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A remarkable characteristic of katydids (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) is the elongated ovipositor, which is associated with oviposition behavior. The high degree of complexity of both sclerites and muscles arrangement of the ovipositor, is only similar to the ovipositor of Hymenoptera. Here we describe the morphology of the ovipositor within Tettigoniidae, and add descriptions of known oviposition behavior. Fifteen skeletal structures can be recognized, of these, three pairs of muscles are new while nine pairs were already described in the literature. The new muscles are ap2vf, anterior projection of second valvifer; bcov, blade complex of the ovipositor; and dbl, dorsal blade. The morphology of the ovipositor blade complex (bcov), the shape of the first valvifer (1vf), posterior intervalvular sclerite (piv), tergite IX (T9), anterior projection of the second valvifer (ap2vf), and the second valvifer (2vf), and their related muscles affect oviposition in Tettigoniidae. This contribution helps to understand katydid's oviposition behavior. Additionally, the new descriptions help in the search for new characters in Tettigoniidae.

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During the last century, well-known locust species, such as Calliptamus italicus and Dociostaurus maroccanus, have produced outbreaks of varying degrees in the Balkans. The literature data on outbreaks in the region are scarce, and Croatia is not an exception. This study summarized the data on 23 Orthoptera mass occurrences in Croatia from 1900 to 2023 from 28 localities, representing 12 species. This is a low level of outbreak activity compared with other locust and pest grasshopper species in other parts of the world. The species with the most reporting is C. italicus with altogether six mass occurrences, while second is Barbitistes ocskayi and Miramella irena with three records, and in the third, place D. maroccanus and Gryllotalpa sp., each with two mass occurrences having been reported. One of the most notable swarms is that of Anacridium aegyptium which occurred around Sibenik in 1998, and this paper provides the first account of it, 25 years after it took place. The most recent outbreaks took place in 2022, and the most notable one was that of D. maroccanus swarm in Stikovo. The 2022 and 2023 reports were brief and muted, despite the affected agriculturists claiming significant damages.

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Duetting is a behaviour observed in some animal species, in which both males and females participate in signalling to find mates. It may have evolved as an adaptation to reduce the costs associated with mate-finding behaviours, such as predation risk. Duetting systems allow estimation of sex-specific predation risks of signalling and searching in the same species, giving insights into the selective forces acting on these behaviours. Using an acoustic-vibratory duetting katydid, Onomarchus uninotatus, and its bat predator, Megaderma spasma, we estimated the sex-specific predation costs of different mate-finding behaviours, such as walking, flying and signalling, by conducting experiments with untethered live katydids and bats. We found that acoustic-vibratory duetting benefits both the sexes as a low-risk mate-finding strategy.

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Mitochondrial gene order has contributed to the elucidation of evolutionary relationships in several animal groups. It generally has found its application as a phylogenetic marker for deep nodes. Yet, in Orthoptera limited research has been performed on the gene order, although the group represents one of the oldest insect orders. We performed a comprehensive study on mitochondrial genome rearrangements (MTRs) within Orthoptera in the context of mitogenomic sequence-based phylogeny. We used 280 published mitogenome sequences from 256 species, including three outgroup species, to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny. Using a heuristic approach, we assigned MTR scenarios to the edges of the phylogenetic tree and reconstructed ancestral gene orders to identify possible synapomorphies in Orthoptera. We found all types of MTRs in our dataset: inversions, transpositions, inverse transpositions, and tandem-duplication/random loss events (TDRL). Most of the suggested MTRs were in single and unrelated species. Out of five MTRs which were unique in subgroups of Orthoptera, we suggest four of them to be synapomorphies; those were in the infraorder Acrididea, in the tribe Holochlorini, in the subfamily Pseudophyllinae, and in the two families Phalangopsidae and Gryllidae or their common ancestor (leading to the relationship ((Phalangopsidae + Gryllidae) + Trigonidiidae)). However, similar MTRs have been found in distant insect lineages. Our findings suggest convergent evolution of specific mitochondrial gene orders in several species, deviant from the evolution of the mitogenome DNA sequence. As most MTRs were detected at terminal nodes, a phylogenetic inference of deeper nodes based on MTRs is not supported. Hence, the marker does not seem to aid resolving the phylogeny of Orthoptera, but adds further evidence for the complex evolution of the whole group, especially at the genetic and genomic levels. The results indicate a high demand for more research on patterns and underlying mechanisms of MTR events in Orthoptera.

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We used Illumina sequencing of the 16S rDNA V3-V4 region to identify the bacterial community in laboratory-reared G. gratiosa feces across different developmental stages (1st-7th instar nymph day 0, and 0-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day adult) and sexes. In total, 14,480,559 high-quality reads were clustered into 2982 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs), with an average of 481.197 (±137.366) OTUs per sample. These OTUs were assigned into 25 phyla, 42 classes, 60 orders, 116 families, 241 genera, and some unclassified groups. Only 21 core OTUs were shared by all samples. The most representative phylum was Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria. At the genus level, Kluyvera (387 OTUs), Obesumbacterium (339 OTUs), Buttiauxella (296 OTUs), Lactobacillus (286 OTUs), and Hafnia (152 OTUs) were dominant bacteria. The early-instar nymphs harbored a similar bacterial community with other developmental stages, which contain higher species diversity. Both principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) failed to provide a clear clustering based on the developmental stages and sexes. Overall, we assume that G. gratiosa transmits bacteria vertically by eating contaminated eggshells, and both developmental stages and sexes had no significant effect on the fecal bacterial community.

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Raggophyllum Nickle, 1967 is a monotypic genus, including Raggophylluym spinosum, and recorded in Peru and Bolivia. In this work, Raggophyllum is redescribed and assigned to the Microcentrini, based on the type species Raggophylluym spinosum. Raggophyllum rubrofemoratum sp. nov. in described from Brazil, Acre and Amazonas, and it is the first record for the genus in Brazil. The male genitalia and the stridulatory file morphology are described for the first time. A distribution map, notes on the habitat, and commentaries on their distribution among Amazonian endemism areas are included.

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Hyperomerus Redtenbacher is a genus of Neotropical katydid with only one species, H. crassipes. For more than one hundred years, the only specimen known was the female holotype. Now, more three exemplars were found deposited in the Zoological Collection of the Universidade Federal do Amazonas in Brazil, including the unknown male, which reveals the congeneric status with Uchuca Giglio-Tos species and, consequently, this last genus is being made a junior synonym of Hyperomerus. Additionally, H. crassipes is redescribed, and the records of all species now included within the genus Hyperomerus are updated.

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Nesoecia Scudder, 1893 is a neotropical genus of true katydids (Pseudophyllinae) comprising four species: N. brasiliensis (Bruner, 1915) from Brazil (Bahia), N. cooksonii (Butler, 1877) from Ecuador (Galápagos, Floreana Island), and two species from southern Mexico: N. insignis (Hebard, 1932) from Yucatán (Temax and Chichen-Itza), and N. nigrispina (Stål, 1873) reported also from Yucatán and the State of Tabasco (Teapa). Members of this genus are large and attractive insects, nonetheless, they have been poorly studied since they are not abundant or commonly collected. This paper describes four new species of Nesoecia from the Huasteca Region in northeastern México: N. huichihuayan n. sp., N. potoniya n. sp., N. insolita n. sp., and N. constricta n. sp. Taxa delimitation is based on morphological diagnostic characters and parameters of the acoustic signal. Information on distribution, habitat, and behavior is provided. [urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B932F2DC-97F4-4751-A6F7-0869318364FA].

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Microcentrini Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 is within the subfamily Phaneropterinae and currently comprises 11 genera and 81 species with Neotropical distribution. In this paper, five new genera are described: Boroseiyla gen. nov. (type species Boroseiyla tupeba sp. nov.), Caauara gen. nov. (type species Caauara pinima sp. nov.), Capiguara gen. nov. (type species Capiguara trimaculata sp. nov.), Hyalipenna gen. nov. (type species Hyalipenna tetralineata sp. nov.) and Tuaia gen. nov. (type species Tuaia panacarica sp. nov.) covering a total of seventeen new species registered for the Amazon rainforest. Moreover, Microcentrum nigrolineatum is included in Boroseiyla gen. nov. (Boroseiyla nigrolineatus comb. nov.). Keys to the species of the described genera, maps and observations of natural history are provided.

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The formerly monotypic genera Tamolana Kuthy, 1910 and Ingrischia Naskrecki Rentz, 2010 are revised. Nanoagraecia gen. nov. is introduced as new genus, and Strictonicsara subgen. nov. as new subgenus of Pseudonicsara Karny, 1912. Five new species of Salomona Blanchard, 1853, one new species of Paramacroxiphus Willemse, 1961, and one new species of Jambiliara Ingrisch, 1998 are described. An updated key to the species of Paramacroxiphus is given. The following species are described as new: Tamolana extensa sp. nov., Tamolana arborea sp. nov., Tamolana malu sp. nov., Ingrischia acuticeps sp. nov., Ingrischia brevicona sp. nov., Ingrischia carinata sp. nov., Ingrischia signifer sp. nov., Ingrischia samberi sp. nov., Salomona brevivertex sp. nov., Salomona gumunang sp. nov., Salomona fuscifrons sp. nov., Salomona longicornis sp. nov., Salomona lanigera sp. nov., Paramacroxiphus bistylatus sp. nov., Pseudonicsara (Strictonicsara) brachyptera sp. nov., Pseudonicsara (Strictonicsara) rugosa sp. nov., Nanoagraecia gibberosa sp. nov., Jambiliara rotunda sp. nov. A subdivision of the female subgenital plate of Salomona into two sclerites plus a pair of lateral appendages is described and compared to a similar modification in the genus Ingrischia.

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Acropsis Grant, 1958 is a monotypic genus with records only for Peru (type locality). Acropsis is being redescribed, including the Acropsis tectiformis species and two new species: Acropsis solimoesensis sp. nov. and Acropsis julianae sp. nov. The male internal genitalia and the stridulatory file morphology for the genus is being described for the first time. Furthermore, the genus is registered for the first time for Colombia (Caquetá) and Brazil (Acre and Amazonas) and additionally notes on the habitat are made.

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Specimens belonging to the genus Leiodontocercus are rare or even absent in natural history museum collections; this is likely due to at least two reasons, notably, their relatively small size, and, the sheer difficulty in finding them in dense Afrotropical forests. Until recently, three species from less than fifteen specimens were known from this genus, whose identification relied on a singular diagnostic character, that is, the shape of the male cerci. The present contribution is based on the examination of thirty specimens collected from various countries, ranging from central to west Africa; apart from the male cerci, a second diagnostic character - the stridulatory file - is used to distinguish species, even though it is difficult to examine in mounted specimens. As a result, four new species were detected, namely, L. vicii sp. nov., L. spinicercatus sp. nov. (from the Central African Republic), L. muticus sp. nov. (from Gabon and Cameroon) and L. philipporum sp. nov. (from Côte d'Ivoire). Moreover, L. condylus is recorded from the Central African Republic, the only country where three species of this genus co-occur. It is suggested that population isolation during fluctuating humid and dry periods, consequent to the influence of Ice Age impact during the Pleistocene in tropical central Africa, is the best explanation for the adaptive radiation of the group.

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Males signalling their attractiveness to females are at risk from predators that exploit mating signals to detect and locate prey. Signalling, however, is not the only risky activity in sexual interactions: mate searching can incur risk as well. Male Neotropical pseudophylline katydids produce both acoustic and vibrational signals (tremulations). Females reply to male signals with tremulations of their own, and both sexes walk to find one another. We asked if movement increases predation risk, and whether tremulation or walking was more attractive to predators. We offered the Neotropical gleaning bat Micronycteris microtis a series of two-choice tests, presenting the bats with katydid models that were motionless or moved in a way to mimic either tremulating or walking. We found that prey movements do put prey at risk. Although M. microtis can detect motionless prey on leaves, they preferred moving prey. Our study shows that movement can put searching or signalling prey in danger, potentially explaining why silent female katydids are frequently consumed by gleaning bats.

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Abstract Here we describe a new katydid species, Phylloptera jaci sp. nov., from the Iguaçu National Park, a large Atlantic Forest protected remnant in southern Brazil. This is the first record of a species of Phylloptera of the picta species group both for Brazil and the Atlantic Forest. We also designate the lectotype for Phylloptera picta, from Peru, and present a complementary description of this species. An occurrence map for the species of Phylloptera of the picta species group are also presented.

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In this work it was made the redescription of male of Polichnodes americana including new traits as internal genitalia and morphology of stridulatory files. Also it was recorded for the first time the distribution of this species to Brazil, in Amazonas, and notes on habitat.

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A list of 60 species of the Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) recorded from Gorongosa National Park and provinces Sofala and Manica in central Mozambique is provided and their natural history is discussed. Of these, 58 species are illustrated and bioacoustic data are presented for 47 species. Two new genera and 9 new species are described: Gorongosa carri gen. et sp. n., Ovonotus abreuae gen. et sp. n., Afroagraecia muagurai sp. n., Enyaliopsis iaculator sp. n., Eurycorypha parkeri sp. n., Eurycorypha stalmansi sp. n., Eulioptera carolli sp. n., Eulioptera mutembai sp. n., and Parpyrrhicia guytonae sp. n. Four species of Ruspolia are recognized as potentially new and their bioacoustic data are presented. Pseudorhynchus pungens meridionalis Ragge, 1969 is synonymized with Pseudorhynchus pungens pungens (Schaum, 1853); Angustithorax spiniger Massa, 2015 is synonymized with Oxyecous magnus Ragge, 1956; and the synonymy of Lanista africana (Walker, 1870) with Lanista annulicornis (Walker, 1869) is reversed. Two species, G. carri and O. abreuae, appear to be endemic to Mt. Gorongosa and 24 species are recorded for the first time from Mozambique.

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Paraxiphidium is a genus of flashy Neotropical katydids belonging to Conocephalini. Paraxiphidium iriodes sp. nov. is described from the Brazilian Amazon region. This is the first record of the genus for Brazil. The description of stridulatory file, male internal genitalia and data on natural history is provided. A key is included to the species of the group and a map with the geographical records completes the paper.

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The genus Rhytidaspis Redtenbacher, 1891 is revised. The species R. fusca (Karny, 1911) is removed from the genus and combined with Haudrhytidaspis gen. nov. as type species, leaving only the type species R. picta Redtenbacher, 1891 in Rhytidaspis. The shapes of the male cerci and the complex structure of the male titillators in Rhytidaspis allows to differentiate between seven species and two subspecies of which six species and two subspecies are new to science: R. arfak sp. n., R. camela sp. n., R. genyem sp. n., R. nigropunctata sp. n., R. ornata sp. n., R. variata sp. n., R. variata brevis ssp. n., R. variata meja ssp. n.. A dichotomic key to species and a distribution map are provided. All records of Rhytidaspis known so far are from western New Guinea: Papua and Papua Barat (Indonesia) including Waigeo Island. Haudrhytidaspis fusca (Karny, 1911) had been described from New Guinea without precision.

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The species of brachypterous Phaneropterinae (Tettigoniidae) inhabiting the Iguaçu National Park, Paraná, Brazil, were studied. Four species have been recognized, Anisophya melanochloris (Rehn, 1911) and three new species described here: Anisophya una sp. n., as well as Xenicola taroba sp. n. and Xenicola xukrixi sp. n. We present relevant characters used in Orthoptera taxonomy, such as male genitalia, male and female stridulatory files, cerci and subgenital plates for all four species. Calling songs of three species are also described. X. xukrixi sp. n. stands out by its high carrier frequency with a peak above 70 kHz.

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Siargao Island is located on the southeastern part of the Philippines. We have very little knowledge on the Orthoptera from this island which is covered with forest over limestone, open vegetation, and mangrove, despite being designated as one of the terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines. We conducted surveys in 2018 to search for orthopterans. In total, thirty-seven species from 34 genera were found. Seventeen species are recorded in Siargao Island for the first time, representing 45.9% of all collected species, thus, validating that orthopterans in the island are indeed overlooked. Out of the 37 species, 21 of these are endemic to the Philippines and 9 are endemic to Siargao Island, hence suggesting that species on the island can be biologically significant..                We also observed that a huge proportion of the species in Siargao Island are fully winged and capable of flight, but most species are small sized. We also provide taxonomic notes and illustrations, including descriptions of the male Segestidea punctipennis Bolívar, 1903 and female Eumecopoda reducta Hebard, 1922 for the first time. We inferred that species from Siargao Island are closely associated with Sundaland and for within Philippines, Mindanao and Luzon.

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