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Mercury is a naturally occurring metal found in various inorganic and organic forms within the environment. Due to its high toxicity, there is global concern regarding human exposure to this element. The combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) is commonly used to analyze the different forms of mercury in a sample due to its high sensitivity and ability to selectively detect mercury. However, the traditional HPLC-ICP-MS methods are often criticized for their lengthy analysis times. In this study, we have refined the conventional approach by transitioning to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ICP-MS). This modification has resulted in significant reductions in runtime as well as reagent and argon usage, thereby offering a more rapid, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective method. We successfully adapted an HPLC-ICP-MS method to UHPLC-ICP-MS, achieving the analysis of Hg2+ and MeHg+ within 1 min with a mobile phase consumption of only 0.5 mL and a sample volume of 5.0 µL; this is a major advance compared to HPLC analysis with run times generally between 5 and 10 min. The method's performance was assessed by analyzing muscle and liver tissue samples (serving as reference material) from fish, demonstrating the versatility of the method in relation to different complex matrices.

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BACKGROUND: The high quality and unique flavor and aroma of bean-to-bar chocolates have resulted in an increase in the consumption of these products. Nevertheless, cocoa beans may present inorganic contaminants from environmental and anthropogenic sources which can contribute to contamination of the chocolates, despite the fewer processing steps and few ingredients used in bean-to-bar manufacturing process compared to the industrial one. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the content of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se) in bean-to-bar chocolates and traceable cocoa beans from Brazil and Ecuador. METHODS: Bean-to-bar chocolate samples were acquired in Brazil (n=65) and Ecuador (n=10), considering the main products available: white, milk, semisweet and dark chocolate. Cocoa samples from dedicated farms (n=23) were analyzed for trace elements and inorganic contaminants regulated by Brazil and European agencies. Samples were mineralized using acid digestion (nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide) in a closed microwave-assisted system. Quantification of trace elements was performed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) in optimized conditions. The analytical control was performed with certified reference materials (ERM BD512 - Dark Chocolate, Tort-2 and Tort-3 - Lobster Hepatopancreas and SRM 1547 - Peach leaves) and recoveries ranged between 84% and 105% for all elements. RESULTS: The trace element levels in the bean-to-bar chocolates were (mg/kg): As (<0.022-0.023), Cd (<0.002-0.74), Cu (0.11-21.2), Co (<0.003-1.88), Hg (<0.010-<0.010), Pb (<0.007-0.22), and Se (<0.029-0.35). The exposure assessment from inorganic contaminants in chocolates revealed up to 93% of provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) for Cd and 123% of tolerable upper intake level (UL) for Co for children. Inorganic contaminants were also analyzed in cocoa beans from dedicated farms and Cd and Pb levels were found above the thresholds established by Brazil health agency. CONCLUSION: The results observed for both bean-to-bar chocolates and raw materials (cocoa beans from dedicated farms) indicated a need for monitoring these trace elements.

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Microwave-induced combustion (MIC) was proposed in this study for honey decomposition aiming for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sample mass (up to 1.0 g), absorbing solution (0.5 to 14.4 mol L-1 HNO3, and H2O), heating program, and combustion aids were evaluated. The Eurachem guidelines were used for method validation. The proposed method enabled combustion of a high sample mass (0.8 g of honey, with 0.4 g of microcrystalline cellulose and 100 µL of 6 mol L-1 NH4NO3) using 6 mL of an absorbing solution consisting of 1 mol L-1 HNO3, which resulted in low residual carbon in solution (< 25 mg L-1). Honey samples from different geographical origins were analyzed. Results showed no significant difference in comparison to other two microwave decomposition methods, based on microwave-assisted wet digestion with single reaction chamber (MAWD-SRC) and microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD). Standard addition experiments resulted in recoveries higher than 98%. The limits of detection ranged from 1.10 (As) to 4.60 ng g-1 (Pb). In addition to using only diluted reagents and resulting in digests virtually free of interferences, the proposed method was faster (< 30 min) than most of those presented in the literature.

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In this study, ultrasound (US) was evaluated for As, Cd, Pb, Mn, Sr and V extraction from seaweed samples. The following parameters of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using an US bath were: frequency (25 to 130 kHz), amplitude (30 to 100%), temperature (30 to 80 °C), sample mass (50 to 200 mg), extractant concentration (1 to 3 mol L-1 of HNO3) and treatment time (5 to 30 min). Acoustic density and power density distribution were calculated using the calorimetric method and mapping of the acoustic pressure distribution was also evaluated. The optimized UAE conditions were 200 mg of sample in 10 mL of 2 mol L-1 HNO3 and 30 min of sonication in a 25 kHz US bath (37.2 ± 4.0 W L-1) at 70% of amplitude and 70 °C. Analytes were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and results were compared with values obtained using "silent" conditions (magnetic or mechanical stirring at 500 rpm, and without stirring), and a reference method based on microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD). The UAE method demonstrated the best extraction efficiency (higher than 95%) for all analytes, especially for As, Cd and V, with lower standard deviations (up to 5%) and lower blank values in comparison with the silent conditions. The proposed UAE method was more advantageous than the reference method, being faster, simpler, safer, more environmentally friendly, and with higher detectability (lower limits of quantification, from 0.0033 to 1.34 µg g-1). In addition, negligible blank values were obtained for UAE and no interference were observed in the determination step. Furthermore, the optimized UAE method was applied for Antarctic seaweed samples and comparison with results obtained by MAWD was satisfactory. In this sense, UAE is demonstrated to be a suitable option for sample preparation of seaweed samples and further determination of environmentally critical elements avoiding the use of concentrated reagents as in the MAWD reference method.

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Along with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapters 232 and 233 regarding elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products, new challenges have been imposed in terms of sample preparation procedures prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, considering the matrix complexities. As so, a new microextraction procedure assisted by ultrasound using a cup-horn sonoreactor, minimal reactants, and sample was proposed and validated according to USP. The procedure was optimized with samples of milled tablets and 3 different acid mixtures (HNO3, 3HNO3:1HCl, and 9HNO3:1HF) and it was compared with microwave-assisted acid digestion. In the validation step, recoveries ranging from 85 to 120 % and RSD below 10 % were obtained for 22 analytes (except Ag and Pt) with satisfactory linearity and good sensitivity. The method was then applied for 37 samples of antidepressants, which presented trace levels of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sn, and V.

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Due to the lucrative nature of specialty coffees, there have been instances of adulteration where low-cost materials are mixed in to increase the overall volume, resulting in illegal profit. A widely used and recommended approach to detect possible adulteration is the application of one-class classifiers (OCC), which only require information about the target class to build the models. Thus, this work aimed to identify adulterations in specialty coffees with low-quality coffee using multielement analysis determined by ICP-MS and to evaluate the performance of one-class classifiers (dd-SIMCA, OCRF, and OCPLS). Therefore, authentic specialty coffee samples were adulterated with low-quality coffee in 25 % to 75 % (w/w) proportions. Samples were subjected to acid decomposition for analysis by ICP-MS. OCPLS method presented the best performance to detect adulterations with low-quality coffee in specialty coffees, showing higher specificity (SPE = 100 %) and reliability rate (RLR = 94.3 %).

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The aim of this work is to evaluate two quantitative methods, based on the external calibration applied in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis, known as (i) analytical curve and (ii) one-point calibration, using the concept of matrix matching to quantify three potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in wood samples. These can biologically register changes in the abiotic environment and be applied to monitoring climate change or environmental toxicity. In this case, standard sample preparation was evaluated to prepare the standard pellets using Pinus taeda species as a matrix-matching concept. Six pellets of P. taeda, with different Pb, Cd, and Ba concentrations, were prepared to build the analytical curve and one-point calibration strategies. The LA-ICP-MS parameters were optimised for 206Pb, 208Pb, 112Cd, 114Cd, 137Ba, and 138Ba isotope analysis in wood samples. The two calibration strategies provided 74-110% analytical recovery from certified reference materials and similar results to those obtained by ICP-MS through the acid digestion of environmental wood samples from São Paulo City (Brazil). This demonstrated the applicability of the one-point calibration strategy in quantifying PTEs in wood samples, which could be used with environmental analyses. Differences observed between the Ba isotope results obtained via LA-ICP-MS and ICP-MS quantification were related to sampling by LA-ICP-MS and the ICP-MS sample introduction, as well as to laser matrix and transport effects because of the difference between the wood species evaluated.

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Nanoparticle (NP) applications aiming to boost plant biomass production and enhance the nutritional quality of crops hae proven to be a valuable ally in enhancing agricultural output. They contribute to greater food accessibility for a growing and vulnerable population. These nanoscale particles are commonly used in agriculture as fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth promoters, seed treatments, opportune plant disease detection, monitoring soil and water quality, identification and detection of toxic agrochemicals, and soil and water remediation. In addition to the countless NP applications in food and agriculture, it is possible to highlight many others, such as medicine and electronics. However, it is crucial to emphasize the imperative need for thorough NP characterization beyond these applications. Therefore, analytical methods are proposed to determine NPs' physicochemical properties, such as composition, crystal structure, size, shape, surface charge, morphology, and specific surface area, detaching the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) that allows the reliable elemental composition quantification mainly in metallic NPs. As a result, this review highlights studies involving NPs in agriculture and their consequential effects on plants, with a specific focus on analyses conducted through ICP-MS. Given the numerous applications of NPs in this field, it is essential to address their presence and increase in the environment and humans since biomagnification and biotransformation effects are studies that should be further developed. In light of this, the demand for rapid, innovative, and sensitive analytical methods for the characterization of NPs remains paramount.

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Environmental impacts caused by mining activities (mainly tailings and effluents) are presenting serious challenges for humanity worldwide. In Brazil, clay extraction activities in the Ceramic District of Santa Gertrudes (CDSG) have led to the formation of abandoned drainage wells causing environmental and human health concerns. In the 90's, it was discovered that in one of the production areas, known as the region of the lakes of Santa Gertrudes, several ceramic industries had contaminated lakes created by abandoned clay pits with industrial effluents containing toxic metals. In the present study, analysis of total and dissolved concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the waters of these lakes were combined with the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to assess the lability and bioavailability of the target elements, representing one of the first studies to investigate the real environmental impact of contamination caused by ceramic production wastes to an aquatic system. Furthermore, based on the total concentrations and main physicochemical characteristics of each lake, a speciation analysis was performed using the MINTEQ software which data was compared with other surface water systems. The results indicated the presence of metals associated with ceramic residues in total, dissolved and labile fractions. It was verified that Zn, Ni and Cu were the only target metals found in labile form and according to speciation were present in the form of "free" ions, and thus may present risk in terms of bioavailability, although the majority of the total concentrations are within the limits established by the national environmental agency.

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Extraction and mineral processing, as well as the waste generated by old abandoned mining sites, are the main sources of contamination of water bodies and lands by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) has been reported to be a good ecological indicator of environmental pollution in water bodies. Hence, we evaluated the concentration of eleven PTEs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in different tissues of common carp in two reservoirs of the province of Jaén, southern Spain: El Tranco de Beas (S1) and La Fernandina (S2). We also assessed the concentration of PTEs in water and sediment samples. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for all the collected samples. We found high concentrations of As and Fe in water in the S2 reservoir, above the maximum limits allowed by the sanitary criteria in Spain; however, the analysis of sediments indicated low ecological risk in S1 and moderate ecological risk for As in S2. The concentration of PTEs in common carp was higher in the S2 reservoir, exceeding the permissible limits in the case of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. As and Cd showed higher concentrations in the kidney; Cu, Fe, and Zn showed higher concentrations in the liver; and Pb and Mn presented higher concentrations in the gill and gill bone. There was a good correlation between the concentrations found in water/sediment samples and those in common carp, corroborating its usefulness as a good ecological indicator, allowing the detection of environmental pollution and inferring previous or current anthropogenic activities such as mining.

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This paper introduces a method for determining the authenticity of commercial cereal bars based on trace element fingerprints. In this regard, 120 cereal bars were prepared using microwave-assisted acid digestion and the concentrations of Al, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sn, Sr, V, and Zn were later measured by ICP-MS. Results confirmed the suitability of the analyzed samples for human consumption. Multielemental data underwent autoscaling preprocessing for then applying PCA, CART, and LDA to input data set. LDA model accomplished the highest classification modeling performance with a success rate of 92%, making it the suitable model for reliable cereal bar prediction. The proposed method demonstrates the potential of trace element fingerprints in distinguishing cereal bar samples according to their type (conventional and gluten-free) and principal ingredient (fruit, yogurt, chocolate), thereby contributing to global efforts for food authentication.

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BACKGROUND: Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently found in the world in the form of natural colloids and volcanic ash, as well as in anthropogenic sources, such as nanofertilizers; however, in the literature, there is still a lack of toxicological evidence, risk assessment, and regulations about the use and environmental impact of NPs in the agroindustrial system. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate alterations caused by the presence of AgNPs during the development of soybean plants. METHODS: The BRS232 non-transgenic (NT) soybean plant and 8473RR (TRR) and INTACTA RR2 PRO (TIntacta) transgenic soybean plants were irrigated for 18 days under controlled conditions with deionized water (control), AgNPs, and AgNO3. The isotopes 107Ag+, 55Mn+, 57Fe+, 63Cu+, and 64Zn+ were mapped in leaves, using 13C+ as an internal standard (IS), and carried out using a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique with a Nd:YAG (213 nm) laser source in the imagagin mode using the LA-iMageS software and also Mathlab. RESULTS: Leaf images showed a low Ag translocation, indicated by the basal signal of this ion. Additionally, the presence of Ag in the ionic form and as NPs altered the homeostasis of 112Cd+, 64Zn+, 55Mn+, 63Cu+, and 57Fe+ in different ways. Quantitative image analysis was performed for Cu. CONCLUSION: The behavior of TRR and TIntacta plants was different in the presence of ionic silver or AgNPs, confirming that the metabolism of these two plants, despite both being transgenic, are different. Through the images, it was observed that the response of plants was different in the face of the same stress conditions during their development.

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Arsenic (As) and Cadmium (Cd) are toxic to rice plants. However, selenium (Se) has the potential to regulate As and Cd toxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the co-exposure to As5+ and Se6+ species in two rice cultivars, BRS Pampa and EPAGRI 108. The plants were divided into six groups and cultivated until complete maturation of the grains, under greenhouse conditions. Regarding total As and inorganic As (i-As) accumulation in grains, the highest concentrations were found for BRS Pampa. For Se, EPAGRI 108 presented the highest concentration of inorganic and organic Se (i-Se and o-Se). The exposure assessments showed that Se biofortification can mitigate the As accumulation in rice and, consequently, the risk of As and Cd toxicity in grains for human consumption. The combined effect of As and Se in rice plants could represent an alternative to biofortify this food in a safe way and with a higher percentage of bioavailable Se. Although Se is able to mitigate As toxicity in rice plants, in the present study we showed that co-exposure in different cultivars under the same growing conditions may present different responses to As and Se exposure.

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Different jadeites have different characteristics. In this paper, the La-ICP-MS test is used to compare and analyze the elemental characteristics of jadeite in Guatemala and the Qing dynasty. The test results show that the highest value of Guatemalan jadeite Ca can reach 2.5 apfu, while the highest value of Qing dynasty jadeite is 0.73 apfu. The highest value of Na is the same for both. The concentration distribution range and highest value of Guatemalan jadeite and Qing dynasty jadeite Mg/(Mg + Fe) are the same. Guatemalan jadeite and Qing dynasty jadeite have a very wide content of trace elements. Qing dynasty Ca/(Mg + Fe) distribution is wider. Concentrations of Guatemalan and Qing dynasty jadeite Sr/Ba, which is a marine sediment, are greater than 1. The Ba in the Qing dynasty jadeite sediments contains a large amount of clay, resulting in higher levels than the average amount in Guatemalan jadeite Ba. The standard distribution map is similar, showing a "horn" shape. The Sr distribution is uneven. Guatemalan jadeite is heavily enriched in rare earths. Eu shows positive and negative abnormalities. The total rare earth value is 8.15 ppm. Qing Dynasty jadeite shows light rare earth enrichment, and Eu is a positive anomaly. The total rare earth value is 7.07 ppm. The characteristics of the two elements are somewhat similar, but different, which does not rule out the possibility that Qing dynasty jadeite came from Guatemala.

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The first element legislated adopting chemical speciation was chromium (Cr) for differentiation between the highly toxic Cr(VI) from the micronutrient Cr(III). Therefore, this work aimed to develop a new analytical method through the coupling of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to obtain molecular and elemental information simultaneously from a single sample injection. In the first step, a low-cost flow split made of acrylic was developed aiming at optimally directing the sample to the detectors, enabling the HPLC-DAD/ICP-MS coupling. After the extraction of Certified Reference Materials (CRM of natural water NIST1640a and sugar cane leaf agro FC_012017), the recoveries determined by ICP-MS were 99.7% and 85.4%, respectively. Then, the method of HPLC-DAD/ICP-MS was applied for real samples of the CRMs. The presence of possible biomolecules associated with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species was evaluated, with the simultaneous response detection of molecular (DAD) and elementary (ICP-MS) detectors. Potential biomolecules were observed during the monitoring of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in sugar cane leaves, water samples and a supplement of Cr picolinate. Finally, the article also discusses the potential of the technique applied to biomolecules containing other associated elements and the need of more bioanalytical methods to understand the presence of trace elements in biomolecules.

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Bone marrow transplantation is a treatment for a variety of hematological and non-hematological diseases. For the transplant success, it is mandatory to have a thriving engraftment of transplanted cells, which directly depends on their homing. The present study proposes an alternative method to evaluate the homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells using bioluminescence imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) associated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. We have identified an enriched population of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow following the administration of Fluorouracil (5-FU). Lately, the cell labeling with nanoparticles displayed the greatest internalization status when treated with 30 µg Fe/mL. The quantification by ICP-MS evaluate the stem cells homing by identifying 3.95 ± 0.37 µg Fe/mL in the control and 6.61 ± 0.84 µg Fe/mL in the bone marrow of transplanted animals. In addition, 2.14 ± 0.66 mg Fe/g in the spleen of the control group and 2.17 ± 0.59 mg Fe/g in the spleen of the experimental group was also measured. Moreover, the bioluminescence imaging provided the follow up on the hematopoietic stem cells behavior by monitoring their distribution by the bioluminescence signal. Lastly, the blood count enabled the monitoring of animal hematopoietic reconstitution and ensured the transplantation effectiveness.

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Total selenium (Se) and Se species concentrations were determined in 50 infant formulas and milk samples commercialized in Brazil and Belgium. Infant formula categories were starter, follow-up, specialized and plant-based (soy and rice), while milk samples included whole, skimmed, semi-skimmed and plant-based products. Total Se content was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), after microwave digestion. An enzymatic extraction method was applied to evaluate the Se species, mostly selenomethionine (SeMet), Se(IV) and Se(VI), through High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS). Starters and follow-up samples presented the highest total Se concentrations and values up to 30 µg/kg were observed in the reconstituted product. The lowest level (below the LOQ = 10 µg/kg) was verified in an anti-regurgitation specialized formula. The relative agreement between the measured total Se and the Se content declared on the label varied from 55 % to 317 %. Concentrations in infant formulas were not markedly different from concentrations in milk except for rice and oat milk samples that showed values below the LOQ. SeMet was the main species found in milks, while in infant formulas the species concentrations varied according to the product. The daily intake (DI) of Se via infant formula consumption was calculated and compared with the Adequate Intake (AI) value and the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) established by the EFSA NDA Panel and ANVISA, respectively. Estimated maximum intakes of total Se obtained for reconstituted infant formula were 40.6 mg/day, corresponding to 400 % and 202 % of the DRI and AI, respectively.

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The cururu toad (Rhinella jimi) is an anuran belonging to the fauna of the Brazilian northeast region, which releases a secretion with toxins from your parotoid glands. Although it has some information about secondary metabolites and proteins, the elemental composition of the released secretion is unknown. Therefore, this is the first report on the ionome of the secretion of the parotoid glands from R. jimi, investigating the influences of abiotic factors such as biome, seasonality, and gender. ICP-MS was used for measurements combined with principal component analysis (PCA). A screening of the secretion sample detected 68 elements which the total concentration of 18 elements was determined. PCA revealed that biome and seasonality factors have a greater influence on the ionomic profile of parotoid secretion. The presence of toxic metals in the secretion samples indicates that the R. jimi toad can be considered a potential bioindicator. These findings may contribute to understanding the metabolism, lifestyle, and interaction of the R. jimi toad with environmental factors as well as open new perspectives to investigate the relationships of the ionome with other biomolecules, for example, metalloproteins and their physiological functions.

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This study aimed to evaluate the content of 11 inorganic elements (Al, Cr, Co, Ni, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb) in commercial plant-based and animal-based yogurts for comparison purposes. The samples were mineralized using a simple and fast ultrasound-assisted acid digestion method at 80 °C for 35 min, and the determination of inorganic elements was performed by ICP-MS. The method was validated according to the INMETRO guide, obtaining recoveries from 80 to 110%, precision from 6 to 15%, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 200 µg/kg (Al) to 4 µg/kg (other elements). The element concentrations in the plant-based yogurts were Al(

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Serum toxic metals have been implicated in development of many diseases. This study investigated the association between blood levels of lead and cadmium with abnormal bone mineral density (BMD) and incidence of osteoporosis. Sixty Saudi male adults age matching were assigned into two groups: A healthy control group (n = 30) and osteoporosis patients diagnosed according to T-score (n = 30). Serum calcium, vitamin D, osteocalcin, lead, cadmium were measured. Osteoporotic group showed a highly significant elevation of blood lead and cadmium levels compared to the control group (p <0.001). BMD was negatively correlated with serum osteocalcin level compared with control. There was a significant negative correlation between the cadmium and lead levels (r=-0.465 and p-value = 0.01) and calcium (p < 0.004). Our findings suggested that high cadmium and lead were negative correlated to BMD and increased the risk factor for osteoporosis.(AU)

Os metais tóxicos do soro têm sido implicados no desenvolvimento de muitas doenças. Este estudo investigou a associação entre os níveis sanguíneos de chumbo e cádmio com densidade mineral óssea anormal (DMO) e incidência de osteoporose. Sessenta adultos sauditas do sexo masculino com idades iguais foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo de controle saudável (n = 30) e pacientes com osteoporose diagnosticados de acordo com o T-score (n = 30). Cálcio sérico, vitamina D, osteocalcina, chumbo, cádmio foram medidos. O grupo osteoporótico apresentou elevação altamente significativa dos níveis de chumbo e cádmio no sangue em comparação ao grupo controle (p < 0,001). A DMO foi negativamente correlacionada com o nível de osteocalcina sérica em comparação com o controle. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre os níveis de cádmio e chumbo (r = -0,465 ep = 0,01) e cálcio (p < 0,004). Nossos achados sugeriram que cádmio e chumbo elevados foram correlacionados negativamente à DMO e aumentaram o fator de risco para osteoporose.(AU)

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