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BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether a tubed fasciocutaneous or jejunal free flap (FCFF and JFF) is preferable for reconstruction of circumferential pharyngolaryngoesophageal defects. METHODS: All consecutive patients with circumferential pharyngolaryngoesophageal defects reconstructed with an FCFF or JFF between 2000 and 2022 were included. Outcomes of interest were rates of fistulas, strictures, and donor-site complications. RESULTS: In total, 112 patients were included (35 FCFFs and 77 JFFs). Fistula and stricture rates were significantly lower following JFF compared to FCFF reconstructions, with 12% versus 34% (p = 0.008) and 29% versus 49% (p = 0.04), respectively. Severe donor-site complications leading to surgical intervention or ICU admittance only occurred after JFF reconstructions (18%, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The high fistula and stricture rates in FCFF reconstructions and the rate of severe abdominal complications in JFF reconstructions illustrate inherent procedure-specific advantages and disadvantages. Relative pros and cons should be carefully weighed when tailoring treatments to the individual needs of patients.

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Although free-flap jejunal reconstruction is frequently performed after cervical esophagectomy for cervical esophageal cancer, the procedure after gastric surgery has not been reported. We encountered two patients with esophageal cancer and previous gastric surgeries who eventually underwent segmental esophagectomy with free-flap jejunal reconstruction. Case one involved a 75-year-old man who underwent abdominal abscess and duodenal ulcer perforation surgeries (abdominal drainage and subsequent gastrojejunal bypass). A type 0-IIa tumor was located posterior to the cervical esophagus's right wall, 21 cm from the incisor, without lymph node swelling or distant metastasis. The left lobe of the thyroid gland was mobilized to ensure an oral resection margin. Severe abdominal adhesions required careful adhesiolysis to harvest the jejunum (20 cm long) 40 cm from the jejunojejunostomy. An end-to-side and side-to-end esophagojejunostomy were performed for the proximal and distal ends, respectively. Case two involved a 75-year-old male with a history of distal gastrectomy with Billroth I reconstruction for early gastric cancer. A submucosal tumor-like lesion was located on the cervical esophageal wall on the left side, 21 cm from the incisor. The distal esophagus required additional segmental resection because the anal resection line was close to the tumor. Jejunum (10 cm long) 30 cm from Ligament of Treitz was harvested. An end-to-side and end-to-end esophagojejunostomy for the proximal and distal ends, respectively, was performed. This surgery requires a thorough preoperative examination to ensure an adequate surgical margin and a careful free-flap harvest based on post-gastric surgery anatomy.

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The current consensus in the management of hypopharyngeal cancers favors the non-surgical management. However, many studies have reported relatively better oncological and functional outcomes with the surgical approach in locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancers. In here, we report a tertiary care center's experience with total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy with gastric pull-up done for such cases. We also describe a slight modification of the procedure that has been followed at our institute, and discuss its advantages. It is a retrospective study of patients who have undergone the surgical procedure between the September 2016 and the March 2019. The primary objective was to analyze the surgical complications and the benefits in terms of disease clearance, survival duration, and functional outcomes. Study consisted of 15 patients, mostly men, with mean age of 56 years. 12/15 had stage IV disease and 7/15 were failed chemoradiotherapy. Most common complication of surgery was anastomotic failure (33%). Perioperative mortality rate was 13.3%. Higher complications could probably be attributed to poor nutrition and tension over the anastomosis. Mean survival duration and disease free interval were 12.1 and 11 months, respectively. Oral feeds was restored in 77%, and the average time to restore oral feeds was 17 days. Most of our results were comparable with the literature, which supports the surgical excision of larynx-pharynx-esophagus and reconstruction by pull-up, in all those medically fit cases of radio-recurrent/residual tumors, and also in primary cases of locally advanced hypopharyngeal cancers with non-functional larynx. In these scenarios, the radical surgical treatment would atleast serve as palliative if not curative.

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BACKGROUND: Jejunal free flap (JFF) reconstruction is a popular treatment option for advanced hypopharyngeal cancer. Several factors including ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) can cause mucosal damage and progressive flap necrosis. We investigated the development and time-related progression of morphological and cellular changes in patients with JFF reconstruction including cold preservation of the graft. METHODS: Eleven patients were enrolled. Biopsies were taken during surgery from normally perfused tissue, before loop isolation (T0), at the end of back-table surgery (T1), immediately before reperfusion (T2), 15' after reperfusion (T3), and at the end of the digestive anastomoses (T4) and from the external monitor daily from the 1st to the 5th postoperative day (M1-M5). Histomorphological and immunohistochemical parameters in the intraoperative and postoperative samples were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Delayed flap necrosis was observed in 2 patients. The cold ischemia phase did not negatively affect mucosal regeneration after reperfusion; morphological and cellular damage parameters returned to normal by the end of surgery or along the early postoperative period. Significant enterocyte replication activity was observed at the end of revascularization, which continued in the postoperative phase, leading to recovery of the epithelial morphological integrity and disappearance of apoptotic cells. An inflammatory infiltrate persisted in the M samples, and in a significant proportion of samples, mucosal fibrosis developed by the end of the postoperative observation. CONCLUSION: Cold perfusion and preservation of the JFF can effectively limit the negative effects of IRI and to prevent short- and medium-term complications that can compromise the final outcome.

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Anterior cervical plate fixation is a common surgical treatment for cervical spine trauma, disc herniation, or cervical spondylosis. Esophageal perforation following anterior cervical plate fixation is a rare but serious complication. Management of esophageal perforation is controversial; however, we suggest treating most cases surgically because this condition is slow to heal and often fatal. We managed 2 cases of esophageal perforation following anterior cervical plate fixation by flap reconstruction with the pectoralis major muscle in one case and a jejunal free flap in the other. Here, we report our experience and review the surgical indications.

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This article discusses the lessons learned from nearly 2700 free tissue transfer procedures to reconstruct defects of the head and neck at the University of Washington. It discusses the authors' perioperative management practices regarding perioperative tracheotomy tube placement, their method of postoperative flap monitoring, and their current protocol for use of postoperative antibiotics. It reports on the reconstructive preferences for 2 difficult defects that frequently result in unfavorable outcomes: the total glossectomy defect and the pharyngolaryngectomy defect. Key points for harvesting and insetting flaps, to maximize reconstructive outcomes, are provided.

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OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Tracheoesophageal (TE) voice restoration after laryngopharyngectomy with jejunal (Jej) flap and radial forearm flap (RFF) reconstruction has been successfully completed and studied for both techniques, but no direct comparisons exist. We undertook this study to directly compare TE voice in patients with total laryngopharyngectomy (TLP) reconstruction using the Jej and the RFF in a comprehensive and rigorous manner. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Forty patients after total laryngectomy or TLP were grouped by pharyngeal closure method: 18 primary closure (STL), 10 jejunal flap (TLP-Jej), and 12 radial forearm flap (TLP-RFF). Voice recordings underwent objective acoustic analysis and blinded subjective assessment by trained and naïve listeners. Quality-of-life (QOL) assessments were obtained in all subjects using general health, disease-specific, and voice-specific survey tools. RESULTS: All studies groups had similar demographics. Acoustic analysis demonstrated no differences in fundamental frequency or intensity levels. Subjective assessment demonstrated statistically significant inferior voice function of the reconstructed patients (TLP-Jej and TLP-RFF) compared to STL subjects for nearly all parameters tested by both naïve and trained listeners. No differences were noted between TLP-Jej and TLP-RFF subjects for any of the parameters evaluated. Overall, trained listeners assessed TE voice more favorably compared to naïve listeners in a significant manner. The three QOL surveys revealed no significant differences between TLP-Jej and TLP-RFF subjects. CONCLUSION: Tracheoesophageal voice in TLP-Jej and TLP-RFF subjects was equivalent but inferior to STL subjects. Reconstructed subjects had no differences in general, disease-specific, and voice-specific quality of life. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recently, both jejunal and fasciocutaneous free flap reconstruction are widely used after total laryngopharyngetomy for the treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the functional outcomes between jejunal and fasciocutaneous free flap in the reconstruction of hypopharynx after total laryngopharyngectomy. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: The medical records of 27 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer who underwent total laryngopharyngectomy and free flap reconstruction were reviewed retrospectively. Of 27 patients, 18 (66.7%) were reconstructed with jejunal free flap and 9 (33.3%) with fasciocutaneous free flap. We compared complications, flap success rates, functional outcomes such as swallowing, respiration and quality of life (QOL) between two reconstruction groups. The swallowing function was evaluated by Functional Outcome of Swallowing Scale (FOSS), and QOL was evaluated by EORTC QOL-C30, HN35. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients consisted of 26 males and 1 female. The mean age of 69+/-9.1. There were 4, 13, and 10 cases for T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Also, there were 8, 5, 7, and 7 for N0, N1, N2 and N3 cases. The success rate of free flap was 96.3%. The complication rate, operative time, the period of hospital stay did not differ between the two groups. The average score of FOSS was 0.92 in the jejunal group and 1.00 in the fasciocutaneous group. Quality of life was satisfactory in both groups. CONCLUSION: Both jejunal and fasciocutaneous free flap are very effective reconstructive methods after total laryngopharyngectomy for hypopharyngeal cancer. The choice of free flap can be determined based on the individual status of patient and preference of surgeon.

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PURPOSE: The jejunal free flap is the most standard and reliable procedure of reconstruction of the circumferential pharyngoesophageal defect because it provides pliable, elastic, secreting mucosa and posses reliable vascular anatomy. In this report, the authors introduce the modification of jejunal free flap for decreasing the complications in fatty complicated patients. METHOD: After harvesting the jejunum with mesentery and mesenteric vessels, both ends of jejunum were excised remaining the mesenteric portion. The jejunal portion of this composite flap was placed to reconstruct esophagopharyngeal defect area and the mesenteric portion was used to obliterate the dead space at paratracheal region and to cover the vital structure and the vascular anastomotic region. RESULT: A 72 year-old man with recurrent hypopharyngeal cancer who had about 15cm sized circumferential pharyngoesophageal defect after total pharyngectomy was reconstructed with jejunomesenteric composite free flap without any complications. CONCLUSION: The mesenteric flaps at both side of jejunomesenteric composite free flap provide the advantages that could obliterate dead space, that could provide cover for the vital cervical vascular structure in case of vascularity was compromised due to previous radiation therapy, and that could preserve as much vascularity at both ends of jejunal flap as possible.

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PURPOSE: The jejunal free flap has the shorter ischemic time than other flap and requires a laparotomy to harvest it. As the evaluation of the perfusion the buried flap is very important, the perfusion of the buried jejunal free flap requires monitoring for its salvage. We tried to improve the monitoring flap method in the jejunal free flap and examined its usefulness. METHODS: From March 2002 to March 2006, the monitoring flap method was applied to 4 cases in 8 jejunal free flaps for the pharyngeal and cervical esophageal reconstructions. The distal part of the jejunal flap was exposed without suture fixation through cervical wound for monitoring its perfusion. The status of perfusion was judged by the color change of jejunal mucosa and mesentery. If necessary, pin prick test was performed. Doppler sonography was applied to mesenteric pedicle of the monitoring flap in case of suspicious abnormal circulation. RESULTS: The monitoring flap shows no change in 3 cases, but the congestion happened in one case at the 12 hours after the operation. This congestion was caused by the twisting or kinking of the mesenteric pedicle of the monitoring flap. So, we fixed up the monitoring flap close to adjacent cervical skin for prevention of rotation. Finally, the main part of transferred jejunal flap was intact. CONCLUSION: The success of a jejunal free flap depends on close postoperative monitoring and early detection of vascular compromise. So, various monitoring methods have been tried, for instance, direct visualization using a fiberoptic pharyngoscope, through a Silastic window placed in the neck flap, or external surface monitoring with an Doppler sonography, use of a buried monitoring probe. But, all of the above have their own shortcomings of simplicity, non-invasiveness, reliability and etc. In our experience, monitoring flap can be a accurate and reliable method.

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OBJETIVO: Os autores apresentam os resultados de reconstruções esofágicas com retalho microcirúrgico de jejuno obtidos no Instituto Nacional de Câncer entre dezembro de 1998 e março de 2001, ressaltando suas vantagens, desvantagens e suas complicações. MÉTODO: Foram estudados sete pacientes portadores de neoplasias avançadas de laringe, faringe ou da tireóide que foram submetidos no Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Rio de Janeiro-Brasil) à reconstrução esofágica cervical com interposição de retalho livre de jejuno após faringolaringectomia associada à esofagectomia cervical. Foram cinco homens e duas mulheres com uma média de idade de 54 anos (39-66). Três pacientes foram submetidos à reconstrução esofágica imediata e em quatro casos a reconstrução foi tardia, em média após 10,5 meses. RESULTADOS: Não existiram perdas do retalho ou mortes no período pós-operatório avaliado. Das complicações, a mais freqüente foi infecção de ferida operatória (57,1 por cento). Fístulas salivares acometeram dois casos (28,5 por cento) e necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico. Outras complicações incluíram estenose (14,1 por cento) e hipopafatireoidismo (28,5 por cento). Não houve complicações abdominais. Quatro dos sete casos apresentaram recidiva da doença em um período médio de 16,6 meses. Cinco pacientes reconquistaram uma satisfatória capacidade de deglutição após o procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: A experiência apresentada sugere que o retalho livre de jejuno consiste em um procedimento seguro, com elevados índices de sucesso para reabilitação da via digestiva e com baixos índices de complicações se comparado a outros métodos.

OBJECTIVE: The present study describes the results at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer (Rio de Janeiro-BRAZIL) in reconstruction of cervical esophagus using jejunal interpositional flap. Advantages, disadvantages and possible complications are discussed. METHOD: Seven patients with Iocally advanced carcinoma of the Iarynx and thyroid underwent pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using free jejunal interpositional flap after pharyngolaryngectomy-esophagectomy from december/1 998 through march/2001 at Instituto Nacional de Cancer. There were five men and two women with mean age of 54,1 years old (39-66 years). Three patients underwent immediate esophageal reconstruction. In four cases, the reconstructions were performed under delayed basis (in mean, after 10,5 months). RESULTS: There were no flap failures or perioperative deaths. The most frequent complication was wound infection (57,1 percent). Salivary fistula occured in two cases (28,5 percent) and required secundary revision. Other complications were stenosis (14,1 percent) and hypoparathyroidism (28,5 percent).There were no abdominal complications. Four out of seven patients presented recurrent disease in a mean time of 8,5 months (3-13 months). Five patients (71 percent) acquired a satisfactory swallow function after surgery. CONCLUSION: The cases here presented, suggest that free jejunal flap is a safe procedure with high success rates for high digestive tract reabilitation, with few complications.