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The irreproducibility in scientific research has become a critical issue. Despite the essential role of rigorous methodology in constructing a scientific article, more than half of publications, on average, are considered non-reproducible. The implications of this irreproducibility extend to reliability problems, hindering progress in technological production and resulting in substantial financial losses. In the context of laboratory animal research, this work emphasizes the importance of choosing an appropriate experimental model within the 3R's principle (Refine, Reduce, Replace). This study specifically addresses a deficiency in data specification in scientific articles, revealing inadequacies in the description of crucial details, such as environmental conditions, diet, and experimental procedures. For this purpose, 124 articles from journals with relevant impact factors were analyzed, conducting a survey of data considered important for the reproducibility of studies. Important flaws in the presentation of data were identified in most of the articles evaluated. The results of this study highlight the need to improve the description of essential information, standardizing studies, and ensuring the reproducibility of experiments in areas such as metabolism, immunity, hormones, stress, among others, to enhance the reliability and reproduction of experimental results, aligning with international guidelines such as ARRIVE and PREPARE.

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Laboratory Animals Technologist degree (Técnico Universitario en Gestión Integral de Bioterios) was created in 1989. It is offered jointly by the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry at the University of Buenos Aires. The complete programme is organized into 15 courses, including basic and applied sciences, along with specific courses (Técnicas de Bioterio I to V) with a solid practice content that students must achieve.An additional challenge occurs when practices consist of animal handling and procedures, which can be stressful for students and animals. Since traditional evaluation methods may not be the best way to determine the acquisition of knowledge and practical performance, an evaluation rubric is proposed to assess the practices carried out by students.The aspects and criteria to be examined were previously known of by students and teachers. The evaluation levels include: 'Daily report and record-keeping', 'Food and water supply', 'Cleaning and disinfection of areas, Standardized Operational Procedures and routines fulfilment', 'Personnel and supplies circulation', 'Use of personal protection equipment and physical care', 'Fulfilment of tasks in established times', 'Animals procedures and organization of needed materials', 'Animal care' and 'Teamwork camaraderie and organization'.The proposed tool was implemented with good results to achieve the academic objectives while augmenting the confidence for practical expertise, minimizing doubts and uncertainties related to traditional evaluation methods, and providing students with an environment that favours knowledge acquisition and practical skills, establishing standard criteria among the teaching staff, and reducing and refining the use of animals for educational purposes.

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Danio rerio (zebrafish), originating from the Asian shallow waters, is a high-rise experimental model in the scientific community for its reproductive advantage and speed; with its completely sequenced genome and great genetic similarity with humans, in addition to the care and management facilitated indoors, make zebrafish an extremely viable option for scientific research. This literature review seeks to expose and clarify the means and main parameters for the establishment of a zebrafish production, maintenance or use facility, as well as the normative resolutions and legal requirements governing the establishment of these facilities; we also meet the installation conditions necessary for the construction and implementation of the installation, its parameters for maintenance, breeding, reproduction and management of zebrafish in the animal installation.

Danio rerio (zebrafish), oriundo das águas rasas asiáticas, é um modelo experimental em grande ascensão na comunidade científica por sua vantagem e velocidade reprodutivas; com seu genoma completamente sequenciado e grande similaridade genética com o ser humano, além do cuidado e manejo facilitado em ambientes fechados, tornam o zebrafish uma opção extremamente viável para a pesquisa científica. Esta revisão bibliográfica busca expor e esclarecer os meios e principais parâmetros para o estabelecimento de uma instalação de produção, manutenção ou utilização de zebrafish, bem como as resoluções normativas e requerimentos legais que regem o estabelecimento destas instalações; também reunimos as condições de instalação necessárias para a construção e implantação da instalação, seus parâmetros para a manutenção, criação, reprodução e manejo dos peixes-zebra na instalação animal.

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Lab animals, such as Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), are crucial for scientific development, as they play an important role in the development and quality control chain of vaccines and drugs distributed by the Brazilian public health system. Investigating their biological and physiological parameters is fundamental to raise and keep these animals, so the handling of the facilities that hold them can be updated whenever new information comes up, with the well-being of the animals and alignment with the 3 Rs in mind. In the search for understanding reproductive aspects of Guinea pigs, the present study had the main goal of studying puberty by means of estrous cycle analysis in short-haired Guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have a vaginal occlusive membrane that covers the vaginal orifice. Its rupture takes place gradually and naturally, moments before labor and during estrus. The present study followed 42 females as for the presentation of the vaginal occlusive membrane. Once the membranes ruptured spontaneously, a swab was collected to study vaginal cytology. Membrane rupture was observed in 39 females; six females showed membrane rupture with less than 21 days of age (17 to 21 days). Twenty-three females were characterized as being in estrus due to cytology showing a prevalence of anucleated superficial cells. One of these females was younger than 21 days old. The opening of the vaginal occlusive membrane took place most frequently in intervals between 17 and 18 days, and the membrane remained open between one and three consecutive days. It was possible to follow three cycles of membrane opening on six females. The present study showed the need to adapt handling guidelines for C. porcellus kept in research animal facilities. The early age of puberty imposes the need of separate the female daughters from their fathers at 16 days old.

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Lab animals, such as Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), are crucial for scientific development, as they play an important role in the development and quality control chain of vaccines and drugs distributed by the Brazilian public health system. Investigating their biological and physiological parameters is fundamental to raise and keep these animals, so the handling of the facilities that hold them can be updated whenever new information comes up, with the well-being of the animals and alignment with the 3 Rs in mind. In the search for understanding reproductive aspects of Guinea pigs, the present study had the main goal of studying puberty by means of estrous cycle analysis in short-haired Guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have a vaginal occlusive membrane that covers the vaginal orifice. Its rupture takes place gradually and naturally, moments before labor and during estrus. The present study followed 42 females as for the presentation of the vaginal occlusive membrane. Once the membranes ruptured spontaneously, a swab was collected to study vaginal cytology. Membrane rupture was observed in 39 females; six females showed membrane rupture with less than 21 days of age (17 to 21 days). Twenty-three females were characterized as being in estrus due to cytology showing a prevalence of anucleated superficial cells. One of these females was younger than 21 days old. The opening of the vaginal occlusive membrane took place most frequently in intervals between 17 and 18 days, and the membrane remained open between one and three consecutive days. It was possible to follow three cycles of membrane opening on six females. The present study showed the need to adapt handling guidelines for C. porcellus kept in research animal facilities. The early age of puberty imposes the need of separate the female daughters from their fathers at 16 days old.(AU)

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In digital curation, data are essential for actions, enabling better administrative management and greater efficiency in a sector or activity. In a research animal facility, the collection of management data associated with management systems or control sheets is the basis for ensuring quality information that subsidizes research and generates performance indicators and the needs and challenges to be transposed in the breeding and maintenance of animals. The inconsistency of data or incomplete records compromises the choices adopted in husbandry management practices or the interpretation of research results. For this reason, a survey was carried out about software available on the market that helps laboratory animal facilities with the management regarding software used in non-human primate breeding institutions (NHP) for scientific or conservation purposes. We identified 38 software that supports the handling of lab animals used in biomedical research; most of them with functionalities of environmental control (63.15%), control of animal files/tags (63.15%), and control of reproductive management (60%) and only two software related to the management of nonhuman primates kept under human care in research institutions. Regarding the tools used to manage the breeding of non-human primates in captivity in Brazilian institutions, five of the institutions questioned and reported that none currently uses software for colony management. In conclusion, there are several software for managing laboratory animals, but most of them are geared toward the management of rodent animal facilities. There is a lack of specific software on the market for use in animal facilities managing non-human primate breeding, which indicates the need for software developed to meet the management needs of animal facilities for these facilities.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a blind technique for sciatic and femoral nerve block in rabbit cadavers by evaluating the spread of 1% methylene blue at two different volumes. Nine recently euthanized rabbits weighing 2.5(0.3kg were used. The sciatic (SN) and femoral (FN) nerves of each limb were randomly assigned for injection with 1% methylene blue at 0.2mL/kg (G0.2) or 0.3mL/kg (G0.3). Nerves were dissected and measured for depth and extension of staining (cm). Mean comparisons were performed using paired t test. The relation between volume and nerve staining ( 2cm was assessed using chi-square test. The mean depth of SN was 1.9±0.2 and 1.6±0.3cm and staining 1.9±1.4 and 2.0±1.2cm, respectively in G0.2 and G0.3. No relation was found between depth and dye spread and there was no association between nerve staining ( 2.0cm and volume of solution. The FN failed to be stained in all subjects. In conclusion, SN injection can be successfully performed without guidance in rabbits. The lower volume (0.2mL/kg) is recommended to avoid systemic toxicity.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma técnica para bloqueio às cegas dos nervos isquiático e femoral em cadáveres de coelhos, por meio da avaliação da dispersão de azul de metileno 1% em dois volumes distintos. Nove coelhos recém-eutanasiados, com peso 2,5(0,3kg, foram utilizados. Os nervos isquiático (NI) e femoral (NF) de cada membro foram aleatoriamente designados para injeção com azul de metileno 1% a 0,2mL/kg (G0,2) ou 0,3mL/kg (G0,3). Em seguida, foram dissecados e mensurados em relação à sua profundidade e extensão corada (cm). As médias foram comparadas por meio de teste t pareado. A relação entre volume e extensão corada ( 2cm foi avaliada utilizando-se teste de qui-quadrado. A profundidade média do NI foi 1,9±0,2 e 1,6±0,3cm, e a extensão corada 1,9±1,4 e 2,0±1,2cm, respectivamente, no G0,2 e no G0,3. Não houve relação entre a profundidade e a extensão corada ou entre a extensão corada ( 2,0cm e o volume de solução. Não foi observada coloração do NF em nenhum cadáver. Concluiu-se que a injeção do NI pode ser realizada com sucesso sem auxílio de tecnologias em coelhos. O menor volume (0,2mL/kg) é recomendado para evitar toxicidade sistêmica.(AU)

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The absence, in many nations, of appropriate and corresponding legislation for the protection of experimental animals as well as continual management education programs, significantly affects the inclusion and recognition of experimental results, worldwide. For more than a decade, researchers from Latin American countries have unsuccessfully struggled to get proper legislation. Until today, not many effective results have been seen. After reviewing previous literature and carefully analyzing the available methodologies and practical examples, this paper aims at redesigning the actions and strategies of the members of the research facilities to implement an effective laboratory animal care and use program, and permit the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC) accreditation, independent of national legislative network .This paper also suggests a domestic working method for the teamwork to assume international harmonized legislation, through the application of the Five Disciplines stated by Senge, as methodological process linked with laboratory animal science as scientific background.

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Many scientific studies still use zebrafish from pet stores as animal models, even cutting-edge researches. However, these animals differ genotypically and phenotypically between them. The importance of the use of standardized models is widely recognized. Besides that, another consequence of using zebrafish from unknown origins is the acquisition of parasitized animals. This study aimed to relate the infection by Clinostomum sp. in zebrafish. Animals sold as "high standard" were acquired from a commercial company. Swimming alterations and superficial yellow dots were observed in five zebrafish with clinical signs, which were isolated, euthanized, and necropsied. Muscular yellow cysts with metacercaria associated with lesions were observed. The muscular cysts were responsible for the superficial yellow dots as well as the swimming alterations. The prevalence was 2.5%, and the mean infection intensity was 7 digeneans/host. The cysts measured a mean of 1251.43 µm long × 784.28 µm wide. Metacercariae measured a mean of 4847 µm long × 1353 µm wide. This first report about infection by Clinostomum sp. in zebrafish is globally relevant since the host and the parasite genus currently overlap worldwide. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the importance of the specific pathogen-free commercial creations or laboratory-reared zebrafish for research.

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ABSTRACT The use of correctly designed animal models is a fundamental step prior to clinical trials in humans. Although rats are easy to house and handle, and have molars that resemble those of humans, very few researchers use them as a model for root canal treatment, probably due to their small size and the lack of relevant data necessary to reproduce the model. Our aims were to describe the anatomic and histologic characteristics of the mandibular first molar of the Wistar rat and present a standardised model for its experimental endodontic treatment. Twenty female rats were used. The characteristics of the mesial and distal roots were described histologically and the quality of the results achieved following the treatment protocol presented herein was assessed by means of digital radiographs, micro-CT and histological sections. The age of 55 days was found to be the most adequate for performing this technique, but we consider the interval of 50 to 60 days to be suitable. Both canals are oval, although in opposite planes, and the furcating-facing walls present the minimum dentine thickness. It was essential to become familiar with these aspects in order to decide upon the most appropriate instrumentation and obturation techniques that would enable replication of this model in basic science research.

RESUMEN El uso de modelos animales correctamente diseñados es un paso fundamental previo al desarrollo de ensayos clínicos en humanos. A pesar de resultar fáciles de criar y manipular y de poseer molares que se asemejan a los humanos, muy pocos grupos utilizan a la rata como modelo experimental para el tratamiento endodóntico probablemente debido a su pequeño tamaño y a la escasa información disponible para poder aplicar los modelos existentes. Nuestros objetivos fueron describir las características anatómicas e histológicas del primer molar inferior de la rata Wistar y presentar un modelo estandarizado para el tratamiento endodóntico experimental de esta pieza. Se utilizaron 20 ratas hembra. Las características de las raíces mesial y distal fueron descritas histológicamente y los resultados obtenidos fueron evaluados mediante radiografías digitales, microCTy cortes histológicos. La edad de 55 días demostró ser la más adecuada para ejecutar la técnica, pero consideramos que el intervalo de 50 a 60 días puede resultar apropiado. Se observó que ambos canales presentan una morfología oval, aunque en direcciones opuestas, y que las paredes furcales resultaron ser las que presentan el menor espesor de dentina. Familiarizarse con estos aspectos de la anatomía e histología del molar de la rata resultó fundamental para decidir sobre las técnicas de preparación y obturación más apropiadas que permitieran la replicación de este modelo en el campo de las ciencias básicas.

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The Golden hamster has been gaining significance as a new experimental biomodel, finding use as a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research and for zoonosis. Authentic data in terms of digestibility, interactions among raw materials and essential nutrients, besides the influence exerted by various sterilization processes on animal behavior remain unclear. We aimed to assess the influence of sterilization, via autoclaving and irradiation, of pellet feeds prepared using salmon or linseed oil on the digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters in Golden hamsters. Randomized evaluations were conducted on 36 adult male Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), distributed in six treatments and six replications, namely: common salmon oil; radiated salmon; autoclaved salmon; common linseed oil; radiated linseed and autoclaved linseed. A remarkable effect of the sterilization was evident on the digestibility and protein solubility of the feed, which was lower for autoclaved diets. There was also a significant effect on blood parameters. Animals fed diets containing linseed oil showed lower blood glucose compared to the others. Thus, the inference reached was that while salmon and linseed oil can be used in laboratory hamster feeds, autoclaving disturbs the nutritional quality of the rations.(AU)

O hamster Golden é um importante biomodelo utilizado na pesquisa biomédica e como meio de diagnóstico para zoonoses. Informações de qualidade, digestibilidade, interações das matérias primas e exigências nutricionais, assim como os efeitos decorrentes dos diferentes processos de esterilização sobre o desempenho animal ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos da esterilização por autoclavagem e irradiação de rações peletizadas, formuladas com óleo de salmão ou linhaça, sobre a digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos de hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 36 hamsters Golden (Mesocricetus auratus), machos adultos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, a saber: óleo de salmão comum; salmão irradiada; salmão autoclavada; óleo de linhaça comum; linhaça irradiada e linhaça autoclavada. Houve efeito significativo da esterilização sobre a digestibilidade e solubilidade proteica da ração, que foi pior para as rações autoclavadas. Também houve efeito significativo sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos. Animais alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça apresentaram glicemia mais baixa em comparação aos demais. Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça pode ser utilizado em rações para hamsters de laboratório, porém a autoclavação interfere na qualidade nutricional das dietas.(AU)

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The Golden hamster has been gaining significance as a new experimental biomodel, finding use as a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research and for zoonosis. Authentic data in terms of digestibility, interactions among raw materials and essential nutrients, besides the influence exerted by various sterilization processes on animal behavior remain unclear. We aimed to assess the influence of sterilization, via autoclaving and irradiation, of pellet feeds prepared using salmon or linseed oil on the digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters in Golden hamsters. Randomized evaluations were conducted on 36 adult male Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), distributed in six treatments and six replications, namely: common salmon oil; radiated salmon; autoclaved salmon; common linseed oil; radiated linseed and autoclaved linseed. A remarkable effect of the sterilization was evident on the digestibility and protein solubility of the feed, which was lower for autoclaved diets. There was also a significant effect on blood parameters. Animals fed diets containing linseed oil showed lower blood glucose compared to the others. Thus, the inference reached was that while salmon and linseed oil can be used in laboratory hamster feeds, autoclaving disturbs the nutritional quality of the rations.

O hamster Golden é um importante biomodelo utilizado na pesquisa biomédica e como meio de diagnóstico para zoonoses. Informações de qualidade, digestibilidade, interações das matérias primas e exigências nutricionais, assim como os efeitos decorrentes dos diferentes processos de esterilização sobre o desempenho animal ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos da esterilização por autoclavagem e irradiação de rações peletizadas, formuladas com óleo de salmão ou linhaça, sobre a digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos de hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 36 hamsters Golden (Mesocricetus auratus), machos adultos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, a saber: óleo de salmão comum; salmão irradiada; salmão autoclavada; óleo de linhaça comum; linhaça irradiada e linhaça autoclavada. Houve efeito significativo da esterilização sobre a digestibilidade e solubilidade proteica da ração, que foi pior para as rações autoclavadas. Também houve efeito significativo sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos. Animais alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça apresentaram glicemia mais baixa em comparação aos demais. Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça pode ser utilizado em rações para hamsters de laboratório, porém a autoclavação interfere na qualidade nutricional das dietas.

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A COVID-19 é uma nova coronovirose que demonstrou seu potencial pandêmico a partir de um surto observado em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, na China e, atualmente, já está sendo compreendida como uma síndrome de disfunção múltipla de órgãos, além dos pulmões. Até o momento, há ainda muito a se conhecer sobre o vírus, suas interações e potencial de transmissão, bem como a patogênese da doença; o desenvolvimento das candidatas a vacinas, terapias, diagnósticos mais precisos e ferramentas de controle da doença. Um dos principais desafios encontrados atualmente na pesquisa em COVID-19 é a disponibilização de modelos animais que mimetize a fisiopatogênese da doença humana. Sendo assim, este artigo objetiva fazer uma revisão não só do estado da arte em estudos pré-clínicos desenvolvidos para entendimento e enfrentamento da COVID-19 com a participação de diversos modelos animais de experimentação no aprimoramento de terapias imunes, mas também trazer à discussão a participação de espécies animais selvagens na origem da pandemia, ciclo de transmissão e manutenção da doença. De acordo com a revisão dos trabalhos publicados, foi possível observar que algumas espécies, como primatas não humanos e camundongos têm potencial de uso em múltiplas formas de experimentação, enquanto outras se limitam a um tipo de observação. Desta forma, a avaliação contínua de bons modelos animais para estudo da COVID-19 consolida a importância da investigação em animais e dos estudos pré-clínicos para solucionar esta e próximas pandemias que possam vir a ocorrer na história da saúde pública mundial.

COVID-19 is a new virus disease that demonstrated its pandemic potential from an outbreak observed in December 2019, in Wuhan, China and it is now considered as a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, in addition to the lungs. So far, there is still much to know about the virus, its interactions and potential for transmission, as well as the pathogenesis of the disease; the development of vaccines candidates, therapies, more accurate diagnoses and disease control tools. One of the main challenges currently found in research in COVID-19 is the availability of animal models that mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. Therefore, this article aims to review not only the state of the art in preclinical studies developed to understand and confront COVID-19 with participation of several animal models of experimentation in the improvement of immune therapies, but also to bring to discussion the participation of wild animal species in the origin of the pandemic, transmission cycle and maintenance of the disease. According to this review, it was possible to observe that some species, such as non-human primates and mice, have potential for use in multiple forms of experimentation, while others are limited to one type of observation. Thus, the continuous evaluation of good animal models for COVID-19 studies consolidates the importance of animal research and preclinical studies to solve this and the next pandemics that may occur in the history of public health worldwide.

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A COVID-19 é uma nova coronovirose que demonstrou seu potencial pandêmico a partir de um surto observado em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, na China e, atualmente, já está sendo compreendida como uma síndrome de disfunção múltipla de órgãos, além dos pulmões. Até o momento, há ainda muito a se conhecer sobre o vírus, suas interações e potencial de transmissão, bem como a patogênese da doença; o desenvolvimento das candidatas a vacinas, terapias, diagnósticos mais precisos e ferramentas de controle da doença. Um dos principais desafios encontrados atualmente na pesquisa em COVID-19 é a disponibilização de modelos animais que mimetize a fisiopatogênese da doença humana. Sendo assim, este artigo objetiva fazer uma revisão não só do estado da arte em estudos pré-clínicos desenvolvidos para entendimento e enfrentamento da COVID-19 com a participação de diversos modelos animais de experimentação no aprimoramento de terapias imunes, mas também trazer à discussão a participação de espécies animais selvagens na origem da pandemia, ciclo de transmissão e manutenção da doença. De acordo com a revisão dos trabalhos publicados, foi possível observar que algumas espécies, como primatas não humanos e camundongos têm potencial de uso em múltiplas formas de experimentação, enquanto outras se limitam a um tipo de observação. Desta forma, a avaliação contínua de bons modelos animais para estudo da COVID-19 consolida a importância da investigação em animais e dos estudos pré-clínicos para solucionar esta e próximas pandemias que possam vir a ocorrer na história da saúde pública mundial.(AU)

COVID-19 is a new virus disease that demonstrated its pandemic potential from an outbreak observed in December 2019, in Wuhan, China and it is now considered as a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, in addition to the lungs. So far, there is still much to know about the virus, its interactions and potential for transmission, as well as the pathogenesis of the disease; the development of vaccines candidates, therapies, more accurate diagnoses and disease control tools. One of the main challenges currently found in research in COVID-19 is the availability of animal models that mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. Therefore, this article aims to review not only the state of the art in preclinical studies developed to understand and confront COVID-19 with participation of several animal models of experimentation in the improvement of immune therapies, but also to bring to discussion the participation of wild animal species in the origin of the pandemic, transmission cycle and maintenance of the disease. According to this review, it was possible to observe that some species, such as non-human primates and mice, have potential for use in multiple forms of experimentation, while others are limited to one type of observation. Thus, the continuous evaluation of good animal models for COVID-19 studies consolidates the importance of animal research and preclinical studies to solve this and the next pandemics that may occur in the history of public health worldwide.(AU)

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The use of correctly designed animal models is a fundamental step prior to clinical trials in humans. Although rats are easy to house and handle, and have molars that resemble those of humans, very few researchers use them as a model for root canal treatment, probably due to their small size and the lack of relevant data necessary to reproduce the model. Our aims were to describe the anatomic and histologic characteristics of the mandibular first molar of the Wistar rat and present a standardised model for its experimental endodontic treatment. Twenty female rats were used. The characteristics of the mesial and distal roots were described histologically and the quality of the results achieved following the treatment protocol presented herein was assessed by means of digital radiographs, micro- CT and histological sections. The age of 55 days was found to be the most adequate for performing this technique, but we consider the interval of 50 to 60 days to be suitable. Both canals are oval, although in opposite planes, and the furcating-facing walls present the minimum dentine thickness. It was essential to become familiar with these aspects in order to decide upon the most appropriate instrumentation and obturation techniques that would enable replication of this model in basic science research.

Este estudo in vitro teve objetivo de avaliar o efeito de protocolos clareadores sobre a rugosidade de superfície (Ra), alteração de cor e micromorfologia de resina bulk-fill de baixa viscosidade (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, 3M ESPE), alta viscosidade (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M ESPE) e de uma resina composta nanoparticulada (controle) (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE). Quarenta amostras de cada resin composta (discos de 5 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura) foram aleatoriamente divididas em quatro grupos , de acordo com protocolo clareador (n=10): a) Gel de peróxido de carbamida (Opalescence, Ultradent Products) (2 horas/dia, por 14 dias); b) Gel de peróxido de hidrogênio (Opalescence Boost, Ultradent Products) (3 sessões de clareamento, uma por semana, 45 min/sessão); enxaguatório clareador (Listerine Whitening Extreme, Johnson & Johnson) (2 min/dia, por 14 dias); d) água destilada (controle). As amostras foram submetidas a leituras, em triplicata (Ra e cor (parâmetros CIELab) antes e depois do contato com os protocolos clareadores. A micromorfologia de superfície foi conduzida em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Ra e parâmetros de cor (ΔL, Δa, Δb e ΔE) foram analisados por modelos lineares generalizados (α=0.05). A Ra da resina bulk-fill de alta viscosidade foi significantemente superior do que para os outros compósitos (p<0.05). A Ra aumentou significantemente (p<0.05) e a superfície ficou mais irregular (MEV) para todos os compósitos, independente do protocolo clareador (p<0,05). A resina bulk-fill de alta viscosidade obteve menor ΔE (p<0.05) do que a resina composta nanoparticulada, imersa em água destilada. Pode-se concluir que as características de cada resina composta influenciaram de forma mais significativa a Ra do que o protocolo clareador. A resina bulk fill de alta viscosidade apresentou menor alteração de cor.

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Domestic geese are birds of zootechnical interest commonly created for ornamentation and guard in farms but are also useful for biomedical research, once they supply blood as a byproduct for laboratory analysis. The study aimed to contribute to the completion of health data available on these animals to trace a hematological profile of domestic geese that supply blood for research and provide data on the influence of periodic collections to the health of these animals. Ten Chinese geese (Anser domesticus), white and males, were kept in a research center installation. Four blood samples were performed weekly after the 1st collection, the sample with greater volume was sent to the laboratories of the Evandro Chagas Institute to be used in the arbovirus tests. The hematological evaluations observed values of packed cell volume (PCV), total number of erythrocytes (Hm), total number of leukocytes (Lc) and differential leukocyte count and the number of thrombocytes (Tb). All the animals were weighed and correlation of volume of blood collected from the animals weight was performed. No differences were found among the means obtained in the hematological values of the 1st collection and the subsequent collections demonstrating that the periodic collection in geese, when performed in obedience to the correlation between animals weight and blood volume, does not cause significant alterations in the animals hematological profile. The results of the hematological profile obtained in this study will add to the biological data of species available allowing a better health assessment of these animals in the creation of environments and in animal research facilities.

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Domestic geese are birds of zootechnical interest commonly created for ornamentation and guard in farms but are also useful for biomedical research, once they supply blood as a byproduct for laboratory analysis. The study aimed to contribute to the completion of health data available on these animals to trace a hematological profile of domestic geese that supply blood for research and provide data on the influence of periodic collections to the health of these animals. Ten Chinese geese (Anser domesticus), white and males, were kept in a research center installation. Four blood samples were performed weekly after the 1st collection, the sample with greater volume was sent to the laboratories of the Evandro Chagas Institute to be used in the arbovirus tests. The hematological evaluations observed values of packed cell volume (PCV), total number of erythrocytes (Hm), total number of leukocytes (Lc) and differential leukocyte count and the number of thrombocytes (Tb). All the animals were weighed and correlation of volume of blood collected from the animals weight was performed. No differences were found among the means obtained in the hematological values of the 1st collection and the subsequent collections demonstrating that the periodic collection in geese, when performed in obedience to the correlation between animals weight and blood volume, does not cause significant alterations in the animals hematological profile. The results of the hematological profile obtained in this study will add to the biological data of species available allowing a better health assessment of these animals in the creation of environments and in animal research facilities.(AU)

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The mouse is the most used animal model in biomedical pre clinical trials. Its phylogeny descends from the genus Mus, subgenus Mus and species Mus musculus. The origin of this animal as an experimental model is due to the capture of wild subspecies mainly Mus musculus domesticus, Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus castaneus and the hybrid subspecie Mus musculus molosinus. For centuries, diverse breeders with diverse geographical locations have been breeding and swapping selected individuals from among them, which has promoted very large genetic variability and difficulty in accurately recording subspecies that gave rise to both isogenic strains and outbred stocks individuals. The couple Abbie Lathrop and Leo Loeb in Massachusetts (United States of America) are the most cited in this activity. But it was documented, mainly at the origin of the inbred lineages, however, Swiss outbred stock that other unknownsuppliers were selecting albino mice and supplying to research institutes. Currently, we believe in the theory of the subspecies Mus musculus laboratorius existence in house facilities. Because through years suffering artificial evolutionary and selective pressuresthe extreme adaptability of this animal (which made it possible to be captured in the wild and reproduce in captivity) also made the restriction of space in the laboratory enviroment. However, we must take into consideration, with great respect for this animal, that despite its adaptability, its welfare is linked to the expression of its intrinsic natural behavior to the species M. musculus. Thus we have the obligation to provide mating and management directed at reducing the aggressiveness of adult males; searchingfor equipment and materials to the mouse preference; avoiding abrupt changes inenvironment and routine and proper handling...

O camundongo é o modelo animal mais utilizado em ensaios biomédicos. Sua filogenia descende do gênero Mus, subgênero Mus e espécie Mus musculus. A origem desse animal como modelo experimental, deve-se a captura de subespécies selvagens como as Mus musculus domesticus, Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus castaneuse do híbrido Mus musculus molosinus. Durante séculos, diversos criadores, comdiversas localizações geográficas, realizaram o acasalamento e troca de indivíduos selecionados entre eles, o que promoveu uma variabilidade genética muito grande e uma dificuldade de precisão de registros das subespécies que deram origem tanto as linhagens isogênicas e os indivíduos outbred stocks. O casal Abbie Lathrop e Leo Loebem Massachusetts nos Estados Unidos são os mais citados nessa atividade. Porém sua origem foi documentada, principalmente em relação à linhagem inbred, contudo em relação ao Swiss outbred stock os relatos sugerem que outros fornecedores desconhecidos realizavam a seleção de camundongos albinos e forneciam a instituosde pesquisa. Atualmente, acreditamos na teoria da existência da subespécie Musmusculus laboratorius, pois através de anos sofrendo pressões evolutivas e seletivas artificiais, a extrema capacidade de adaptabilidade desse animal (que o possibilitou ser capturado na natureza e se reproduzir em cativeiro) também tornou adaptado à restrição de espaço em biotério. Contudo, devemos levar em consideração, com muito respeito a esse animal, que apesar dessa adaptabilidade, o seu bem estar é inerente a expressão do comportamento natural intrínsseco da espécie M. musculus. Dessa forma temos a obrigação de propiciar acasalamento e manejo direcionado a redução da agressividade de indivíduos machos adultos, busca por equipamentos emateriais que sejam de preferência do animal, evitar mudanças abruptas de ambiente e rotina e manipulação adequada...

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The mouse is the most used animal model in biomedical pre clinical trials. Its phylogeny descends from the genus Mus, subgenus Mus and species Mus musculus. The origin of this animal as an experimental model is due to the capture of wild subspecies mainly Mus musculus domesticus, Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus castaneus and the hybrid subspecie Mus musculus molosinus. For centuries, diverse breeders with diverse geographical locations have been breeding and swapping selected individuals from among them, which has promoted very large genetic variability and difficulty in accurately recording subspecies that gave rise to both isogenic strains and outbred stocks individuals. The couple Abbie Lathrop and Leo Loeb in Massachusetts (United States of America) are the most cited in this activity. But it was documented, mainly at the origin of the inbred lineages, however, Swiss outbred stock that other unknownsuppliers were selecting albino mice and supplying to research institutes. Currently, we believe in the theory of the subspecies Mus musculus laboratorius existence in house facilities. Because through years suffering artificial evolutionary and selective pressuresthe extreme adaptability of this animal (which made it possible to be captured in the wild and reproduce in captivity) also made the restriction of space in the laboratory enviroment. However, we must take into consideration, with great respect for this animal, that despite its adaptability, its welfare is linked to the expression of its intrinsic natural behavior to the species M. musculus. Thus we have the obligation to provide mating and management directed at reducing the aggressiveness of adult males; searchingfor equipment and materials to the mouse preference; avoiding abrupt changes inenvironment and routine and proper handling...(AU)

O camundongo é o modelo animal mais utilizado em ensaios biomédicos. Sua filogenia descende do gênero Mus, subgênero Mus e espécie Mus musculus. A origem desse animal como modelo experimental, deve-se a captura de subespécies selvagens como as Mus musculus domesticus, Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus castaneuse do híbrido Mus musculus molosinus. Durante séculos, diversos criadores, comdiversas localizações geográficas, realizaram o acasalamento e troca de indivíduos selecionados entre eles, o que promoveu uma variabilidade genética muito grande e uma dificuldade de precisão de registros das subespécies que deram origem tanto as linhagens isogênicas e os indivíduos outbred stocks. O casal Abbie Lathrop e Leo Loebem Massachusetts nos Estados Unidos são os mais citados nessa atividade. Porém sua origem foi documentada, principalmente em relação à linhagem inbred, contudo em relação ao Swiss outbred stock os relatos sugerem que outros fornecedores desconhecidos realizavam a seleção de camundongos albinos e forneciam a instituosde pesquisa. Atualmente, acreditamos na teoria da existência da subespécie Musmusculus laboratorius, pois através de anos sofrendo pressões evolutivas e seletivas artificiais, a extrema capacidade de adaptabilidade desse animal (que o possibilitou ser capturado na natureza e se reproduzir em cativeiro) também tornou adaptado à restrição de espaço em biotério. Contudo, devemos levar em consideração, com muito respeito a esse animal, que apesar dessa adaptabilidade, o seu bem estar é inerente a expressão do comportamento natural intrínsseco da espécie M. musculus. Dessa forma temos a obrigação de propiciar acasalamento e manejo direcionado a redução da agressividade de indivíduos machos adultos, busca por equipamentos emateriais que sejam de preferência do animal, evitar mudanças abruptas de ambiente e rotina e manipulação adequada...(AU)

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Opinion studies report different points of view regarding the use of animals in research. In Brazil, few studies are dedicated to know the position of society in relation to animal experimentation. This article allowed to access and systematize the positions of high school students on the subject. For this, three discussion groups (GD) were conducted using a game tool with content focused on the Brazilian reality and covering different experiences and points of view related to laboratory animal science (LAS). The opinion of the young people was verified at the beginning and the end of the activity and the discussions throughout the game were recorded (audio and image) for content analysis. A total of 47 segments of attitudes about animal experimentation were transcribed, of which 29 were agreement (61.70%), 16 were ejection (34%) and only 2 speech segments showed an indefinite attitude (4.3%). There was a diversity of young people’s opinions about the initial positions suggested by the game. At the end of the dynamics, the positions chosen as the most representative ones involved: the importance of providing well-being to the laboratory animals; the need for monitoring and follow-up of these surveys by public agencies; investment in awareness-raising processes. The activity carried out allowed us to reflect on the theme, leading the participants to perceive the complexity of the subject. Based on this research, it will be possible to plan and carry out continuous activities for the dissemination of LAS, the development and strengthening of the area to the society and the scientific community itself.

Estudos de opinião relatam pontos de vistas distintos em relação ao uso de animais em pesquisas. No Brasil, poucos estudos dedicam-se a conhecer o posicionamento da sociedade em relação à experimentação animal. Esse artigo permitiu acessar e sistematizar os posicionamentos de jovens do Ensino Médio sobre o tema. Para isso, foram realizados três grupos de discussão (GD) utilizando uma ferramenta de jogo com conteúdo voltado à realidade brasileira e abrangendo diferentes vivências e pontos de vista relacionados à ciência em animais de laboratório (CAL). Foi verificada a opinião dos jovens no início e fim da atividade e as discussões ao longo do jogo foram filmadas e gravadas para realização de análise de conteúdo. Foram transcritos 47 segmentos de falas referentes às atitudes em relação à experimentação animal, dos quais 29 foram de apoio (61,70 %), 16 de rejeição (34 %) e apenas 2 segmentos de fala revelaram uma atitude indefinida (4,3 %). Verificou-se uma diversidade de opiniões dos jovens sobre os posicionamentos iniciais sugeridos pelo jogo. Ao final da dinâmica, os posicionamentos eleitos como os mais representativos envolveram: a importância de proporcionar bem-estar aos animais de laboratório; a necessidade de que haja fiscalização e acompanhamento dessas pesquisas pelos órgãos públicos; o investimento em processos de conscientização. A atividade realizada permitiu a reflexão sobre o tema levando os participantes a perceber a complexidade do assunto. A partir dessa pesquisa será possível planejar e desenvolver atividades continuadas de divulgação da CAL, o desenvolvimento e o fortalecimento da área perante a sociedade e a própria comunidade científica.

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