivo, estridente, por a lo menos 3 horas 3 veces por semana y por a lo menos 3 meses. L. reuteri ATCC 55730 demostró disminuir su intensidad y duración. La etiología del cólico se desconoce pero en las heces de los lactantes afectados se han demostrado disminuciones de los lactobacilos y aumentos de Bacteroides. En 2008 se demostró que L. reuteri ATCC 55730 era portador de plasmidios capaces de resistencia a antibióticos por lo que fue "curado" de estos factores y resultó una nueva cepa, denominada DSM 17938; pruebas in vitro y en animales mostraron su inocuidad y ensayos en humanos revelaron que ejerce las mismas propiedades benéficas que la cepa original. El efecto de L. reuteri en el cólico infantil puede estar relacionado con su capacidad de bloquear en los ganglios dorsales de la medula espinal la transmisión de estímulos a los centros cerebrales superiores. El efecto antirreflujo de L. reuteri se debería a la aceleración del vaciamiento gástrico. Ambas cepas de esta bacteria disminuyen la progresión, morbilidad y mortalidad de la enterocolitis necrosante. Otros efectos en la constipación crónica y la duración de la diarrea aguda de distintas etiologías. L. reuteri sintetiza una molécula, el β-hidroxipropenal o reuterina, con actividad antibacteriana. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 es probablemente el probiótico más estudiado; acorta la duración de la diarrea aguda, disminuye el número de evacuaciones y la duración de los vómitos e induce mejorías de la diarrea asociada con los tratamientos antibióticos; y disminuiría la intensidad de las infecciones respiratorias altas. Sus efectos se deberían a la estimulación de las inmunidades innata y adquirida y de la activación de los macrófagos y los linfocitos NK. Un efecto notable y discutido de L. ramnosus GG se refiere a sus efectos en la atopia cutánea, ya que disminuiría la extensión e intensidad de sus síntomas, incluso más allá de su administración. También ejercería efectos sobre cuadros funcionales gastrointestinales como el síndrome del intestino irritable, por mecanismos aun no elucidados.

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OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate the effect of different dietary management strategies on the rate of acquisition of tolerance in children with cow's milk allergy (CMA). STUDY DESIGN: Otherwise healthy children (aged 1-12 months) diagnosed with CMA were prospectively evaluated. The study population was divided into 5 groups based upon the formula used for management: (1) extensively hydrolyzed casein formula ([EHCF], n = 55); (2) EHCF + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [LGG], n = 71); (3) hydrolyzed rice formula (RHF, n = 46); (4) soy formula (n = 55); and (5) amino acid based formula (n = 33). A food challenge was performed after 12 months to assess acquisition of tolerance. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty children were evaluated (167 male, 64.2%; age 5.92 months, 95% CI 5.48-6.37; body weight 6.66 kg, 95% CI 6.41-6.91; IgE-mediated CMA 111, 42.7%). The rate of children acquiring oral tolerance after 12 months was significantly higher (P < .05) in the groups receiving EHCF (43.6%) or EHCF + LGG (78.9%) compared with the other groups: RHF (32.6%), soy formula (23.6%), and amino acid based formula (18.2%). Binary regression analysis coefficient (B) revealed that the rate of patients acquiring tolerance at the end of the study was influenced by 2 factors: (1) IgE-mediated mechanism (B -2.05, OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.26; P < .001); and (2) formula choice, such that those receiving either EHCF (B 1.48, OR 4.41, 95% CI 1.44-13.48; P = .009) or EHCF + LGG (B 3.35, OR 28.62, 95% CI 8.72-93.93; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: EHCF accelerates tolerance acquisition in children with CMA if compared with other dietetic choices. This effect is augmented by LGG.

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