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Introduction: Fractures pose a tremendous burden on the health care systems due to the prolonged duration of admission. Addressing various determinants that prolong hospital stay will help minimize the cost of treatment. Objective: To study the determinants associated with the duration of hospital stay among patients admitted with fractures. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a private tertiary care hospital in Mangalore. A semi-structured proforma was used for collecting data from the medical records. Results: The mean age of the 124 patients were 48.3±21.4 years. The majority were males [69(55.6 por ciento)] and were from urban areas [86(69.3 por ciento)]. Co-morbidities were present among 69(55.6 por ciento) patients. Out of the total patients, 8(6.4 por ciento) were alcoholics, and 10(8.1 por ciento) were tobacco smokers. The majority [50(40.3 por ciento)] had fracture of the femur. Five (4 por ciento) patients developed complications during the post-operative period. Seventy-eight (62.9 por ciento) patients had medical insurance facilities. The mean duration of hospital stay was 9.6±3.2 days among the patients. The mean duration of hospital stay among patients (n=115) before surgery was 2.4±1.6 days. Increased pre-operative stay, increasing age, rural residential status, open type of fracture, and being given general anaesthesia for the operative procedure were significant predictors determining the period of stay among patients in the hospitals. Alcoholic status independently influenced the period of stay in the pre-operative period. Conclusion: Both patient and treatment characteristics were important determinants associated with the duration of hospital stay. Targeting these predictors will help to manage in-patients better and shorten their duration of hospital stay(AU)

Introducción: Las fracturas suponen una enorme carga para los sistemas sanitarios debido a la duración prolongada del ingreso. Abordar varios determinantes que prolongan la estadía en el hospital ayudará a minimizar el costo del tratamiento. Objetivo: Estudiar los determinantes asociados a la duración de la estancia hospitalaria en pacientes ingresados con fracturas. Métodos: Este es un estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado en un hospital privado de atención terciaria en Mangalore. Se utilizó una proforma semiestructurada para la recolección de datos de las historias clínicas. Resultados: La edad media de los 124 pacientes fue de 48,3±21,4 años. La mayoría eran hombres [69 (55,6 percent)] y de áreas urbanas [86 (69,3 percent)]. Las comorbilidades estuvieron presentes en 69 (55,6 percent) pacientes. Del total de pacientes, 8 (6,4 percent) eran alcohólicos y 10 (8,1 percent) fumadores. La mayoría [50 (40,3 percent)] tenía fractura de fémur. Cinco (4 percent) pacientes desarrollaron complicaciones durante el postoperatorio. Setenta y ocho (62,9 percent) pacientes tenían seguro médico. La duración media de la estancia hospitalaria fue de 9,6±3,2 días entre los pacientes. La duración media de la estancia hospitalaria de los pacientes (n=115) antes de la cirugía fue de 2,4±1,6 días. El aumento de la estancia preoperatoria, el aumento de la edad, el estado residencial rural, el tipo de fractura abierta y la anestesia general para el procedimiento quirúrgico fueron predictores significativos que determinaron el período de estancia entre los pacientes en los hospitales. El estado alcohólico influyó de forma independiente en el tiempo de estancia en el preoperatorio. Conclusión: Tanto las características del paciente como las del tratamiento fueron determinantes importantes asociadas con la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Abordar estos predictores ayudará a manejar mejor a los pacientes hospitalizados y acortar la duración de su estadía en el hospital(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk factors, incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions in in-patients. METHODS: This prospective study evaluated 472 patients treated at a teaching hospital in Brazil between 2010 and 2013 by five medical specialties: Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Geriatrics, Neurology, and Clinical Immunology and Allergy. The following variables were assessed: patient age, gender, comorbidities, family history of hypersensitivity, personal and family history of atopy, number of prescribed drugs before and during hospitalization, hospital diagnoses, days of hospitalization. The patients were visited every other day, and medical records were reviewed by the investigators to detect adverse drug reactions. RESULTS: There were a total of 94 adverse drug reactions in 75 patients. Most reactions were predictable and of moderate severity. The incidence of adverse drug reactions was 16.2%, and the incidence varied, according to the medical specialty; it was higher in Internal Medicine (30%). Antibiotics were the most commonly involved medication. Chronic renal failure, longer hospital stay, greater number of diagnoses and greater number of medications upon admission were risk factors. For each medication introduced during hospitalization, there was a 10% increase in the rate of adverse drug reaction. In the present study, the probability of observing an adverse drug reaction was 1 in 104 patients per day. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse drug reactions are frequent and potentially serious and should be better monitored in patients with chronic renal failure or prolonged hospitalization and especially in those on 'polypharmacy' regimens. The rational use of medications plays an important role in preventing adverse drug reactions.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: existe asociación entre diabetes mellitus(DM) e insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), planteándose una miocardiopatía inducida por DM, sin embargo, se desconoce la fisiopatología exacta. OBJETIVO: describir la población de pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardiaca descompensada (ICD). MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de cohorte transversal en pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de ICD.Se obtuvieron datos delingreso de la Unidad de Emergencias, anamnesis y epicrisis. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, duración de la hospitalización, comorbilidades, causa de la IC y de su descompensación, evolución clínica y complicaciones adyacentes, realización de ecocardiograma y hospitalizaciones previas por ICD. Se comparó descriptivamente entre subgrupo de pacientes diabéticos y no diabéticos. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo 31 pacientes,todos con diagnóstico previo de IC, 10 de ellos diabéticos.La etiología isquémica fuemásfrecuente en los diabéticos y éstos presentaban mayores hospitalizaciones previas por ICD y mayores complicaciones durante la hospitalización. Los no diabéticos tuvieron más días de hospitalización y fracción de eyección (FE) más baja. Fallecieron 2 pacientes, ninguno diabético. Los pacientes diabéticos tenían un inadecuado control metabólico según valor de hemoglobina glicada. CONCLUSIONES: la población diabética presentó mayor proporción de insuficiencia cardiaca de etiología isquémica y mayores complicaciones durante la hospitalización. Se encontró diferencias a lo descrito en la literatura, en cuanto a días de hospitalización y mortalidad,lo que probablemente se explica por la muestra pequeña y laFE menor en no diabéticos. La DM mal controladaparecióser unfactorinfluyente enla rehospitalización porICD.

INTRODUCTION: diabetes mellitus and heart failure are associated, possibly through a diabetes-induced myocardiopathy, however the precise pathophysiology remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: to describe a population of patients hospitalized for heart failure. METHODS: a descriptive study of a transversal cohort of inpatients diagnosed with heart failure. Data were taken from Aand E admissions, patient histories and discharge papers. The variables studied were: age, sex, length of stay, co-morbidities, cause of heart failure and its exacerbation, clinical course and complications, heart ultrasound findings, and prior hospitalizations for heart failure. The sub-groups diabetic and non-diabetic were compared descriptively. RESULTS: We describe 31 patients already diagnosed with heart failure, 10 being diabetic. Ischemic etiology was more frequent in the diabetic patients and these had had more hospitalizations and presented more complications. The non-diabetics had longer hospital stays and a lower ejection fraction. Two patients died. Neither was diabetic. Glycated hemoglobin levels showed that the diabetics had poor metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS: the diabetic group had a higher incidence of ischemic heart failure and more complications during their stay. Our values for length of stay and mortality differ from those found in the literature, probably because of the small sample size and the low ejection fraction found in non-diabetics. Poorly controlled diabetes seems to be a factor in re-admission for heart failure

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La catarata constituye una causa frecuente y obligada de consulta en los pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias por la mala visión que produce y para la evaluación del tratamiento quirúrgico. En estos pacientes la cirugía es más complicada. Realizamos una revisión actualizada del tema en los últimos diez años. Se plantean algunas consideraciones sobre los protocolos de tratamiento pre, trans y posquirúrgicos para la cirugía de la catarata, las dificultades y los elementos a tener en cuenta para el mejor tratamiento e implante de lente intraocular. Las opciones de tratamiento, el control pre y posquirúrgico, así como de evitar las complicaciones transquirúrgicas, son fundamentales para el mejor pronóstico de pacientes con uveítis. Nos propusimos realizar una revisión del tema en la literatura publicada en los últimos diez años, así como exponer nuestras experiencias y los elementos a tener en cuenta para el mejor resultado de la cirugía de catarata(AU)

Cataract represents a common cause of medical consultation in patients with inflammatory illnesses because of the visual problems it brings about and the evaluation of the surgical treatment. Surgery is more complicated to be performed in these patients. A literature review on this topic in the last ten years was made. Some considerations were put forward about the treatment protocols before, during and after cataract surgery, the difficulties and elements to be taken into account for best treatment and implantation of the intraocular lens. The treatment choices, the preoperative and postoperative control as well as the prevention of transoperative complications are fundamental for better prognosis of patients with uveitis. We intended to make a literature review on this topic using the articles published in the last ten years as well as to present our experiences and the elements to take into account to achieve best results in the cataract surgery(AU)

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La catarata constituye una causa frecuente y obligada de consulta en los pacientes con enfermedades inflamatorias por la mala visión que produce y para la evaluación del tratamiento quirúrgico. En estos pacientes la cirugía es más complicada. Realizamos una revisión actualizada del tema en los últimos diez años. Se plantean algunas consideraciones sobre los protocolos de tratamiento pre, trans y posquirúrgicos para la cirugía de la catarata, las dificultades y los elementos a tener en cuenta para el mejor tratamiento e implante de lente intraocular. Las opciones de tratamiento, el control pre y posquirúrgico, así como de evitar las complicaciones transquirúrgicas, son fundamentales para el mejor pronóstico de pacientes con uveítis. Nos propusimos realizar una revisión del tema en la literatura publicada en los últimos diez años, así como exponer nuestras experiencias y los elementos a tener en cuenta para el mejor resultado de la cirugía de catarata(AU)

Cataract represents a common cause of medical consultation in patients with inflammatory illnesses because of the visual problems it brings about and the evaluation of the surgical treatment. Surgery is more complicated to be performed in these patients. A literature review on this topic in the last ten years was made. Some considerations were put forward about the treatment protocols before, during and after cataract surgery, the difficulties and elements to be taken into account for best treatment and implantation of the intraocular lens. The treatment choices, the preoperative and postoperative control as well as the prevention of transoperative complications are fundamental for better prognosis of patients with uveitis. We intended to make a literature review on this topic using the articles published in the last ten years as well as to present our experiences and the elements to take into account to achieve best results in the cataract surgery(AU)

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Partindo de uma experiência psicanalítica de mais de cinquenta anos de exercício, o autor, visando o momento atual da psicanálise contemporânea, levanta uma série de questões como: existe, de fato, um mal-estar entre os psicanalistas e nas instituições de ensino de psicanálise? Em caso de resposta afirmativa, qual é este mal-estar; como, onde e por que ele aparece? A psicanálise está em crise? Essa é positiva ou negativa? Existem profundas diferenças entre psicanálise e psicoterapia psicanalítica? O artigo se propõe a refletir sobre essas perguntas, e o seu maior enfoque consiste nas reflexões acerca das transformações no perfil da pessoa do paciente atual, do psicanalista e do próprio processo psicanalítico.

From a psychoanalytic experience of over fifty years in office, the author, aimed at the current moment of contemporary psychoanalysis, raises a several questions such as: there is indeed a uneasiness among psychoanalysts and educational institutions of psychoanalysis ? If yes, what is this uneasiness, how, where and why it appears? Psychoanalysis is in crisis? This is positive or negative? There are profound differences between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical psychotherapy? The article purports to reflect on these questions, and their main focus is on the reflections about the transformations in the profile of the person's current patient, the psychoanalyst and the psychoanalytical process itself.

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Partindo de uma experiência psicanalítica de mais de cinquenta anos de exercício, o autor, visando o momento atual da psicanálise contemporânea, levanta uma série de questões como: existe, de fato, um mal-estar entre os psicanalistas e nas instituições de ensino de psicanálise? Em caso de resposta afirmativa, qual é este mal-estar; como, onde e por que ele aparece? A psicanálise está em crise? Essa é positiva ou negativa? Existem profundas diferenças entre psicanálise e psicoterapia psicanalítica? O artigo se propõe a refletir sobre essas perguntas, e o seu maior enfoque consiste nas reflexões acerca das transformações no perfil da pessoa do paciente atual, do psicanalista e do próprio processo psicanalítico (AU)

From a psychoanalytic experience of over fifty years in office, the author, aimed at the current moment of contemporary psychoanalysis, raises a several questions such as: there is indeed a uneasiness among psychoanalysts and educational institutions of psychoanalysis ? If yes, what is this uneasiness, how, where and why it appears? Psychoanalysis is in crisis? This is positive or negative? There are profound differences between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical psychotherapy? The article purports to reflect on these questions, and their main focus is on the reflections about the transformations in the profile of the person's current patient, the psychoanalyst and the psychoanalytical process itself (AU)

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OBJETIVOS: A proposta deste estudo é compreender as vivências de familiares de pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital público e privado através de uma aproximação ao referencial da fenomenologia. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 27 familiares de pacientes adultos, sendo 10 de instituição pública e 17 de instituição privada. RESULTADOS: Da análise das entrevistas da instituição pública emergiram quatro categorias temáticas. Na instituição privada somaram-se seis categorias. Na busca de suas semelhanças e diferenças quatro categorias temáticas foram encontradas nas duas instituições e apenas duas não emergiram no estudo do hospital público. CONCLUSÃO: Não há diferenças significativas das categorias dos hospitais público e privado, o que demonstra que a forma como a família vivencia a internação de um paciente na unidade de terapia intensiva não se relaciona a aspectos sociais ou financeiros. Entretanto, faz-se necessário um maior conhecimento de diretrizes e programas do governo federal que favorecem a humanização ao permitir o acompanhamento da família nos serviços terciários.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the experience of family members, during a patient's stay in the intensive care unit of public and private hospitals using an approximation to the phenomenology referential. METHODS: We interviewed 27 relatives of adult patients, 10 from a public institution and 17 from a private one. RESULTS: From analyses of interviews in a public institution, four thematic categories emerged. In a private institution six categories were identified. Searching for differences and similarities, four similar thematic categories were perceived in both institutions and two categories were absent in the public hospital. CONCLUSION: There are no significant differences between categories in private and public hospitals. This indicates that family behavior and reactions to patient's admission to the ICU are not associated with social or financial aspects. However, a greater knowledge of government policies and programs is necessary, because they favor humanization by allowing family members to accompany the patient in tertiary services.

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El tratamiento de los pacientes con neoplasia y neutropenia febril plantea muchas dudas. Una de ellas, que genera ansiedad en el personal de la salud, el paciente y sus familiares, es la necesidad de hospitalización porque ésta implica exponer a gérmenes intrahospitalarios potencialmente resistentes a un paciente cuyo sistema inmune puede no estar en las mejores condiciones; incluso con un aislamiento óptimo existe el riesgo de adquirir una infección nosocomial. Muchos estudios han tratado de validar métodos para clasificar a los pacientes con fiebre y neutropenia en grupos de diferente riesgo, como fundamento para implementar estrategias de tratamiento selectivo; así se ha abierto la posibilidad de utilizar medidas más conservadoras para el tratamiento de los episodios de bajo riesgo, entre ellas la administración de regímenes orales ambulatorios de antibióticos de amplio espectro; ello sin demeritar la necesidad de aplicar un juicio clínico adecuado, hacer un buen seguimiento y tener acceso a la atención médica inmediata. La neutropenia es una de las consecuencias graves de la quimioterapia para el cáncer, y se ha demostrado que el tratamiento del paciente neutropénico febril con antibióticos intravenosos reduce la mortalidad. La terapia oral podría ser una alternativa aceptable para pacientes bien seleccionados. Ella puede mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con cáncer, evitar las complicaciones asociadas con la terapia intravenosa y disminuir los costos del tratamiento.

Treatment of patients with neoplasia and febrile neutropenia, as a consequence of chemotherapy, poses many doubts, among them the need for hospitalization, since this implies exposure to potentially resistant nosocomial microorganisms. Even under the best isolation techniques, there may be risks for individuals whose immune system may not be in optimal conditions. Multiple studies have tried to validate methods for classifying patients with febrile neutropenia according to their risk of complications. Such classification systems could be the base forimplementing selective treatment strategies, one of which would be the oral ambulatory administration of wide-spectrum antibiotics. Neutropenia is one of the serious consequences of cancer chemotherapy, and it has been demonstrated that intravenous antibiotic treatment reduces mortality. Therefore,oral therapy could constitute an acceptable alternative for well-selected patients but the need for applying good clinical judgement, properly following up patients, and the availability ofimmediate access to medical attention should be emphasized. The following are among the potential benefits of oral treatment: better quality of life forpatients and their families, avoidance of the complications associated with intravenous therapy, and diminished costs of health care.

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