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This article addresses critical health data integrity by proposing an HF (Hyperledger Fabric)-based architecture with integration into the global health data architecture based on distributed content-addressable storage networks.

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The increasing importance of healthcare records, particularly given the emergence of new diseases, emphasizes the need for secure electronic storage and dissemination. With these records dispersed across diverse healthcare entities, their physical maintenance proves to be excessively time-consuming. The prevalent management of electronic healthcare records (EHRs) presents inherent security vulnerabilities, including susceptibility to attacks and potential breaches orchestrated by malicious actors. To tackle these challenges, this article introduces AguHyper, a secure storage and sharing solution for EHRs built on a permissioned blockchain framework. AguHyper utilizes Hyperledger Fabric and the InterPlanetary Distributed File System (IPFS). Hyperledger Fabric establishes the blockchain network, while IPFS manages the off-chain storage of encrypted data, with hash values securely stored within the blockchain. Focusing on security, privacy, scalability, and data integrity, AguHyper's decentralized architecture eliminates single points of failure and ensures transparency for all network participants. The study develops a prototype to address gaps identified in prior research, providing insights into blockchain technology applications in healthcare. Detailed analyses of system architecture, AguHyper's implementation configurations, and performance assessments with diverse datasets are provided. The experimental setup incorporates CouchDB and the Raft consensus mechanism, enabling a thorough comparison of system performance against existing studies in terms of throughput and latency. This contributes significantly to a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed solution and offers a unique perspective on existing literature in the field.

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BACKGROUND: Blockchain technology provides a secure and decentralized platform for storing and transferring sensitive medical data, which can be utilized to enable remote medical consultations. AIM: A theoretical framework for creating a blockchain-based digital system created to facilitate telemedicine system. RESULTS: This paper proposes a theoretical framework based on Hyperledger fabric for creating a blockchain-based digital entity to facilitate telemedicine services. The proposed framework utilizes blockchain technology to provide a secure and reliable platform for medical practitioners to interact remotely with patient transactions. CONCLUSION: The blockchain will serve as a one-stop digital service to secure patient data, ensure privacy, and facilitate payments. The proposed framework leverages the existing Hyperledger fabric platform to build a secure blockchain-assisted telemedicine platform.

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Remote sensing image is a vital basis for land management decisions. The protection of remote sensing images has seen the application of blockchain's notarization function by many scholars. Yet, research on efficient retrieval of such images on the blockchain remains sparse. Addressing this issue, this paper introduces a blockchain-based spatial index verification method using Hyperledger Fabric. It linearizes the spatial information of remote sensing images via Geohash and integrates it with LSM trees for effective retrieval and verification. The system also incorporates IPFS as an underlying storage unit for Hyperledger Fabric, ensuring the safe storage and transmission of images. The experiments indicate that this method significantly reduces the latency in data retrieval and verification without impacting the write performance of Hyperledger Fabric, enhancing throughput and providing a solid foundation for efficient blockchain-based verification of remote sensing images in land registry systems.

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With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), massive terminal devices are connected to the network, generating a large amount of IoT data. The reliable sharing of IoT data is crucial for fields such as smart home and healthcare, as it promotes the intelligence of the IoT and provides faster problem solutions. Traditional data sharing schemes usually rely on a trusted centralized server to achieve each attempted access from users to data, which faces serious challenges of a single point of failure, low reliability, and an opaque access process in current IoT environments. To address these disadvantages, we propose a secure and dynamic access control scheme for the IoT, named SDACS, which enables data owners to achieve decentralized and fine-grained access control in an auditable and reliable way. For access control, attribute-based control (ABAC), Hyperledger Fabric, and interplanetary file system (IPFS) were used, with four kinds of access control contracts deployed on blockchain to coordinate and implement access policies. Additionally, a lightweight, certificateless authentication protocol was proposed to minimize the disclosure of identity information and ensure the double-layer protection of data through secure off-chain identity authentication and message transmission. The experimental and theoretical analysis demonstrated that our scheme can maintain high throughput while achieving high security and stability in IoT data security sharing scenarios.

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A distributed and decentralised ledger system shared by a variety of users in a peer-to-peer network is defined as a blockchain. Through its decentralised approach, it makes pharmaceutical products more accessible and secure for vendors, while they can maintain and access their inventories themselves. Between a company and its suppliers, a supply chain is used to produce and distribute a specific product or service, whose efficiency is increased with its integration in the supply chain. For efficient and transparent tracking of products, blockchain will be the right choice. In view of blockchain being incorporated into the supply chain system, it solves many logistical issues that supply chains face, such as appropriate data access, ensuring data quality, and many more. This can increase the traceability of the material supply chain and improve the maintenance of the list when there are several products to be supplied. Therefore, the concept of supply chain was developed in two platforms namely, Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Sawtooth. Finally, Hyperledger Sawtooth was found to be well suited for creating decentralised apps or platforms with respect to resource utilization It enables developers to separate their application domain from the core system so that business rules for apps can exist without requiring knowledge of the primary platform's underlying architecture. The proposed system shows that Hyperledger Sawtooth framework consumes lower CPU than Fabric which helps in increasing the number of transactions.

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Due to frequent traffic accidents around the world, people often take out car insurance to mitigate their losses and receive compensation in a traffic accident. However, in the existing car insurance claims process, there are problems such as insurance fraud, inability to effectively track and transmit insurance data, cumbersome insurance procedures, and high insurance data storage costs. Since the immutability and traceability features of blockchain technology can prevent data manipulation and trace past data, we have used the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to sign and encrypt car insurance data, ensuring both data integrity and security. We propose a blockchain and IPFS-based anticounterfeiting and traceable car insurance claims system to improve the above problems. We incorporate the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) to reduce the cost of storing insurance data. This study also attempts to propose an arbitration mechanism in the event of a car insurance dispute.

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In the Internet of Things (IoT) era, the surge in Machine-Type Devices (MTDs) has introduced Massive IoT (MIoT), opening new horizons in the world of connected devices. However, such proliferation presents challenges, especially in storing and analyzing massive, heterogeneous data streams in real time. In order to manage Massive IoT data streams, we utilize analytical database software such as Apache Druid version 28.0.0 that excels in real-time data processing. Our approach relies on a publish/subscribe mechanism, where device-generated data are relayed to a dedicated broker, effectively functioning as a separate server. This broker enables any application to subscribe to the dataset, promoting a dynamic and responsive data ecosystem. At the core of our data transmission infrastructure lies Apache Kafka version 3.6.1, renowned for its exceptional data flow management performance. Kafka efficiently bridges the gap between MIoT sensors and brokers, enabling parallel clusters of brokers that lead to more scalability. In our pursuit of uninterrupted connectivity, we incorporate a fail-safe mechanism with two Software-Defined Radios (SDR) called Nutaq PicoLTE Release 1.5 within our model. This strategic redundancy enhances data transmission availability, safeguarding against connectivity disruptions. Furthermore, to enhance the data repository security, we utilize blockchain technology, specifically Hyperledger Fabric, known for its high-performance attributes, ensuring data integrity, immutability, and security. Our latency results demonstrate that our platform effectively reduces latency for 100,000 devices, qualifying as an MIoT, to less than 25 milliseconds. Furthermore, our findings on blockchain performance underscore our model as a secure platform, achieving over 800 Transactions Per Second in a dataset comprising 14,000 transactions, thereby demonstrating its high efficiency.

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Electronic Health Records (EHRs) play a vital role in the healthcare domain for the patient survival system. They can include detailed information such as medical histories, medications, allergies, immunizations, vital signs, and more. It can help to reduce medical errors, improve patient safety, and increase efficiency in healthcare delivery. EHR approaches are proven to be an efficient and successful way of sharing patients' personal health information. These kinds of highly sensitive information are vulnerable to privacy and security associated threats. As a result, new solutions must develop to meet the privacy and security concerns in health information systems. Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way electronic health records (EHRs) are stored, accessed, and utilized by healthcare providers. By utilizing a distributed ledger, blockchain technology can help ensure that data is immutable and secure from tampering. In this article, a Hyperledger consortium network has been developed for sharing health records with enhanced privacy and security. The attribute based access control (ABAC) mechanism is used for controlling access to electronic health records. The use of ABAC on the network provides EHRs with an extra layer of security and control, ensuring that only authorized users have access to sensitive data. By using attributes such as user identity, role, and health condition, it is possible to precisely control access to records on blockchain. Besides, a Gaussian naïve Bayes algorithm has been integrated with this consortium network for prediction of cardiovascular disease. The prediction of cardiovascular is difficult due to its correlated risk factors. This system is beneficial for both patients and physicians as it allows physicians to quickly identify high-risk patients and easily provide them with patient severity level using feature weight prediction algorithms. Dynamic emergency access control privileges are used for the emergency team and will be withdrawn once the emergency has been resolved, depending on the severity score. The system is implemented with the following medical datasets: the heart disease dataset, the Pima Indian diabetes dataset, the stroke prediction dataset, and the body fat prediction dataset. The above datasets are obtained from the Kaggle repository. This system evaluates system performance by simulating various operations using the Hyperledger Caliper benchmarking tool. The performance metrics such as latency, transaction rate, resource utilization, etc. are measured and compared with the benchmark.

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A blockchain and decentralized storage technology-based architecture is proposed to support the integrity of Electronic Health Records (EHRs).

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The reliable circulation of automotive supply chain data is crucial for automotive manufacturers and related enterprises as it promotes efficient supply chain operations and enhances their competitiveness and sustainability. However, with the increasing prominence of privacy protection and information security issues, traditional data sharing solutions are no longer able to meet the requirements for highly reliable secure storage and flexible access control. In response to this demand, we propose a secure data storage and access control scheme for the supply chain ecosystem based on the enterprise-level blockchain platform Hyperledger Fabric. The design incorporates a dual-layer attribute-based auditable access control model for access control, with four smart contracts aimed at coordinating and implementing access policies. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits significant advantages under large-scale data and multi-attribute conditions. It enables fine-grained, dynamic access control under ciphertext and maintains high throughput and security in simulated real-world operational scenarios.

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Despite the lack of blockchain systems being utilized in modern IoT environments, the prevalence of blockchain technology is increasing, due to its high level of security and accountability. The integration of blockchain technology and access control in a decentralized system for smart home networks is a promising solution to this issue. This paper compares the implementation of attribute-based access control (ABAC) with two popular blockchain platforms, Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric, for a smart home internet of things (IoT) environment. We present a comprehensive summary of access-control and blockchain-access-control methods, to provide the necessary background for this study. Additionally, we present an original ABAC smart contract for Ethereum, and the modification of a pre-existing Hyperledger Fabric ABAC smart contract, for this comparison. Through the simulation of both implementations, the advantages and limitations will be considered, to determine which is better suited for a smart home IoT environment.

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The government does have to record and analyze the travel trajectories of urban residents aiming to effectively control the epidemic during COVID-19. However, these privacy-related data are usually stored in centralized cloud databases, which are prone to be vulnerable to cyber attacks leading to personal trajectory information leakage. In this article, we proposed a novel secure sharing and storing method of personal travel trajectory data based on BC and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). We adopt the Hyperledger Fabric, the representative of Federated BC framework, combined with the IPFS storage to form a novel mode of querying on-chain and storing off-chain aiming to both achieve the effectiveness of data processing and protect personal privacy-related information. This method firstly solves the efficiency problem of traditional public BC and ensures the security of stored data by storing the ciphertext of complete personal travel trajectory data in decentralized IPFS storage. Secondly, considering the huge amount of information of residents' travel trajectories, the method proposed in this article can obtain the complete information under the chain stored in IPFS by querying the index on the chain, which significantly improves the data processing efficiency of residents' travel trajectories and thus promotes the effective control of the new crown pneumonia epidemic. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed solution is verified through performance evaluation and security analysis.

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Over the last decade, pharmaceutical businesses have battled to standardize product traceability across the supply chain process, enabling counterfeiters to enter the market with counterfeit pharmaceuticals. As a result, an end-to-end product tracking system is crucial for ensuring product safety and eliminating counterfeit products across the pharmaceutical supply chain. In this paper, we introduce PharmaChain, a decentralized hyperledger fabric framework that leverages confidentiality, accountability, and interoperability. This system enables on-chain and off-chain storage for secured, rapid transactions, along with smart contracts establishing data provenance. To demonstrate security, we have provided double signing through the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, hash data encryption, and 33% node attack. The purpose of this suggested framework is to engage particular governance disciplines to assess its effectiveness in improving drug traceability across the pharmaceutical supply chain to preserve public health by preventing counterfeit pharmaceuticals.

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We propose a novel framework, Vacledger, for supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccines using a blockchain network. It includes four smart contracts on a private-permissioned blockchain network for supply chain traceability and counterfeit detection of COVID-19 vaccine, more specifically to (i) handle the rules and regulations of vaccine importing countries and provide authorization for cross the borders (regulatory compliance and border authorization smart contract), (ii) register new and imported vaccines in the Vacledger system (vaccine registration smart contract), (iii) find the number of stocks that have arrived in the Vacledger system (stock accumulation smart contract), and (iv) identify the exact location of the stock (location tracing update smart contract). Our results show that the proposed system keeps track of all activities, events, transactions, and all other past transactions, permanently stored in an immutable Vacledger connected to decentralized peer-to-peer file systems. We observe no algorithm complexity differences between the proposed Vacledger system and existing supply chain frameworks based on different blockchain types. In addition, based on four use cases, we estimate our model's overall gasoline cost (transaction or gas price). The Vacledger system empowers distribution companies to manage their supply chain operations effectively and securely using an in-network, permissioned distributed network. This study employs the COVID-19 vaccine supply chain (the healthcare industry) to demonstrate how the proposed Vacledger system operates. Despite this, our proposed approach might be implemented in other supply chain industries, such as the food industry, energy trading, and commodity transactions.

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Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) is an open-source platform for deploying enterprise-level permissioned blockchains where users from multiple organizations can participate. Preventing unauthorized access to resources in such blockchains is of critical importance. Towards addressing this requirement, HLF supports different access control models. However, support for Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) in the current version of HLF is not comprehensive enough to address various requirements that arise when multiple organizations interact in an enterprise setting. To address those shortcomings, in this paper, we develop and present methods for providing full ABAC functionality in Hyperledger Fabric. Performance evaluation under different network configurations using the Hyperledger Caliper benchmarking tool shows that the proposed approach is quite efficient in practice.

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Although many studies have been devoted to integrating blockchain into IoT device management, access control, data integrity, security, and privacy, blockchain-facilitated IoT communication is still much less studied. Blockchain has great potential in decentralizing and securing IoT communications. In this paper, we propose an innovative IoT service platform powered by the consortium blockchain technology. The proposed platform abstracts machine-to-machine (M2M) and human-to-machine (H2M) communications into services provided by IoT devices. Then, it materializes the data exchange of the IoT network through smart contracts and blockchain transactions. Additionally, we introduce the auxiliary storage layer to the proposed platform to address various off-chain data storage needs. Our proof-of-concept implementation was tested against various workloads and connection sizes under different block configurations to evaluate the platform's transaction throughput, latency, and hardware utilization. The experimental results demonstrate that our solution can maintain high performance with a throughput of approximately 800 reads per second (RPS), 50-80 transactions per second (TPS), and a latency of 50 ms-2 s under light to moderate workloads. Our extensive evaluation of the performance impact of batch size, batch timeout, and connection size also provides valuable insights into the optimization of blockchain configuration for achieving high performance.

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Blockchain-based traceability systems are a promising approach because they are decentralized, transparent, and tamper proof; however, if all traceability data are uploaded to a blockchain platform, it may affect the efficiency or even lead to data explosion. Additionally, it is difficult to guarantee the reliability of the original data source of massive Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Furthermore, when different enterprise nodes adopt different data storage structures, the costs that are associated with data sharing will increase. In this paper, we have proposed a trustworthy product traceability system that is based on hyperledger fabric and Electronic Product Code Information Service (EPCIS), which is not only capable of making products traceable, but it can also authenticate and authorize the IoT devices that are used for data collection. First, we adopted the on-chain and off-chain collaborative management mechanism in order to alleviate data explosion on the chain. Second, we proposed a scheme to authenticate and authorize devices based on blockchain. Third, we complied with EPCIS and Core Business Vocabulary (CBV) standards and provided the EPCIS location discovery service in order to improve the interactivity. Finally, we implemented and tested the proposed traceability system and compared it with the existing research. The proposed solution provides product information traceability, data tamper proofing, data confidentiality, and data source reliability.

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The issue of identity authentication for online medical services has been one of the key focuses of the healthcare industry in recent years. Most healthcare organizations use centralized identity management systems (IDMs), which not only limit the interoperability of patient identities between institutions of healthcare, but also create isolation between data islands. The more important matter is that centralized IDMs may lead to privacy disclosure. Therefore, we propose Health-zkIDM, a decentralized identity authentication system based on zero-knowledge proof and blockchain technology, which allows patients to identify and verify their identities transparently and safely in different health fields and promotes the interaction between IDM providers and patients. The users in Health-zkIDM are uniquely identified by one ID registered. The zero-knowledge proof technology is deployed on the client, which provides the user with a proof of identity information and automatically verifies the user's identity after registration. We implemented chaincodes on the Fabric, including the upload of proof of identity information, identification, and verification functions. The experiences show that the performance of the Health-zkIDM system can achieve throughputs higher than 400 TPS in Caliper.

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An automotive supply chain includes a range of activities from the concept of the product to its final transfer to a customer and subsequent vehicle maintenance. The three distinct stages of this chain are production, sales, and maintenance. In many countries, automobile records are not available to the public and anyone who has access to the central database or government systems can tamper with these records. In addition, used vehicle maintenance and transfer histories remain unavailable or inaccessible. These issues can be overcome by incorporating state-of-the-art blockchain technology into automotive supply chain management. Blockchain technology uses a chain of blocks for distributed transfer and storage of information, creating a decentralized data register that makes records of any digital asset tamper-proof and transparent. In this paper, we implement a permissioned blockchain-based framework for secure and efficient supply chain management of the automobile industry. We employed Hyperledger Fabric; an enterprise-grade distributed ledger platform for developing solutions. In our solution, the blockchain is customized and private in order to ensure system security. We evaluated our system in terms of memory cost, monetary cost, and speed of execution. Our results demonstrate that only 346 MB of extra memory space is required for storing the automotive data of 1 million users, thus rendering the memory cost negligible. The monetary cost is insignificant as all open source blockchain resources are employed, and the speed of record update is also fast. Our results also show that the decentralization of the automotive supply chain using blockchain can implement system security with minor modifications in the established configuration of the web application database.