RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Herbal medicines (HMs) often exert integration effects, including synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects, in such ways that they act on multiple targets and multiple pathways on account of their multiple components. Turmeric, made from the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., is a well-known HM prescribed in the polyherbal formulas for cancer treatment in traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). However, neither the multiple anticancer compounds of turmeric nor the integration effects of these components are fully known. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work aims to develop a systematic approach to reveal the integration effect mechanisms of multiple anticancer compounds in turmeric against prostate cancer PC3 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Combination index and omics technologies were applied to profile the integration effect mechanisms of bioactive compounds in proportions naturally found in turmeric. PC3 cell line (a prostate cancer cell line) fishing and high resolution mass spectrometry were employed to screen and identify the anticancer compounds from turmeric. The combinations which contain different cell-bound compounds in natural proportions were prepared for further evaluation of anti-cancer activity by using cell viability assays, and assessment of cell apoptosis and cell cycle analysis. Combination index analysis was applied to study the integration effects of the anticancer compounds in their natural proportions. Finally, quantitative glycoproteomics/proteomics and Western blot were implemented to reveal the potential synergistic effect mechanisms of the anticancer compounds based on their natural proportions in turmeric. RESULTS: Three curcuminoids (curcumin, CUR; demethoxycurcumin, DMC; bisdemethoxycurcumin, BDMC) in turmeric were discovered and shown to possess significant synergistic anticancer activities. Combination index analysis revealed an additive effect of CUR combined with DMC or BDMC and a slight synergistic effect of DMC combined with BDMC in natural proportions in turmeric, while a combination of all three curcuminoids (CUR, DMC and BDMC) at a ratio of 1:1:1 yielded superior synergistic effects. Interestingly, the presence of BDMC and DMC are essential for synergistic effect. Glycoproteomics and proteomics demonstrated that different curcuminoids regulate various protein pathways, such as ribosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis of amino acids, and combination of CUR + DMC + BDMC showed the most powerful effects on down-regulation of protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our analytical approach provides a systematic understanding of the holistic activity and integration effects of the anti-cancer compounds in turmeric and three curcuminoids of turmeric showed a synergistic effect on PC3 cells.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Curcuma , Diarilheptanoides/farmacología , Glicómica , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteómica , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Curcuma/química , Diarilheptanoides/aislamiento & purificación , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Masculino , Células PC-3 , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Mapas de Interacción de Proteínas , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L, Zingiberaceae) rhizomes exhibit versatile biological activities including the significant anti-cancer property. As an herbal medicine, the therapeutic effects of turmeric may be expressed by multi-components which have complicated integration effects on multi-targets. Therefore, having previously found three A549 cell-binding curcuminoids (curcumin, Cur; demethoxycurcumin, DMcur; bisdemethoxycurcumin, BMcur) from turmeric, studies were undertaken in this paper to determine the anti-cancer mechanism and integration effects of these curcuminoids by using chemical markers' knockout and UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS-based metabolomics. Four curcuminoid-containing fractions including a mixture of 3 cell-binding curcuminoids (CE), and three individual curcuminoids with natural proportion in turmeric were prepared by chemical markers' knockout method. CE, Cur, DMcur and BMcur fractions showed significant anti-cancer activity on A549 cells. The activities of CE, Cur and BMcur fractions were comparative with the turmeric crude extract (TcE). In the metabolomics study, CE and three individual curcuminoid fractions changed the expression of 25 metabolites in A549 cells, which were involved in glycerophospholipid catabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism, etc. Among them, glycerophospholipid catabolism was disordered greatly in CE group, while sphingolipid metabolism was suggested to be closely related to DMcur and BMcur activity. Furthermore, the metabolomics data showed that three curcuminoids existed synergistic and antagonistic actions and the use of multi-curcuminoids is more powerful than use of single curcuminoid on the metabolic alterations of A549 cells.