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Most of the primary hyperparathyroidism is due to adenomas in the parathyroid glands. Hypercalcemia is more common in primary hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism may be asymptomatic and detected incidentally as part of a routine serological evaluation. Oral health care providers should recognize distinct changes in the jawbone associated with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.

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Iodoform formulations are used as packing material following the surgical removal of jaw lesions. The purpose of this review was to explore the evidence and efficacy of iodoform-based dressings. We have systematically reviewed published articles according to the PRISMA statement. The search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, and the Cochrane Library database for articles mentioning the use of iodoform as dressing material for jaw lesions from January 2000 to March 2022. Finally, 92 studies were included. A total of 386 patients whose ages ranged from five months to 86 years (male n = 180, female n = 117). Different formulations of iodoform used were BIPP (n = 67), Whitehead's varnish (n = 17), iodoform (n = 7) and, iodine (n = 1) for its antiseptic properties. An iodoform impregnated gauze pack was changed once a week, most commonly, for a stipulated duration, until complete healing of the cavity. In the present review, iodoform was used, most commonly, in pathological cavities following surgical treatment of ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst. Toxicity was reported in two studies. Based on the current review, iodoform is relatively safe and can be used in the management of extensive jaw lesions in which secondary healing is expected. Prospective and randomised control trials are recommended to assess the efficacy of various formulations and to delineate the timeframe for patient compliance.

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Odontogenic tumors have the potential for the development of malformations of the teeth as well as the surrounding tissue. Sound knowledge of various types of jaw lesions and their characteristics will help the clinician with timely measures and management. Our main aim was to study the histopathological nature of various jaw lesions retrieved from biopsies and resected specimens. Consecutive 60 cases of jaw lesions were analyzed. Odontogenic cyst, odontogenic tumor, fibro-osseous lesions, and giant cell lesions were included in this study. Lesions of the oral cavity, soft tissue lesions, secondary and inflammatory lesions of the jaw were excluded. H&E stained slides were examined by light microscopy. A total of 60 jaw lesions were analyzed for histologic type. Odontogenic cysts (55%) were found to be most common followed by odontogenic tumors (25%), fibro-osseous lesions (10%), giant cell lesions (05%), and non-odontogenic cysts (05%). The most commonly affected age groups were between 20-40 years. The mandible was more commonly involved bone. To conclude, based only on histology, the distinction between odontogenic cysts is difficult and almost impossible when they are secondarily infected. For definitive diagnosis clinical-radiological correlation is needed.

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Jaw lesions in the pediatric population, although infrequently encountered in clinical practice, can cause functional impairment and cosmetic disfiguring. It is further complicated by the difficulty in diagnosis due to complex anatomy and facial developmental process during infancy and childhood. Intraosseous pediatric jaw lesions may vary from odontogenic to nonodontogenic types with nonspecific clinical features in most cases. They deserve careful attention by a systematic approach to provide a relevant diagnosis or differential diagnosis for timely management. Imaging plays a major role in diagnosis with orthopantomograph being the foremost investigation, followed by cross-sectional imaging, essentially computed tomography as a problem-solving tool. This article highlights the imaging spectrum of various jaw lesions in the pediatric population with a pattern-based approach for radiological diagnosis.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in imaging characteristics and the diagnostic accuracy of 225 intraosseous jaw lesions on panoramic radiographs (PAN) versus cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: 225 sets of PAN and CBCT images with biopsy-proven histopathological diagnoses were retrospectively compared in terms of radiographic features and diagnostic accuracy. The imaging characteristics of PAN and CBCT were independently evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists who were required to answer 12 questions and provided up to three differential diagnoses with their confidence scores. RESULTS: Odds ratios (ORs) were statistically significant for border cortication (OR = 1.521; p = .003) and border continuity (OR = 0.421; p = .001), involvement on neurovascular canals (OR = 2.424; p < .001), expansion (OR = 7.948; p < .001), cortical thinning (OR = 20.480; p < .001) as well as its destruction (OR = 25.022; p < .001) and root resorption (OR = 2.477; p < .001). Furthermore, imaging features in the posterior and mandibular regions showed better agreement than those in the anterior and maxillary regions, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of the first differential diagnosis was higher on CBCT than on PAN (Observer 1:78.7 vs 64.4%; Observer 2: 78.7 vs 70.2% (p < .001)). The observers' confidence scores were also higher at CBCT interpretation compared with PAN. CONCLUSIONS: CBCT demonstrated a greater number of imaging characteristics of intraosseous jaw lesions compared with PAN, especially in the anterior regions of both jaws and in the maxilla. Diagnostic accuracy is improved with CBCT compared to PAN, especially for lesions in the maxilla. Radiologists have greater confidence when using CBCT.

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A jaw lesion reported in mink exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and TCDD-like chemicals is considered a potential indicator of exposure to these chemicals. Many of the effects of TCDD-like chemicals are induced through interaction with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The present study indicates that mink dosed with ß-naphthoflavone, which is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand but not a TCDD-like chemical, also develop the lesion. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:460-463. © 2018 SETAC.

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OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether ultrasonography (US) can be used in combination with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to image intraosseous jaw lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using CBCT and US, we evaluated 123 lytic intraosseous jaw lesions diagnosed in 121 patients with guidance from the CBCT findings. The lesions were classified into two groups based on histopathological evaluation: (1) cysts and (2) tumors and tumor-like lesions. US and histopathological findings on the lesions of the two groups and their relationships with each other were also assessed. Results are reported as means ± standard errors, and p < 0.001 was accepted as indicating statistical significance. RESULT: In total, 123 lesions were evaluated; 74 (60.2%) were cysts and 49 (39.8%) were tumors or tumor-like lesions. The CBCT and US findings were compatible as far as dimensional measurements of the lesions in the three planes (p < 0.001). The US and histopathological findings on the content of the lesions correlated (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CBCT provides useful information for diagnosing intraosseous jaw lesions. Because it offers no valid Hounsfield unit (HU) value, it does not differentiate between solid and cystic masses. Thus, US can be used with CBCT to image intraosseous jaw lesions caused by buccal cortical thinning or perforation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: US provides useful information about intraosseous jaw lesions and can be used with CBCT to image such lesions caused by buccal cortical thinning or perforation. Clinicians can take this information into consideration when evaluating intraosseous jaw pathology.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence, age, gender, jaw-sites and subtypes of radicular cyst, and to determine the incidence of ameloblastomatous change in radicular cyst in a Nigerian population. METHOD: A 10-year retrospective analysis of all diagnosed orofacial lesions in the Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. RESULTS: From the 785 diagnosed orofacial lesions within the study period; there were 54 (6.9%) cases of radicular cysts of the jaws. The peak age group was the 3(rd) decade (n=23, 42.6%) with a mean age of 31 ± 1.7 years. There were 29 (53.7%) males and 25 (46.3%) females, giving a ratio of 1.2:1. The mandible was the commonest jaw-site (n=32, 59.3%). There were 12 (22.2%) cases of periapical cyst which were significantly associated with anterior maxillary site (n=8, 14.8%) [p=0.001]. Seven (13.0%) cases of cystic ameloblastoma were diagnosed among the radicular cysts, with a predilection of the lesions for 3(rd) and 4(th) decades of life (n=6, 11.1%), and posterior mandible (n=5, 9.3%). CONCLUSION: This study showed a low incidence of radicular cyst of the jaw among orofacial lesions and a relatively higher incidence of ameloblastomatous change in radicular cyst compared to previous reports. Immuno-histochemical examination is recommended to differentiate radicular cyst with ameloblastomatous-like change from cystic ameloblastoma arising from radicular cyst.

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The keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a relatively rare, benign neoplasm that develops in the maxilla or mandible, arising from the dental lamina or basal cells of the oral epithelium. The disease is characterized by aggressive growth and a high recurrence rate following surgical treatment. We present a case of a 55-year-old man with a giant KCOT of the mandible. The imaging features and differential diagnosis are described with discussion of the surgical management.

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Preoperative diagnosis of jaw lesions is not always possible on the basis of clinico-radiological findings alone and needs to be confirmed before attempting any surgical intervention. Fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw comprise a spectrum of diseases which include cement-osseous dysplasia, fibrous dysplasia, and ossifying fibroma. The cytomorphological distinction between these individual entities is difficult. We present a case of maxillary fibro-osseous lesion in an adolescent girl diagnosed and categorized as juvenile ossifying fibroma preoperatively on cytology and confirmed on histopathology. Although aspirates are usually paucicellular in fibro-osseous lesions, certain cytological features if present in cellular cytosmears can offer further categorization and a definitive diagnosis may be possible in light of clinico-radiological correlation.

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The aim was to study the prevalence and sociodemographic features of odontogenic, non-odontogenic and salivary glands lesions among patients seen in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. This information is essential to assist clinician in formulating reliable differential diagnosis of such lesion. Data on patient demographics, lesion location, tissue of origin and microscopic diagnosis were extracted from the Laboratory and Diagnosis record registries for biopsy specimen accessioned from year 2000 to 2012. This data was subsequently analyzed based on World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours (2005). A total of 748 cases were included in the study. Out of the total number of cases, 367 cases were males and 377 cases were females. Ninety seven cases (13%) were of odontogenic origin, while 90 cases (12%) and 197 cases (26%) were of non-odontogenic and salivary gland origin respectively. Forty five percent of cases involved oral mucosal lesions. The most prevalent odontogenic lesion reported within the twelve years period was radicular cyst and ameloblastoma. Non-odontogenic bone lesion was rarely encountered with it making up less than two percent of total cases reported. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most prevalent benign salivary glands neoplasm reported within similar time period.

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Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a relatively common soft tissue tumor but only 6%-7% of cases are diagnosed in the head and neck region. It typically occurs in young adults and is slightly more common in males. The most common sites in the head and neck region are hypopharynx and parapharyngeal spaces. However, SS can also occur in tonsils, tongue, and orofacial soft tissues. It is not difficult to diagnose SS microscopically with its classic biphasic appearance, but the diagnosis of monophasic forms is more challenging especially in unusual locations. In this article, we report a rare case of monophasic SS of the mandible. The clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features are discussed and compared with previously reported cases in the literature. To our knowledge, only six primary involvements have been reported in the jaws. Therefore, our case represents the seventh reported case of SS in the area.

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Multiple myeloma is a systemic B-cell lymphoproliferative disease with varied manifestations. Its diagnosis can therefore pose difficulties for both the clinicians and pathologists. Jaw lesions, though not uncommon, rarely present as the first sign in multiple myeloma. We present here the case of a 45 year-old female who presented with a swelling of the jaw and on subsequent work-up, was diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Recent research regarding this disease has also been highlighted.

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