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Using Origin2022Pro, PAST4.09, GraphPad, and ArcGIS, this study analyzed the big data of the fourth national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Jilin province from five dimensions: differences in resource quantity, taxonomic group, family, and genus, regional distribution, and spatiotemporal distribution, aiming to fully elucidate the biodiversity of medicinal plants in Jilin province. The results indicated that 2 241 species of medicinal plants existed in Jilin province, belonging to 881 genera of 243 families, with 20 dominant families and 3 dominant genera. There were 1 901 species of medicinal plants(belonging to 778 genera of 227 families) in the eastern mountainous region, 1 503 species(belonging to 690 genera of 225 families) in the mid-mountainous areas of the central mountainous region, and 811 species(belonging to 436 genera of 136 families) in the western plain region. The biodiversity of medicinal plants in Jilin province was high and presented a trend of high in the east and low in the west. The medicinal plant resources were mainly concentrated in the eastern mountainous region, and the number of medicinal plant groups had significant diffe-rences between regions, following the trend of western region > central region > eastern region. The species richness was in the order of eastern region > western region > central region. The species diversity structure in the central region was similar to that in the eastern and western regions, while it was significantly different between the western and eastern regions. Compared with the third national survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the fourth survey showed an increase of 1 417 species, a decrease of 580 species, and 824 common species, indicating significant changes in the biodiversity of medicinal plants in Jilin province. The reasons for these changes need to be further explored. This article elucidates the background and biodiversity changes of medicinal plant resources in Jilin province, laying a foundation for the protection, utilization, and industrial development of traditional Chinese medicine resources in Jilin province.

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Background: Infection is the main cause of death for patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, pathogen profiles still have not been reported in detail due to their heterogeneity caused by geographic region. Objective: To evaluate the performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and summarize regional pathogen profiles of infected patients after HSCT. Methods: From February 2021 to August 2022, 64 patients, admitted to the Department of Hematology of The First Hospital of Jilin University for HSCT and diagnosed as suspected infections, were retrospectively enrolled. Results: A total of 38 patients were diagnosed as having infections, including bloodstream (n =17), pulmonary (n =16), central nervous system (CNS) (n =4), and chest (n =1) infections. Human betaherpesvirus 5 (CMV) was the most common pathogen in both bloodstream (n =10) and pulmonary (n =8) infections, while CNS (n =2) and chest (n =1) infections were mainly caused by Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (EBV). For bloodstream infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (n =3), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n =1), and Candida tropicalis (n =1) were also diagnosed as causative pathogens. Furthermore, mNGS combined with conventional tests can identify more causative pathogens with high sensitivity of 82.9% (95% CI 70.4-95.3%), and the total coincidence rate can reach up to 76.7% (95% CI 64.1-89.4%). Conclusions: Our findings emphasized the importance of mNGS in diagnosing, managing, and ruling out infections, and an era of more rapid, independent, and impartial diagnosis of infections after HSCT can be expected.

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BACKGROUND: Jilin white goose is an excellent local breed in China, with a high annual egg production and laying eggs mainly from February to July each year. The testis, as the only organ that can produce sperm, can affect the sexual maturity and fecundity of male animals. Its growth and development are affected and regulated by a variety of factors. Proteomics is generally applied to identify and quantify proteins in cells and tissues in order to understand the physiological or pathological changes that occur in tissues or cells under specific conditions. Currently, the female poultry reproductive system has been extensively studied, while few related studies focusing on the regulatory mechanism of the reproductive system of male poultry have been conducted. RESULTS: A total of 1753 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were generated in which there were 594, 391 and 768 different proteins showing differential expression in three stages, Initial of Laying Cycle (ILC), Peak of Laying Cycle (PLC) and End of Laying Cycle (ELC). Furthermore, bioinformatics was used to analyze the DEPs. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were adopted. All DEPs were found to be implicated in multiple biological processes and pathways associated with testicular development, such as renin secretion, Lysosomes, SNARE interactions in vesicle trafficking, the p53 signaling pathway and pathways related to metabolism. Additionally, the reliability of transcriptome results was verified by real-time quantitative PCR by selecting the transcript abundance of 6 selected DEPs at the three stages of the laying cycle. CONCLUSIONS: The funding in this study will provide critical insight into the complex molecular mechanisms and breeding practices underlying the developmental characteristics of testicles in Jilin white goose.

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Exploring the correlations between ecosystem service value (ESV) and landscape ecological risk and the driving factors of their spatial variations is crucial for maintaining regional ecological security and promoting sustainable human well-being. We carried out a grid resampling size of 5 km×5 km assessment units of Jilin Pro-vince based on the remote sensing monitoring data of land use in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. We quantitatively evaluated the landscape ecological risk and ESV, and analyzed their spatial-temporal variations. Employing bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis and the geographical detector models, we examined the correlation between the landscape ecological risk and ESV and explored the driving factors for their spatial variations. The results showed that ESV in Jilin Province decreased from 385.895 billion yuan to 378.211 billion yuan during 2000-2020. The eastern region was dominated by extremely low risk, medium risk, and low risk areas. In contrast, the western region was mainly composed of extremely high risk and high risk areas. There was a significant negative correlation and spatial negative correlation between landscape ecological risk and ESV in Jilin Province. Human activity and land use type were the important driving factors for spatial differentiation in both landscape ecological risk and ESV. Our findings suggested that scientific land use regulation and appropriate control of human activities are critically needed to optimize Jilin Province's ecological environment.

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From the perspective of the world agricultural development law, agricultural economic development and ecological environmental protection usually fall into a dichotomy paradox, according to the history of agricultural development in developed countries, they also experienced the rapid development of agriculture led to the destruction of the agro-ecological environment, which has become a key element hindering the sustainability of agriculture. Subsequently, developed countries rely on modern technology to achieve the transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, crossing the paradoxical trap of economic development and ecological construction. At the present stage, China also shows the sharp contradiction between agricultural development and ecological construction, the traditional agricultural production methods of agricultural output has basically reached the limit, however, the established production methods of the ecological environment caused by the negative effects of the more and more serious, so that the agricultural environmental technology efficiency is not optimistic, so there is an urgent need to have a clear understanding of the main grain-producing areas of China's agricultural environmental technology efficiency and the factors affecting it. As an important grain producing area in China, Jilin Province's agricultural development level is in the forefront of the country, and it is also facing the contradiction between agricultural development and ecological environmental protection at the present stage. In order to realize the green transformation of agriculture and improve the technical efficiency of agricultural environment, it is necessary to rely on the optimisation of multi-dimensional factors such as technology and system. The study of agricultural environmental technical efficiency in Jilin Province has important theoretical significance and practical value for guiding other agricultural areas to realize the green transformation of production mode.

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The new design concept of being human-centered and emphasizing the organic construction of the ecological environment is progressively gaining popularity because of the growing influence of ecology, green building, and environmental protection theories. By examining the landscape architecture of colleges and universities, this study aims to investigate the principles of ecological and environmental protection and to advance the development of the ecological environment on campus. As a result, this study uses Jilin Communications Polytechnic as an example to discuss the state of the research on campus landscape design in Jilin province and its significance, examines the process of campus landscape design under the concept of ecological and environmental protection after introducing the study object, assessment indexes, and constituent aspects of campus landscape design. The findings indicate that the ecological protection concept-based landscape design mode exhibits the vitality of ecological landscape design, produces significant ecological benefits for university campuses, and significantly enhances the ecological environment of university campuses.

This paper reconstructs the gradually disappearing natural landscape system of the university campus, effectively promotes the healthy development of university campus ecology, emphasizes the ecological design with inherent cultural connotation and esthetic significance, and fully demonstrates the vitality of ecological landscape design, thus creating great ecological benefits for a university campus, effectively improving the ecological environment of university campus, and providing reference for further research on campus landscape design of Jilin province under the concept of ecological environmental protection.

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Jilin Qian'an, located in Northeastern China's Songnen Plain, relies almost exclusively on groundwater for drinking. The quaternary phreatic aquifer (Q3) is distinguished by high geogenic fluoride and arsenic concentrations, which necessitates reliance on quaternary confined (Q1) and neogene confined (N) aquifers (deeper aquifers) as source point management (SPM) alternatives. However, deeper aquifers are contaminated, necessitating temporal monitoring and unique management strategies. Using 165 samples, this study investigated the appropriateness of deeper restricted aquifers as a continuous SPM alternative by assessing the spatiotemporal groundwater quality and human health risk of the multi-aquifers in Jilin Qian'an from the 1980s to the 2010s. In addition, a source point management zonation (SPMZ) was implemented to define the specific intervention necessary in various portions of the study area. Results indicate water quality parameters were within recommended limits for most samples except fluoride, while arsenic was the most significant heavy metal pollutant. Mean groundwater mineralization in all the aquifers increased with time. Deeper aquifers are still a better alternative to the shallow phreatic aquifer as groundwater quality in the study is of the order N > Q1 > Q3 in the respective aquifers. Cancer risk assessment (CR) shows increases from 2001 to the 2010s in all aquifers except in Q3. SPMZ delineated: High As and high F zones; high As and low F zones; high As zones; high F zones; low F zones; and safe zones. Localized intervention based on SPMZ is recommended, along with the use of alternative water sources.

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Poultry is subject to varying degrees of feather loss and feather pecking during production, which seriously affects the live appearance and carcass appearance of their commercial traits and greatly reduces the production profitability of the farming enterprise. It also has an impact on down production and quality in the case of geese. In this study, mathematical models (Logistic, Gompertz, and Von Bertalanffy) were used to assess feather growth and development during the embryonic period in Jilin white geese (Anser cygnoides) predicting the weight and length of feathers from the back, chest, and belly tracts at different embryonic ages, to determine which growth model more accurately described feather growth patterns. The result first showed that the primary feather follicles of the Jilin white goose developed at E14 and secondary feather follicles at E18; primary feather follicle density increased and then decreased, whereas secondary feather follicle density increased continuously and the primary and secondary feather follicles developed independently. Secondly, the embryonic feather growth followed a slow-fast-slow pattern, with feathers growing slowly from E12 to E18, quickly from E18 to E24, and then decreasing after E24 until just before emergence (E30). In addition, before E14, feathers were concentrated in the back tracts, and no feathers were found on the head, neck, chest, abdomen, or wings. By E22, the whole body of the embryo was covered with feathers, and the back feathers were the earliest and fastest to develop. Compared to the Gompertz and von Bertalanffy models, the logistic model fit (R2 = 0.997) was the highest, while the sum of residual squares (RSS = 25661.67), Akaike's information criterion (AIC = 77.600), Bayesian information criterion (BIC = 78.191), and mean square error (MSE = 2851.296) were the lowest. Therefore, the logistic model was more suitable for describing the changes in whole-body feather growth during the embryonic period in Jilin white geese. In conclusion, using the growth curve model to explain the relationship between feather growth and embryonic age in geese will potentially speed up the process of genetic improvement in Jilin white geese (A. cygnoides) and thus provide scientific support for molecular genetic breeding.

Feathers are an important external feature of poultry, and feather follicles are important appendages to the skin. Especially for geese, feather follicle development largely determines feather length and quality, which in turn affects feather-related economic traits. The growth curve is to use mathematical equations to fit the growth and development curve and analyze the growth and development laws of livestock and poultry. Therefore, whether the establishment of a growth curve model can be used to describe the growth process between the embryonic feather weight, length, and embryo age of the Jilin white goose will be worth further study.

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Ticks transmit diverse human and animal pathogens, leading to an increasing number of public health concerns. In the forest area of northeast China, the spread of tick-borne diseases (TBDs) is severe; however, little is known about the tick virome composition and evolution. Herein, we investigate the geographical distribution of tick species and related viruses in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces in Northeast China. To reveal the diversity of tick-borne viruses in parts of Heilongjiang and Jilin, ticks were collected at 9 collection points in these provinces in 2018. Morphology and molecular biology were used to identify tick species, and 1411 ticks from nine sampling sites were collected and analysed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Four Ixodidae were identified, including Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis japonica, Dermacentor silvarum, and Haemaphysalis concinna. After removal of host genome sequences, 13,003 high-quality NGS reads were obtained and annotated as viruses. Further phylogenetic analysis based on amplicons revealed that these viral sequences belong to Beiji nairovirus, Alongshan virus, bovine parvovirus-2, and tick-associated circovirus; some distinct sequences are closely related to Songling virus, Changping tick virus, Norway luteo-like virus 2, and Norway partiti-like virus 1. In summary, this study describes the prevalence of local ticks and variety of tick-borne viruses in northeastern China, providing a basis for further research on tick-borne viruses in the future.

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BACKGROUND: There is still a relatively serious disease burden of infectious diseases and the warning time for different infectious diseases before implementation of interventions is important. The logistic differential equation models can be used for predicting early warning of infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to compare the disease fitting effects of the logistic differential equation (LDE) model and the generalized logistic differential equation (GLDE) model for the first time using data on multiple infectious diseases in Jilin Province and to calculate the early warning signals for different types of infectious diseases using these two models in Jilin Province to solve the disease early warning schedule for Jilin Province throughout the year. METHODS: Collecting the incidence of 22 infectious diseases in Jilin Province, China. The LDE and GLDE models were used to calculate the recommended warning week (RWW), the epidemic acceleration week (EAW) and warning removed week (WRW) for acute infectious diseases with seasonality, respectively. RESULTS: Five diseases were selected for analysis based on screening principles: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), shigellosis, mumps, Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and scarlet fever. The GLDE model fitted the above diseases better (0.80 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.94, P <  0. 005) than the LDE model. The estimated warning durations (per year) of the LDE model for the above diseases were: weeks 12-23 and 40-50; weeks 20-36; weeks 15-24 and 43-52; weeks 26-34; and weeks 16-25 and 41-50. While the durations of early warning (per year) estimated by the GLDE model were: weeks 7-24 and 36-51; weeks 13-37; weeks 11-26 and 39-54; weeks 23-35; and weeks 12-26 and 40-50. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the LDE model, the GLDE model provides a better fit to the actual disease incidence data. The RWW appeared to be earlier when estimated with the GLDE model than the LDE model. In addition, the WRW estimated with the GLDE model were more lagged and had a longer warning time.

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Objectives: Despite the adoption of a new childhood immunization program in China, the incidence of mumps remains high. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Jilin Province from 2005 to 2019 and to assess the transmissibility of mumps virus among the whole population and different subgroups by regions and age groups. Methods: The Non-age-specific and age-specific Susceptible-Exposed-Pre-symptomatic-Infectious-Asymptomatic-Recovered (SEPIAR) models were fitted to actual mumps incidence data. The time-varying reproduction number (R t ) was used to evaluate and compare the transmissibility. Results: From 2005 to 2019, a total of 57,424 cases of mumps were reported in Jilin Province. The incidence of mumps was the highest in people aged 5 to 9 years (77.37 per 100,000). The two SEPIAR models fitted the reported data well (P < 0.01). The median transmissibility (R t ) calculated by the two SEPIAR models were 1.096 (range: 1.911 × 10-5-2.192) and 1.074 (range: 0.033-2.114) respectively. The age-specific SEPIAR model was more representative of the actual epidemic of mumps in Jilin Province from 2005-2019. Conclusions: For mumps control, it is recommended that mumps-containing vaccines (MuCV) coverage be increased nationwide in the 5-9 years age group, either by a mumps vaccine alone or by a combination of vaccines such as measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The coverage of vaccines in Jilin Province should be continuously expanded to establish solid immunity in the population. China needs to redefine the optimal time interval for MuCV immunization.

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Vegetation is a sensitive factor in marsh ecosystems, which can provide nesting sites, foraging areas, and hiding places for waterfowl and can affect their survival environment. The Jilin Momoge National Nature Reserve, which consists of large areas of marshes, is located in the semi-arid region of northeast China and is an important stopover site for the critically endangered species of the Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus). Global climate change, extreme droughts and floods, and large differences in evaporation and precipitation in this region can cause rapid vegetation succession. In recent years, increased grain production and river-lake connectivity projects carried out in this area to increase grain outputs and restore wetlands have caused significant changes in the hydrological and landscape patterns. Therefore, research on the response of variation trends in vegetation patterns to the main driving factors (climate change and human activities) is critical for the conservation of the Siberian Crane. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we obtained and processed the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data of the study area during the peak summer vegetation period for each year from 1984 to 2020, estimated the annual vegetation cover using Maximum value composites (MVC) method and the image dichotomy method, calculated and analyzed the spatial and temporal trends of vegetation cover, explored the response of vegetation cover change in terms of climate change and human activities, and quantified the relative contribution of both. The results revealed that first, from the spatial and temporal changes, the average annual growth rate of regional vegetation was 0.002/a, and 71.14% of the study area was improved. The vegetation cover showed a trend of degradation and then recovery, in which the percentage of high vegetation cover area decreased from 51.22% (1984-2000) to 28.33% (2001-2005), and then recovered to 55.69% (2006-2020). Second, among climate change factors, precipitation was more correlated with the growth of vegetation in the study area than temperature, and the increase in precipitation during the growing season could promote the growth of marsh vegetation in the Momoge Reserve. Third, overall, human activities have contributed to the improvement of vegetation cover in the study area with the implementation of important ecological projects, such as the return of farmland to wetlands, the return of grazing to grass, and the connection of rivers and lakes. Fourth, climate change and human activities jointly drive vegetation change, but the contribution of human activities in both vegetation improvement and degradation areas (85.68% and 78.29%, respectively) is higher than that of climate change (14.32% and 21.71%, respectively), which is the main reason for vegetation improvement or degradation in the study area. The analysis of vegetation pattern change within an intensive time series in semi-arid regions can provide a reference and basis for studying the driving factors in regions with rapid changes in vegetation and hydrological conditions.

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Since urban land use efficiency (ULUE) bridges urbanization and economic efficiency while ecological carrying capacity (ECC) is the basic natural endowments support, the coupling coordination degree (CCD) between ULUE and ECC represents a combination of resource-intensive and environment-friendly, which can serve as an effective tool to evaluate sustainable development. We first quantified ULUE and ECC by super-efficiency DEA, DPSIR framework, and entropy-TOPSIS from a coupling perspective, attempting to compensate for the lack of clarity regarding urban sustainability constraint factors in the holistic perspective. On this basis, we formulate an integrated coupling coordination analysis framework comprising temporal and spatial characteristics, disorder diagnosis and interaction mechanism to synthesize the current scattered research directions into a logically clear framework and serve as a guide for future research on coupling. Moreover, to extend the macroscopic mechanism to a microscopic level at a theoretical level and facilitate more effective and sustainable urban management practices, this paper highlights a detailed multi-stage coupling mechanism corresponding to different stages of urban development, deriving an urban sustainable development spiral upward model. The results indicated that the CCD between ULUE and ECC exhibits a significant clustering pattern accompanied by a spatial spillover effect, which was closely related to economic development level and natural resource endowment. Besides, the disorder factor in the eastern Jilin province was ULUE while the western was ECC. Furthermore, the ULUE will take precedence over ECC breaking the old balance, in which technological innovation is the internal driving factor. These findings also illustrate the analysis framework and coupling mechanism mentioned in this paper can act as a nexus between interdisciplinary perspectives to enhance our understanding of changing social-ecological systems, thus serving urban sustainable development.

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Wetlands in semiarid regions have important ecological functions and provide services that are partly dependent on the landscape pattern and structure; therefore, it is important to assess the heterogeneity of wetland landscape conditions for wetland conservation and management. Widespread wetland degradation resulting from main factors in semiarid regions highlights the need for exploring the heterogeneity of wetland landscapes and their relationships with anthropogenic disturbances and precipitation. Wetlands in our study referred to natural wetlands, including marshes, rivers, and lakes. We used overall landscape metrics to assess wetland landscape conditions and used grid landscape metrics at a scale of 30 km using a moving window method to explore the heterogeneity of wetland landscapes during the period (1986-2019) for western Jilin Province. We performed Spearman correlation analyses of the landscape metrics with the Hemeroby index (HI) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). We suggested that wetland landscape composition metrics (e.g., NP and PD) and configuration metrics (e.g., ED and AI) had positive correlations with HI by 2019 (p < 0.01); in addition, wetland landscape composition metrics (e.g., NP and PD) and configuration metrics (e.g., ED) were negatively correlated with MAP during 1986-2019. In conclusion, wetland landscapes have become increasingly fragmented over the past few decades (1986-2019) in western Jilin Province and the reasons for this result mainly include the household contract responsibility system, along with rural productivity, severe overgrazing and reclamation, and climate change. Wetland landscape composition was positively correlated with human interference and negatively correlated with mean annual precipitation.

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Introduction: This study was aimed to examine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of sporotrichosis in China and specifically Jilin Province, which is one of the areas with the highest incidence worldwide, and to provide data support for the global prevalence of sporotrichosis. Methods: A total of 4969 cases of sporotrichosis diagnosed at the Second Hospital of Jilin University from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2019 were collected. Results: In Jilin Province, the male-to-female ratio was 1:2, the average age at onset was 48 ± 1 years, and the average disease duration was 4.8 ± 2.7 months. The most susceptible individuals were farmers. Cases occurred more commonly in the winter and spring (71.5%) than in the summer and autumn (28.5%). The fixed type infection was more prevalent. Among the cases, 64.8% showed typical mycological changes, and 77.6% showed atypical pathological changes. Regarding the epidemiological characteristics of sporotrichosis in China, 6565 cases were retrieved from the literature from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. Among them, the most affected area was Jilin Province, followed by Heilongjiang Province, and Liaoning Province. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.46. The fixed type infection was the most common. A total of 241 strains were identified by molecular biotechnology; among these, 217 were identified as Sporothrix globosa and 24 were identified as S. schenckii sensu stricto. Discussion: The results add clarity to the clinical epidemiology of sporotrichosis in China and specifically Jilin Province. We believe these data will help improve the epidemiology knowledge of sporotrichosis worldwide.

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Agricultural eco-efficiency is a meaningful index that assesses agricultural sustainable development. Based on the super SBM-DEA approach incorporating agricultural carbon emissions and panel data regression, this study evaluates agricultural eco-efficiency and investigates the influencing factors in the agricultural production zone of Jilin Province. The empirical results show the following. (1) During the observation period, the average agricultural eco-efficiency exhibits a flat "M-shaped" fluctuating trend, a trend of fluctuant growth with phase characteristics, and the agricultural eco-efficiency of each county still has much room for improvement. (2) Significant spatial differences exist in agricultural eco-efficiency across counties. All of the studied counties, except for Nong'an, Huadian, Lishu, Yitong, Gongzhuling, and Qianguo, need to change their input and output structure to optimize agricultural eco-efficiency. (3) The panel data regression estimation results indicate that the agricultural technology extension level, multiple-crop index, agricultural economic development level, agricultural technology extension level, and urbanization level have close correlations with agricultural eco-efficiency. (4) The research findings have important implications for policy makers formulating agricultural environmental policies in accordance with the local conditions of various counties.

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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the microbial contamination status of cold dishes consumed by residents of Jilin Province and investigated to determine the incidence of four pathogenic bacteria in cold dishes. A total of 300 samples of cold dishes, including meat, vegetable, and mixed products, were collected from three purchasing places: supermarkets, farmers' markets, and mobile vendors. Viable bacteria were isolated using conventional culture methods. After separation, a quick and easy PCR was used to detect Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. The results showed that the total number of microbial colonies in the vegetable samples exceeded the standard rate of 8% and the total number of microbial colonies in the meat and mixed samples did not exceed the standard. The total microbial colony count exceeded the standard in all three procurement sites, with the highest exceedance of 7.4% in the mobile vendor sites. The detection rates of enterotoxigenic E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella, among the four pathogenic bacteria detected in all samples, were 4.3, 3.3, 3.0, and 1.0%, respectively. This study can be used to qualitatively assess the microbiological quality associated with cold dishes. It provides data to support the detection of possible food safety problems.

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Reducing agricultural carbon emissions (ACE) is a key point to achieve green and sustainable development in agriculture. Based on the ACE statistics of Jilin Province in China from 1998 to 2018, this article considers the sources of ACE in depth, and fourteen different carbon sources are selected to calculate ACE. Besides, the paper explores the variation characteristics of ACE in Jilin Province, their structure, and the relationship between the intensity and density of the dynamic changes in ACE in the province in terms of time. Finally, this paper uses the Kaya identity and logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) to analyze the influential factors in ACE. The results show the following: (1) During 1998-2018, the amount of ACE in Jilin Province increased, with an average annual growth rate of 1.13%. However, the chain growth rate has been negative in recent years, which reflects that carbon emission reduction has been achieved to a certain extent. (2) The characteristics of ACE in Jilin Province during the years is that of the low-intensity, high density category. Furthermore, agricultural resource input is the main source of the planting industry's carbon emissions. From the perspective of animal husbandry, the proportion of CH4 decreased, while the proportion of N2O is relatively stable. (3) Based on the LMDI decomposition model, production efficiency, industrial structure, and labor are the three main factors that reduce ACE in Jilin Province. The economic level is the main factor of ACE, and it will be the most important factor leading to an increase in ACE in the short term. On the basis of comprehensive analysis, this article puts forward reasonable suggestions in terms of policy improvement, production mode and industrial structure adjustment, technological innovation, and talent introduction.

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Groundwater from deep confined aquifers is often recommended for use because of it's low fluoride health risk. Thus, this study appraised groundwater fluoride hydrochemistry in a multi-aquifer system in Jilin Qianan to determine the non-carcinogenic health risk liable from exploiting the respective aquifers. 124 samples collected from the tertiary confined aquifer (N), quaternary confined aquifer (Q1), and quaternary phreatic aquifer (Q3) during surveys in 2001 and 2017 was analyzed using hydrochemical, statistical, spatial, and health risk assessment methods. Results show that the dominant water facies in the respective aquifer layers was Na+K-HCO3+CO3 except in Q1, where Ca+Mg - HCO3 + CO3 was marginally dominant. Fluoride concentrations outside the recommended guideline occurred in all the aquifers except N, where concentrations were optimum. The mean fluoride concentration of groundwater in the aquifers was of the order Q3 (2017) > Q3 (2001) > Q1 > N ( mean 2.09, 2.03, 1.41 and 0.75 mg/L with 51.85%, 57.44%, 36.36% and 0% occurring beyond recommended guideline values respectively). Silicate weathering, cation exchange, and fluorite dissolution in an alkaline environment were the significant fluoride contributing processes. Evaporation and MgF+ complex additionally influenced Q1 and Q3 (2017). The total hazard quotient (THQ) from oral and dermal pathways shows fluoride health risks in the order: infant > children > adult. The associated risks likely from using water in the respective aquifer layers is of the order Q3 (2017) > Q3 (2001) > Q1 > N. The mean groundwater fluoride in 2017 was marginally higher than that of 2001 ( 2.09>2.03 mg/L respectively) although the percentage of age group members disposed to fluoride risk from using water from Q3 decreased from 2001 to 2017. Knowledge of local hydrogeology in exploiting deep groundwater free of fluoride pollution and on-site defluoridation treatment of groundwater was recommended in the study area and other areas with similar characteristics.

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BACKGROUND: The clinical characteristics of patients with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Jilin Province, China were investigated. METHODS: Clinical, laboratory, radiology, and treatment data of 41 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 were retrospectively collected. The population was stratified by disease severity as mild, moderate, or severe, based on guidelines of the National Health and Medical Commission of China. RESULTS: The 41 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were studied, and the median age was 45 years (interquartile range [IQR], 31-53; range, 10-87 years) and 18 patients (43.9%) were female. All of the patients had recently visited Wuhan or other places (ie, Beijing, Thailand) or had Wuhan-related exposure. Common symptoms included fever (32[78%]) and cough (29[70.7%]). All patients were without hepatitis B/C virus hepatitis. CRP (C-reactive protein, 11.3 mg/L [interquartile range {IQR}, 2.45-35.2]) was elevated in 22 patients (53.7%), and cardiac troponin I (1.5 ng/mL [IQR, 0.8-5.0]) was elevated in 41 patients (100%). Chest computed tomographic scans showed bilateral ground glass opacity (GGO) or GGO with consolidation in the lungs of 27(65.9%) patients. 31(75.6%) patients had an abnormal electrocardiograph (ECG). Comparing the three groups, the levels of CRP and cardiac troponin I, GGO distribution in bilateral lungs, and electrocardiogram changes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Cardiac troponin I had a strong positive correlation with CRP (r = 0.704, p = 0.042) and LDH (r = 0.738, p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Significant differences among the groups suggest that several clinical parameters may serve as biomarkers of COVID-19 severity at hospital admission. Elevated cTnI could be considered as a predictor of severe COVID-19, reflecting the prognosis of patients with severe COVID-19. The results warrant further inspection and confirmation.

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