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Background: Anticoagulation therapy is crucial for managing various cardiovascular and thrombotic conditions; however, optimal delivery remains challenging in primary care. Pharmacist-led anticoagulation services have emerged as a potential strategy for enhancing patient care and outcomes in such settings. Understanding the perspectives of key stakeholders is critical for successful implementation. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the perceptions of key stakeholders involved in the implementation of pharmacist-led anticoagulation clinics in primary care settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using structured, pilot-tested questionnaires between August and October 2023. Patients receiving warfarin, pharmacists, and physicians working across various primary healthcare centres were invited to complete an online survey. Each group of stakeholders had individualised questionnaires to assess their perceptions and expectations with regard to developing pharmacist-led anticoagulation clinics in primary care. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The response rates for the survey were 29.4% for physicians, 10.4% for patients, and 48.6% for pharmacists. Participants expressed positive perceptions toward pharmacist-led anticoagulation clinics, acknowledging benefits such as improved access to care, enhanced medication management, and increased patient education. The respondents expressed confidence in the expertise and skills of pharmacists in this role. However, healthcare providers strongly agree that pharmacists should receive additional training specific to anticoagulation management. Establishing standardised protocols and fostering interprofessional collaboration were identified as the main facilitators for practical implementation. Conclusions: Broad support exists for pharmacist-led anticoagulation clinics in primary care, though additional pharmacist training and accountability concerns need to be addressed for successful implementation.

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BACKGROUND: Recovery colleges are service user-led educational interventions aiming at empowering people with mental health issues and promoting recovery through peer learning. Despite the increasing interest in recovery colleges in recent years and the demonstrated beneficial effects for users, there is limited research addressing aspects that influence their implementation. This knowledge is necessary for the successful integration of such interventions in various contexts. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore factors that influence the implementation of a recovery college embedded within a Swedish psychiatry organization. METHODS: A qualitative case study of a recovery college based on semistructured interviews with 8 course participants, 4 course leaders, and 4 clinical staff was conducted. The transcripts were scrutinized with conventional content analysis, and the interpretation of results was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. RESULTS: The findings highlight key areas that either hinder or promote the successful implementation of the recovery college. These areas included recruitment, resources, staff attitudes, and ways of organizing courses. Each area has elements that appear both as facilitators and barriers, demonstrating the duality of conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Allocating dedicated resources, engaging individuals with service user experience as organizers who are willing to share their personal experience, having an open-door policy, creating an open space for participants to share their experiences, and offering practical advice and written material are useful to create favorable conditions for a recovery college to reach its goals of empowering psychiatry service users.

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BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality, despite the availability of effective treatment of possible serious bacterial illness (PSBI), including when referral to a hospital is not feasible. Gaps in access and delivery worsened during COVID-19. We conducted embedded implementation research in Ethiopia and Kenya aimed at mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and addressing various implementation challenges to improve PSBI management. METHODS: The implementation research projects were implemented at the subnational level in Ethiopia and Kenya between November 2020-June 2022 (Ethiopia) and December 2020-August 2022 (Kenya). Guided by the implementation research frameworks, both projects conducted mixed formative quantitative and exploratory research from April to May 2021, followed by summative evaluations conducted between June and July 2022. Frameworks encompassed Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM), as well as health systems framework that incorporates cascades of care and World Health Organization Health Systems Building Blocks. Results were synthesized across the projects through document review and sharing cross-project measures and strategies through a project community of practice. RESULTS: Despite differences in settings across the projects, cross-cutting facilitators included community health worker program and support, and existence of guidelines for PSBI management at primary care levels. Barriers included community attitudes towards seeking care for sick newborns, COVID-19 risks and fear, and lack of health care worker competence. Country-specific contextual barriers included supply chain issues, civil conflict (Ethiopia), and labor strikes (Kenya). Strategies chosen to mitigate barriers and support implementation and sustainability in both settings included leveraging community health workers to address resistance to care-seeking, health workers' training, COVID-19 infection prevention measures, stakeholder engagement, and advocacy to integrate PSBI management into existing programs, policies, and training. Other strategies addressing emerging project-specific barriers, included improving follow-up through a community health desk and PSBI mobile app (Kenya) and supply chain strengthening (Ethiopia). Both projects improved PSBI management coverage, increased adoption and uptake, and informed national policy changes supporting potential for sustainability. CONCLUSIONS: Pragmatic embedded implementation research effectively supports the identification of barriers and mapping to strategies designed to increase effective coverage of PSBI management when referral is not feasible during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite differences in context, cross-cutting strategies identified could inform broader scale-up in the region, including during future health system shocks.

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Background: In healthcare systems prioritizing care of older adults, resource limitations and escalating demand often impede access to outpatient specialized geriatric services. Objectives: This study, theoretically guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), aimed to explore barriers and facilitators in implementing a centralized "Geri-Hub." The Geri-Hub is a centralized intake system established within 2 hospital systems to coordinate outpatient and community-based services for older adults, aiming to connect them with the most appropriate care in a timely manner. Methods: Qualitative insights were gathered from healthcare professionals at 2 academic institutions in the process of consolidating services. Through open-ended surveys and semi-structured interviews, we solicited feedback on referral management, waiting times, and overall work experiences. Results: Thirteen frequently referring providers and a cohort of 9 geriatricians, along with 4 administrators, contributed to the study. Geriatricians emphasized streamlined referrals, flexible scheduling for urgent cases, and a target wait time of 3 months. Administrators stressed standardized referral procedures, defined roles, and accessible referral information. Discussion: The findings underscored the need for straightforward referral processes, enhanced communication on referral statuses, and reduced wait times. Optimizing these processes could potentially mitigate resource utilization issues and improve patient outcomes in healthcare systems. This research highlights the critical role of timely access to geriatric services during transformative phases in healthcare delivery.

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BACKGROUND: The healthcare system in India is tiered and has primary, secondary and tertiary levels of facilities depending on the complexity and severity of health challenges at these facilities. Evidence suggests that emergency services in the country is fragmented. This study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators of emergency care delivery for patients with time-sensitive conditions, and develop and implement a contextually relevant model, and measure its impact using implementation research outcomes. METHODS: We will study 85 healthcare facilities across five zones of the country and focus on emergency care delivery for 11 time-sensitive conditions. This implementation research will include seven phases: the preparatory phase, formative assessment, co-design of Model "Zero", co-implementation, model optimization, end-line evaluation and consolidation phase. The "preparatory phase" will involve stakeholder meetings, approval from health authorities and the establishment of a research ecosystem. The "formative assessment" will include quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the existing healthcare facilities and personnel to identify gaps, barriers and facilitators of emergency care services for time-sensitive conditions. On the basis of the results of the formative assessment, context-specific implementation strategies will be developed through meetings with stakeholders, providers and experts. The "co-design of Model 'Zero'" phase will help develop the initial Model "Zero", which will be pilot tested on a small scale (co-implementation). In the "model optimization" phase, iterative feedback loops of meetings and testing various strategies will help develop and implement the final context-specific model. End-line evaluation will assess implementation research outcomes such as acceptability, adoption, fidelity and penetration. The consolidation phase will include planning for the sustenance of the interventions. DISCUSSION: In a country such as India, where resources are scarce, this study will identify the barriers and facilitators to delivering emergency care services for time-sensitive conditions across five varied zones of the country. Stakeholder and provider participation in developing consensus-based implementation strategies, along with iterative cycles of meetings and testing, will help adapt these strategies to local needs. This approach will ensure that the developed models are practical, feasible and tailored to the specific challenges and requirements of each region.

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INTRODUCTION: Methadone and buprenorphine are effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), yet they are vastly under-utilized across US hospitals. To inform a national trial assessing the effectiveness of implementation strategies to increase adoption of an inpatient hospital-based opioid treatment (HBOT) model (NCT04921787), we explored barriers and facilitators to expanding medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) within community hospitals across the United States. METHODS: From November 2021 to March 2022, we used purposeful and snowball sampling to identify and interview participants involved in inpatient care of patients with OUD from twelve community hospitals. We conducted semi-structured interviews on providers' experiences and perspectives on current treatment approaches as well as potential influences on MOUD expansion in their hospitals. We used thematic analysis to identify key barriers and facilitators that could impact implementation of an HBOT model, and organized these findings based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). RESULTS: From qualitative interviews with 57 participants (30 physicians, 7 pharmacists, 6 nurses, and 14 professionals involved in the care of patients with OUD), we identified key barriers and facilitators mapped to CFIR's internal and outer settings. The most salient inner setting domains included tension for change and relative priority, compatibility, available resources, organizational culture, access to knowledge and information, relational connections and communications, and information technology infrastructure. Outer setting domains included policies and laws, financing, and partnerships and connections. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying potential barriers and facilitators can inform hospital-specific strategies to support implementation of HBOT. Implementation strategies that address barriers such as staff availability, knowledge, and attitudes may support increased HBOT adoption. On a broader scale, national policy changes such as increased financing and public reporting of quality metrics would address other barriers we identified and may also encourage hospitals to adopt HBOT models.

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PURPOSE: To identify the key facilitators and barriers to implementing gender-transformative interventions among young adolescents (ages 10-14 years) in low- and middle-income countries and provide recommendations for guiding the next generation of intervention approaches. METHODS: A scoping review of the literature was first conducted to identify articles that contained the following inclusion criteria: (1) included 10- to 14-year-olds as a target population; (2) addressed gender inequality as a pathway to improved health; (3) implemented in a low- and middle-income country context; and (4) published between 2010 and 2023. Two databases, Scopus and PubMed, were searched as well as the gray literature. Additionally, to collect critical reflections on gender-transformative interventions, two expert meetings and four key informant interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Among the 59 articles which were retrieved and reviewed, 30 were evaluations of specific gender-transformative interventions and the remaining 29 included literature reviews or critical reflections of gender-transformative interventions. Three key themes emerged from our analysis: (1) tailoring approaches for both boys and girls; (2) incorporating multilevel approaches; and (3) engaging multiple sectors, such as health, education, and sports. In each theme, we highlight the primary challenges as well as promising practices for implementation. DISCUSSION: Efforts should continue unpacking the characteristics of intervention approaches where positive results are found among boys and girls in both implementation and impact. In terms of both multilevel and multisectoral programming, more evidence is needed to help identify which intervention activities should target which populations at what levels and how much to achieve positive impacts among young adolescents.

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BACKGROUND: Amidst the ongoing drug poisoning crisis across North America, drug checking services (DCS) are increasingly being implemented as an intervention intended to reduce drug-related harms. This study sought to identify key opportunities and challenges influencing the implementation of DCS in British Columbia (BC), Canada. METHODS: Between January 2020 and July 2021, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 individuals involved in the implementation of DCS across BC (i.e., policymakers, health authority personnel, community organization representatives and service providers). The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to guide coding and analysis of the interviews. RESULTS: By bringing in a wealth of knowledge about community needs and concerns, in addition to a passion and energy for social justice and health equity, community members and organizations with a dedication for harm reduction played a critical role in the successful implementation of DCS in BC. Other significant facilitators to implementation included the preventive benefits of DCS that made the intervention compelling to policy influencers and decision makers, the provincial public health emergency regarding overdose that shifted the regulatory environment of DCS, the adaptability of DCS to meet concerns and needs in various contexts, including via ongoing processes of reflection and evaluation. Barriers to implementation included criminalization and stigmatization of drug use and people who use drugs and lack of funding for community-led implementation actions. CONCLUSIONS: Alongside structural reforms that address the underlying contextual factors that influence implementation (e.g., decriminalization of drugs, increased funding for DCS), centering community expertise throughout implementation is critical to the success of DCS. Our findings provide important insights into how BC can successfully implement systems-level harm reduction interventions and offer insights for other jurisdictions in their implementation of DCS.

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Identity Development Evolution and Sharing (IDEAS) reduces provider stigma, but few have been trained to implement IDEAS, highlighting a need for implementation strategies that facilitate uptake. We evaluated whether external facilitation successfully supported IDEAS implementation and whether IDEAS reduced provider stigma within and across sites irrespective of implementation barriers and facilitators. Key informants from 10 sites completed interviews and surveys of appropriateness, acceptability, and feasibility. Interviews were analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research guidelines. Intervention effectiveness was measured via paired t tests of pre-/post-quantitative data on provider stigma completed by practitioners who attended the training. Ten sites successfully implemented IDEAS via external facilitation; 58 practitioners from nine sites completed pre- and post-surveys. Data showed significant decreases in stigma after the intervention. IDEAS, supported by external facilitation, is a feasible, acceptable, and appropriate means of reducing stigma among occupational therapy practitioners.

External Facilitation Supports the Successful Use of "Identity Development Evolution and Sharing" (IDEAS)­An Intervention That Effectively Reduces Harmful Biases Among Occupational TherapistsThis study is important for clinical managers and other change agents wishing to address provider biases in healthcare settings. The study expands an existing program for reducing healthcare provider bias called "Identity Development Evolution and Sharing" or "IDEAS." IDEAS is a program created by an occupational therapist who sought to improve healthcare experiences for those who have been harmed by implicit biases among healthcare providers. IDEAS involves watching filmed stories of people who have been harmed by stigma within healthcare and then having a reflective discussion about the film, creating a safe space in which providers can evaluate their biases and consider ways in which they might make positive changes. This study is important for managers and other change agents because it highlights characteristics of organizations that can both support and hinder the use of IDEAS in clinical settings. These factors can be taken into consideration prior to using an intervention such as IDEAS to support the degree to which an organization succeeds at implementing the program. This study also explains how the creator of IDEAS provides external support to facilitate staff in leading an IDEAS intervention. In addition, this study will be of interest to implementation scholars and/or people who would like to learn more about methods for measuring barriers and facilitators to integrating new programs in clinical settings.

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Pediatric cancer is one of the most burdensome chronic diseases, necessitating a variety of severe medical interventions. As a result, the disease and its treatment cause numerous acute and long-term medical, psychological, and socioeconomic strains for young patients and their families. Therefore, psychosocial care using evidence-based interventions (EBIs) before, during, and after medical treatments is essential to ensure that patients receive adequate information and to minimize the adverse emotional and psychosocial impacts such as insecurity, fear, and shame. The present study reports the first promising results of applying cancer-specific psychosocial methods developed in the quality improvement project "My Logbook." The four assessed tools are specifically designed to adequately prepare pediatric cancer patients for surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. Self and proxy ratings were used to assess the patients' subjective knowledge and emotional well-being before and after each intervention session. The results showed that patient-centered interventions using various creative and developmentally adapted methodologies (e.g., psychoeducation, crafting, games) have the potential to effectively enhance patient health literacy (V = 120.5, p < .001, r = 0.33) and well-being as manifested in more positive (slope = 0.121, p = .016) and less negative (slope = - 0.350, p < .001) or neutral emotions (slope = - 0.202, p = .002). These findings highlight the importance of developing and implementing psychosocial tools in pediatric oncology to prevent psychological overload and negative emotions and to increase subjective control beliefs, autonomy, and empowerment. Moreover, the effective application and systematic evaluation of evidence-based psychosocial tools can facilitate the establishment of standardized guidelines for psychosocial care in pediatric oncology. Thereby, the final goal is to ensure the quality of care and to use education to increase the quality of life for all pediatric cancer patients.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04474678 (July 17, 2020).

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Introduction: While pharmacists-led interventions in hypertension have proven effective in high-income countries, their implementation and impact in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) remain limited. This study assessed the implementation and outcomes of the hypertension program FarmaTeCuida (FTC), which integrated community pharmacies into the public primary care level using information and communication technologies. The study took place during the pandemic in General Pueyrredón, Buenos Aires, Argentina, so modifications to the implementation strategy and expected outcomes were also analyzed. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted using the non-adoption, abandonment, scaling-up, dissemination, and sustainability (NASSS) conceptual model. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders using snowball sampling until thematic saturation was achieved. The quantitative approach employed a quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal design in a cohort of hypertensive patients enrolled in the FTC program since October 2020 to March 2022. Adoption, access, adherence to follow-up, and blood pressure levels were assessed. Clinical outcomes were compared to a cohort of hypertensive patients attending primary health care centers (PHCCs) in 2021 but not enrolled in the FTC program. Routine data from this cohort was obtained from the municipal health information system (HIS). Results: Out of 33 PHCCs, 23 adopted the FTC program, but only four collaborated with community pharmacies. A total of 440 patients were recruited, with 399 (91%) enrolled at PHCCs. Hypertension was detected in 63% (279/440) of cases at the first visit (113 were possible hypertensive patients; 26 new hypertensive patients and 140 already diagnosed). During follow-up, FTC identified 52 new hypertensive patients (12% out of 440). Reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed in patients enrolled in both the FTC program and the comparison group over 60 days. In the multivariate analysis that included all hypertensive patient (FTC and HIS) we found strong evidence that for each month of follow up, SBP was reduced by 1.12 mmHg; however, we did not find any significant effect of the FTC program on SBP trend (interaction FTC*months has a p-value = 0.23). The pandemic was identified as the main reason for the program's underperformance; in addition we identified barriers related to technology, patient suitability, implementation team characteristics, and organizational factors. Discussion: Our study, grounded in the NASSS model, highlights the profound complexity of introducing innovative strategies in low- and middle-income settings. Despite substantial challenges posed by the pandemic, these obstacles provided valuable insights, identified areas for improvement, and informed strategies essential for reshaping the care paradigm for conditions like hypertension in resource-constrained environments.

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Introduction: There is limited guidance on strategies for delivering complex global health programs. We synthesized available evidence on implementation strategies and outcomes utilized in the global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) across low and middle-income country (LMIC) settings. Methods: We nested our scoping review into a literature review conducted as part of a parent study, STRIPE. This review systematically searched PubMed for articles between 1 January 1988 and 25 April 2018 using polio search terms. Strategies from included studies were organized according to the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) framework, specified using Proctor's framework, and linked to various outcomes (implementation, services delivery, impact). Results: 152 unique articles fulfilled our inclusion criteria (from 1,885 articles included in the parent study). Only 43 out of the 152 articles described a suitable quantitative study design for evaluating outcomes. We extracted 66 outcomes from the 43 unique studies. Study publication dates ranged from 1989 to 2018 and represented diverse country settings. The most common implementation strategies were developing mechanisms for feedback, monitoring, and evaluation (n = 69); increasing awareness among the population (n = 58); involving stakeholders, workers, and consumers in the implementation efforts (n = 46); conducting workshops (n = 33); using mass media (n = 31); and building robust record systems to capture outcomes (n = 31). Coverage (n = 13) and morbidity (n = 12) were the most frequently identified outcomes, followed by effectiveness (n = 9) and fidelity (n = 6). Feasibility and sustainability were rarely evaluated. Conclusions: This review provides a catalogue of implementation strategies and outcomes relevant for advancing global health services delivery in LMICs drawing from the GPEI. Implementation strategies reviewed were poorly described and not adequately linked to outcomes. It calls for additional implementation research to unravel the mechanisms of implementation strategies and their effectiveness, and adaptation of the ERIC framework in LMICs.

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BACKGROUND: The growing concern about a dwindling healthcare workforce, exacerbated by demographic changes, calls for innovative solutions. One viable approach involves implementing new professional roles and restructuring existing healthcare teams within hospital care units. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the implementation of an innovative task-shifting concept, care-related services (CRS), from the managers' perspective in somatic care units across the hospitals in a region in Sweden. METHODS: The qualitative study was conducted in 2022, after the implementation of CRS. Individual interviews were conducted with 24 key stakeholders, including 14 care unit managers, six CRS managers, and four process managers. A qualitative content analysis was performed, utilizing the Consolidated Framework of Implementation Research (CFIR). RESULTS: The implementation of CRS involved collaboration between care unit managers, CRS managers, and project managers, alongside CRS staff, registered nurses (RNs), and licensed vocational nurses (LVNs). In particular, their roles encompassed defining boundaries, establishing routines, and managing personnel. Throughout the implementation process, challenges emerged, stemming from undefined goals, difficulties in recruiting qualified CRS staff, and issues associated with seamlessly integrating CRS into existing work routines. These challenges arose due to a constrained timeframe, widespread team apprehension, shortcomings in the training of CRS staff, unclear task allocation, and an increased workload for care unit managers. Factors associated with successful CRS implementation included effective cooperation among managers and an open-minded approach. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the crucial role of clear communication, effective recruitment, integration of CRS staff, clarification of roles, responsibilities, and defined goals for successful CRS implementation.

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BACKGROUND: In 2012, the World Health Organization recommended screening and investigation of contacts of index tuberculosis patients as a strategy to accelerate detection of tuberculosis (TB) cases. Nine years after the adoption of this recommendation, coverage of TB contact investigations in Uganda remains low. The objective of this study was to examine health care providers' perceptions of factors influencing coverage of TB contact investigations in three selected rural health facilities in Mbarara district, southwestern Uganda. METHODS: This study identified provider opinions on the barriers and facilitators to implementation of TB contact investigation using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Using an exploratory qualitative study design, semi-structured interviews with 19 health workers involved in the TB program at district, health facility and community levels were conducted from April 2020 and July 2020. Analysis was conducted inductively using reflexive thematic analysis in six iterative steps: familiarizing with the data, creating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing themes, developing theme definitions, and writing the report. RESULTS: Nineteen health care workers participated in this study which translates to a 100% response rate. These included two district TB and leprosy supervisors, five nurses, five clinical officers, six village health team members and one laboratory technician. The three themes that emerged from the analysis were intervention-related, health system and contextual factors. Health system-related barriers included inadequate or delayed government funding for the TB program, shortage of human resources, insufficient personal protective equipment, and a stock-out of supplies such as Xpert MTB cartridges. Contextual barriers included steep terrain, poverty or low income, and the stigma associated with TB and COVID-19. Facilitators comprised increased knowledge and understanding of the intervention, performance review and on-the-job training of health workers. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that most of the factors affecting TB contact investigations in this rural community were related to health system constraints such as inadequate or delayed funding and human resource shortages. This can be addressed by strengthening the foundational elements of the health system - health financing and human resources - to establish a comprehensive TB control program that will enable the efficient identification of missing TB patients.

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Introduction: The Massachusetts Academic Health Department Consortium (AHD) established the Academic Public Health Volunteer Corps (APHVC) to support Local Health Departments (LHDs, n = 351) to meet rapidly emerging needs during the COVID-19 pandemic through engaging student volunteers. A program evaluation captured lessons learned and informed recommendations for sustainability and future replication. Methods: The mixed-methods evaluation leveraged the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Data were stratified by LHD engagement with APHVC. Quantitative surveys informed probes for qualitative focus groups and interviews; findings were categorized into CFIR constructs using a deductive approach. Results: One-fifth of LHDs (n = 76, 27 used APHVC services, 45 did not) completed the survey. Eleven employees participated in follow-up focus groups or interviews. APHVC filled resource gaps, built capacity, and provided high-quality deliverables. LHDs experienced issues with reliability and communication of volunteers and lacked time to train volunteers. Conclusions: CFIR aided in evaluating APHVC in real time, producing actionable recommendations for best practices, dissemination, and future iterations of the program. Results are being used to enhance program effectiveness and sustainability, community health, and health equity across Massachusetts, and may help inform academic practice-based programs across the United States.

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The Parents as Teachers Randomized Controlled Trial (PAT RCT) Case Study investigates the multifaceted impact of implementing the PAT RCT in Arizona, U.S.A., shedding light on both the positive and negative effects. There has been a recent focus on improving the implementation of RCTs in community settings, as this issue has not been fully addressed. This research presents a case study examining the implementation of a community-based RCT in home visitation. This study also addresses the strategies that can be employed to mitigate some of the challenges in the implementation of an RCT, offering valuable insights for future RCTs in the domain of home visiting. The PAT program, aimed at providing parent education and family engagement for children from birth to kindergarten, encompasses a range of services, including personal visits, group connections, child screenings, and community resource linkages. The Parents as Teachers Randomized Controlled Trial (PAT RCT) directly promotes health by educating parents about health and wellness as well as providing early child screenings and heath referrals, all of which enhance health outcomes through timely interventions and improved parental practices. Lessons from the study also aim to improve the implementation of future health-related RCTs, ensuring effective delivery and impactful results.

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INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this scoping review was to investigate in the literature how a learning health system (LHS) can be implemented in cases of complex, costly, chronic (3C) conditions. METHODS: A scoping review of literature published in English since 2007 was conducted using Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus. Two authors screened the resulting articles and two authors extracted study details on the structure, process, and outcome of each LHS. Eligibility criteria included studies of LHSs that focused on populations experiencing a complex chronic health condition. A narrative synthesis of data was conducted using deductive qualitative methods. RESULTS: Application of the authors' search strategy resulted in 656 publications that were analyzed for this review. The authors included 17 studies that focused on 13 LHSs. The structure of the LHSs had many components, and many included data from either patient surveys or patient charts. The processes varied widely, from engaging patients in the process to exclusively analyzing the data. The outcomes were largely patient-reported, though several clinical outcomes were also used to benchmark the success of the LHS. DISCUSSION: Our review shows that LHS definitions, structures, processes, and outcomes in 3C applications vary widely. Many have shown substantial potential to be implemented and improve care in 3C populations. To deliver on this goal, future work will need to focus on better specification, formalization, and definition of LHS approaches, as well as better design of their structures, processes, and outcomes to fit the needs of the intended population.

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Aim: To explore general practitioners' (GPs) views on implementing pharmacogenomic testing in Australian general practice.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine GPs in Australia, recruited from primary care networks. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes were mapped onto the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains.Results: Barriers to implementation included lack of knowledge, education, standardized pharmacogenomic reports and national clinical guidelines and financial inaccessibility. Facilitators included positive exposure to pharmacogenomics, peer influences, interdisciplinary collaboration and proven clinical utility. Current uptake was minimal; however, GPs shared positive perceptions of clinical use.Conclusion: Recommendations for successful implementation include building and disseminating clinical evidence, developing national guidelines and standardized reports, incorporation into formal education and increasing financial accessibility.

What is this article about? This article describes an original research study that examines the implementation of pharmacogenomic testing in Australian general practice. Pharmacogenomic testing applies personalized genomic information to medication prescribing, as genetic differences can affect how a person metabolizes certain medications. While there is excitement about the possibilities of using pharmacogenomics, the general uptake is slow. This study looked to understand the barriers and facilitators to implementation from the perspectives of general practitioners in Australia.What were the results? Through exploratory interviews with general practitioners, this study identified that barriers to implementation include a lack of knowledge, education, standardized reports and national clinical guidelines and financial inaccessibility. Facilitators include positive exposure to pharmacogenomic testing, peer influences, interdisciplinary collaboration and proven clinical utility. Current uptake was minimal; however, GPs shared positive perceptions of the potential of testing.What do the results of the study mean? Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations were generated for successful implementation: building and disseminating clinical evidence, developing national guidelines, incorporation into formal education, establishing accessible experts and improving financial accessibility.

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BACKGROUND: Despite the publication of a European wide competency framework for hospital pharmacy by the European Association of Hospital Pharmacist (EAHP) in 2017, not all countries have adopted and implemented such a framework. AIM: This study aimed to develop and validate a bespoke national hospital pharmacy competency framework for Austria that supports the hospital pharmacy workforce development. METHOD: A multi-method study was carried out in three phases. (I) A systematic literature review across 48 websites of healthcare-related associations and six scientific databases was conducted, identifying competency frameworks, guidelines and related documents. (II) Extracted behaviour competencies were reviewed for contextual national appropriateness by three researchers prior to mapping against the "Patient Care and Clinical Pharmacy Skills" domain of European Common Training Framework (CTF). (III) Validation of the resultant draft clinical skills competency framework took place by an expert panel (n = 4; Austrian Association of Hospital Pharmacists (AAHP) board members) discussion. Reporting of findings is aligned with the recommendations for reporting Competency Framework Development in health professions (CONFERD-HP guidelines) and the PRISMA 2020 checklist. RESULTS: The systematic review (SR) resulted in 28 frameworks, guidelines and related documents and the identification of 379 behaviour competencies, with nineteen mapped to the "Patient Care and Clinical Pharmacy Skills" domain of the CTF (after removal of duplicates). Expert panel discussion resulted in suggested changes to ensure contextual national appropriateness. CONCLUSION: This study resulted in the development and validation of the first clinical national pharmacy competency framework for Austria. Future studies should focus on political and practical structures necessary for its successful implementation.

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The second dose of measles-containing vaccines (MCV2) has significant programmatic relevance in the current immunisation landscape because it serves as both an opportunity to reduce measles immunity gaps and strengthen second year of life vaccination platforms. However, MCV2 coverage remains suboptimal across countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region and this puts a significant number of children at risk of morbidity and mortality from measles despite the availability of an effective vaccine. There is an urgent need to strengthen the implementation of MCV2 but this requires a thorough and systematic understanding of contextual factors that influence it. The literature that describes the determinants of implementation of MCV2 in a manner that adequately accounts for the complexity of the implementation context is scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this rapid review was to explore the implementation determinants of MCV2 in the WHO African Region using systems thinking. Literature search in two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) were conducted. After screening, a total of 17 eligible articles were included in the study. Thematic analysis of extracted data was performed to identify the implementation determinants, after which they were mapped using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). A causal loop diagram (CLD) was used to illustrate the linkages between identified determinants. We found 44 implementation determinants across the five CFIR domains, i.e., innovation, outer setting, inner setting, individual, and implementation process. The majority of identified determinants are within the individual domain followed by the inner setting domain. The CLD showed that multiple contingent connections and feedback relationships exist between the identified implementation determinants within and across CFIR domains. The linkages between the implementation determinants revealed three balancing and reinforcing loops each. The findings suggest that implementation determinants of second-dose measles vaccination in the WHO African Region are complex, with multiple interconnections and interdependencies, and this insight should guide subsequent policies. There is an urgent need for further implementation research with embedded CLD in specific settings to inform the design of tailored systemic strategies to improve the implementation effectiveness of MCV2.