RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In the health care setting, infection control actions are fundamental for containing the dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR). Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), especially Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP), can spread among patients, although the dynamics of transmission are not fully known. Since CR-KP is present in wastewater and microorganisms are not completely removed from the toilet bowl by flushing, the risk of transmission in settings where toilets are shared should be addressed. We investigated whether urinating generates droplets that can be a vehicle for bacteria and explored the use of an innovative foam to control and eliminate this phenomenon. METHODS: To study droplet formation during urination, we set up an experiment in which different geometrical configurations of toilets could be reproduced and customized. To demonstrate that droplets can mobilize bacteria from the toilet bowl, a standard ceramic toilet was contaminated with a KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST101 isolate. Then, we reproduced urination and attached culture dishes to the bottom of the toilet lid for bacterial colony recovery with and without foam. RESULTS: Rebound droplets invariably formed, irrespective of the geometrical configuration of the toilet. In microbiological experiments, we demonstrated that bacteria are always mobilized from the toilet bowl (mean value: 0.11 ± 0.05 CFU/cm2) and showed that a specific foam layer can completely suppress mobilization. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that droplets generated from toilets during urination can be a hidden source of CR-KP transmission in settings where toilets are shared among colonized and noncolonized patients.
Asunto(s)
Aparatos Sanitarios/microbiología , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Infecciones por Klebsiella/microbiología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Orina/microbiología , Propelentes de Aerosoles/administración & dosificación , Aniones/administración & dosificación , Betaína/administración & dosificación , Carbonatos/administración & dosificación , Desodorantes , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos , Ésteres/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/química , Alcoholes Grasos/administración & dosificación , Alcoholes Grasos/química , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Infecciones por Klebsiella/transmisión , Lipotrópicos/administración & dosificación , Tensoactivos/administración & dosificación , MicciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is required for optimal treatment of infected patients. We developed and assessed a new disk carbapenemase test (DCT). METHODS: Paper disks containing 0.3 mg of imipenem and bromothymol blue indicator were developed, and the performance of the DCT were evaluated by using 742 strains of GNB with or without carbapenemases. RESULTS: The paper disks were simple to prepare, and the dried disks were stable at -20°C and at 4°C. The DCT detected 212 of 215 strains (98.6% sensitivity with 95% confidence interval [CI] 96.0-99.5%) of GNB with known class A (KPC and Sme) and class B (NDM, IMP, VIM, and SIM) carbapenemases within 60 min, but failed to detect GES-5 carbapenemase. The DCT also detected all two Escherichia coli isolates with OXA-48, but failed to detect GNB with OXA-232, and other OXA carbapenemases. The DCT showed 100% specificity (95% CI, 99.2-100%) in the test of 448 imipenem-nonsusceptible, but carbapenemase genes not tested, clinical isolates of GNB. CONCLUSIONS: The DCT is simple and can be easily performed, even in small laboratories, for the rapid detection of GNB with KPC, NDM and the majority of IMP, VIM, and SIM carbapenemases.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Bacterias Gramnegativas/enzimología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/métodos , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismo , Azul de Bromotimol/química , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Imipenem/farmacología , PapelRESUMEN
Emergence of worldwide antimicrobial resistance prompted us to study the resistance modifying potential of plant-derived dietary polyphenols, mainly caffeic acid, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and quercetin. These compounds were studied in logical combination with clinically significant antibiotics (ciprofloxacin/gentamicin/tetracycline) against Klebsiella pneumoniae, after conducting phenotypic screening of a large number of clinical isolates and selecting the relevant strains possessing extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) and K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-type carbapenemase enzymes only. The study demonstrated that EGCG and caffeic acid could synergize the activity of tested antibiotics within a major population of ß-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae. In spectrofluorimetric assay, ~17-fold greater ciprofloxacin accumulation was observed within K. pneumoniae cells pre-treated with EGCG in comparison with the untreated control, indicating its ability to synergize ciprofloxacin to restrain active drug-efflux. Further, electron micrograph of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae clearly demonstrated the prospective efficacy of EGCG towards biofilm degradation.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Polifenoles/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacología , Catequina/análogos & derivados , Catequina/farmacología , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Ácido Elágico/farmacología , Gentamicinas/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Quercetina/farmacología , Reserpina/farmacología , Tetraciclina/farmacología , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is required for optimal treatment of infected patients. We developed and assessed a new disk carbapenemase test (DCT). METHODS: Paper disks containing 0.3 mg of imipenem and bromothymol blue indicator were developed, and the performance of the DCT were evaluated by using 742 strains of GNB with or without carbapenemases. RESULTS: The paper disks were simple to prepare, and the dried disks were stable at -20℃ and at 4℃. The DCT detected 212 of 215 strains (98.6% sensitivity with 95% confidence interval [CI] 96.0-99.5%) of GNB with known class A (KPC and Sme) and class B (NDM, IMP, VIM, and SIM) carbapenemases within 60 min, but failed to detect GES-5 carbapenemase. The DCT also detected all two Escherichia coli isolates with OXA-48, but failed to detect GNB with OXA-232, and other OXA carbapenemases. The DCT showed 100% specificity (95% CI, 99.2-100%) in the test of 448 imipenem-nonsusceptible, but carbapenemase genes not tested, clinical isolates of GNB. CONCLUSIONS: The DCT is simple and can be easily performed, even in small laboratories, for the rapid detection of GNB with KPC, NDM and the majority of IMP, VIM, and SIM carbapenemases.