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Background and Objectives: Human rhinovirus (HRV), a major cause of common cold, was associated to the hospitalization of children and adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence, and genotype distribution of HRV in the patients with mild to severe respiratory infections who were negative for SARS-Cov-2. Materials and Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab specimens (n = 356) from the patients aged 29 days to 82 years, received for the respiratory virus detection from January to December 2021, were analyzed for human rhinovirus (HRV) by RT-PCR. As a final step, genotyping was performed on obtained sequences. Results: A total of 37 HRV infections were identified (37/356, 10%). The highest rates of positive HRV tests were observed in February (21.6%), and January (18.9%), compared with June and August (0%). HRV-positive cases mainly appeared in winter. Among the age groups, those 2-<5 years of age had the highest detection rate (21%), however, those >55 years of age had the lowest detection rate (3%). Among HRV-positive samples, 30 (81%) were identified as type HRV-A, 5 (13.5%) as HRV-B, and 2 (5.5%) as HRV-C. Conclusion: Our results suggested that HRV frequency gradually decreased with the age of patients which is more active in Iran, especially in the cold months.
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This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and the emergence of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in children. A total of 322 nasopharyngeal swab samples were provided from children with an initial diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. A total of 34 and 70 cases were positive for EV-D68 and HRV, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the clades A and B are the prevalent genotypes for EV-D68 and the HRV-positive samples belong to three types including HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The results showed that EV-D68 and HRV-C are circulating in Iran especially in the winter.
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Infecciones por Enterovirus/virología , Enterovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Enfermedad Aguda , Preescolar , Enterovirus/clasificación , Enterovirus/genética , Infecciones por Enterovirus/epidemiología , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Irán/epidemiología , Masculino , Nasofaringe/virología , Oportunidad Relativa , Filogenia , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the predominant infectious agents for the common cold worldwide. The HRV-C species cause severe illnesses in children and are closely related to acute exacerbations of asthma. 3C protease, a highly conserved enzyme, cleaves the viral polyprotein during replication and assists the virus in escaping the host immune system. These key roles make 3C protease an important drug target. A few structures of 3Cs complexed with an irreversible inhibitor rupintrivir have been determined. These structures shed light on the determinants of drug specificity. Here we describe the structures of HRV-C15 3C in free and inhibitor-bound forms. The volume-decreased S1' subsite and half-closed S2 subsite, which were thought to be unique features of enterovirus A 3C proteases, appear in the HRV-C 3C protease. Rupintrivir assumes an "intermediate" conformation in the complex, which might open up additional avenues for the design of potent antiviral inhibitors. Analysis of the features of the three-dimensional structures and the amino acid sequences of 3C proteases suggest new applications for existing drugs.
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Proteasas Virales 3C/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteasas Virales 3C/química , Antivirales/química , Diseño de Fármacos , Enterovirus Humano A/efectos de los fármacos , Isoxazoles/química , Fenilalanina/análogos & derivados , Pirrolidinonas/química , Valina/análogos & derivados , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Enterovirus Humano A/enzimología , Isoxazoles/farmacología , Modelos Moleculares , Fenilalanina/química , Fenilalanina/farmacología , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Pirrolidinonas/farmacología , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Valina/química , Valina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Introduction: Human rhinovirus (HRV) and Enterovirus (ENV) are the major causes of childhood acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). This study sought to understand the distribution pattern of HRV subgroups, their seasonality and association with respiratory complications in patients at a tertiary care hospital. Results: Of the total 332 ARTI samples, 82 (24.7%) were positive for ENV/HRV. Twenty positive samples were processed further for phylogenetic analysis. Ten of the 20 samples were identified to be HRVs (70% HRV A and 30% HRV C) and nine were enteroviruses. HRV A clustered near three distinct HRV types (A12, A78 and A82). Four of the HRV strains (represented as SEQ 137 rhino, SEQ 282 rhino, SEQ 120 rhino and SEQ 82 rhino) had high sequence similarity. HRV C showed seasonality and was associated with disease severity. Conclusion: The genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of the HRVs in the current study shows its circulatory pattern, association with risk factors and evolutionary dynamics.
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Infecciones por Enterovirus/epidemiología , Enterovirus/genética , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , Nasofaringe/virología , Filogenia , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Viral/genética , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virologíaRESUMEN
Background: Acute respiratory infection result in high mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are several viral factors that originate respiratory diseases among them Enteroviruses(EVs) and Human Rhinoviruses(HRVs) can be mentioned. HRVs and EVs belong to Picornaviridae family and they have been recently classified under Enteroviruses. The pattern of respiratory infections generating organisms varies according to geographical locations. Therefore, it seems necessary to organize an appropriate plan to manage common viral diseases exclusively about Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses. PATIENT AND METHODS: A total of 100 samples were collected from patients with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) who were hospitalized in Ahvaz city hospitals during December 2012 to November 2013 (one year longitude). Semi-Nested PCR was done on samples for detection of HRVs and EVs using region gene of VP4/VP2. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses performed with MEGA version 5 software find out the sequence homology among the detected HRV and EV serotype. RESULTS: The results of this study revealed that from of 100 cases of ARIs 19 patients (19%) were HRV positive and 3 (3%) patients positive for EVs. Most positive cases of HRVs were observed in the autumn season while 3 positive cases of EVs were equally found in spring, summer and autumn. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the HRV strains were HRV-A9, HRV-A49, HRV-B14 and EV strains were Echo3 and 9. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed that high prevalence of 19% HRVs, HRV-A9, HRV-A49, HRV-B14 serotypes and low frequency of 3% Echo Viruses, Echo3 and Echo 9 serotypes have been detected in patients with ARI.
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Enterovirus Humano B , Infecciones por Picornaviridae , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio , Rhinovirus , Infecciones por Echovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Echovirus/patología , Infecciones por Echovirus/virología , Enterovirus Humano B/clasificación , Enterovirus Humano B/genética , Enterovirus Humano B/fisiología , Humanos , Filogenia , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/patología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Rhinovirus/genética , Rhinovirus/fisiología , Estaciones del Año , SerogrupoRESUMEN
The majority of outbreaks of the common cold are caused by rhinoviruses. The 2A protease (2Apro) of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) is known to play important roles in the propagation of the virus and the modulation of host signal pathways to facilitate viral replication. The 2Apro from human rhinovirus C15 (HRV-C15) has been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration chromatography. The crystals diffracted to 2.6â Å resolution. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the structure of 2Apro from coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) as the search model. The structure contains a conserved His-Asp-Cys catalytic triad and a Zn2+-binding site. Comparison with other 2Apro structures from enteroviruses reveals that the substrate-binding cleft of 2Apro from HRV-C15 exhibits a more open conformation, which presumably favours substrate binding.
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Cisteína Endopeptidasas/química , Cisteína Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Rhinovirus/enzimología , Proteínas Virales/química , Proteínas Virales/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sitios de Unión , Dominio Catalítico , Cristalización , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Proteica , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Homología de Secuencia , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
To determine the prevalence of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with acute asthma exacerbations, investigation of HRV viral load and severity of asthma exacerbations is also required. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and swabs were collected and assessed for respiratory viruses. HRV-positive samples were sequenced to identify types and determine viral load. Outpatients with asthma exacerbations underwent follow-up evaluations, their swabs were collected and clinical outcomes were recorded at their next clinic visit 4 weeks later. One hundred forty-three inpatients and 131 outpatients, including 88 patients with asthma exacerbations and 43 controls with stable asthma were recruited. HRV-A was mainly detected in September and February (45.5% and 33.3%, respectively), while HRV-C was mainly detected in November and April (70.0% and 55.6%, respectively). HRV-C was the primary type and was primarily found in inpatients with severe asthma exacerbations. HRV-A viral load in the group of inpatients with severe exacerbations was higher than in the mild and moderate groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.022). The HRV-A viral load of both inpatients and outpatients was higher than that of HRV-C (P < 0.001 and P = 0.036). The main genotypes were HRV-C53 and HRV-A20 among inpatients, and this genotype caused more severe clinical manifestations. HRV persisted for no more than 4 weeks, and their symptoms or signs of disease were well-controlled well. HRV-C was most frequently detected in asthma exacerbations. HRV-A with high viral load led to severe asthma exacerbations.
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Asma/patología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/complicaciones , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Rhinovirus/genética , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Of the more than 150 human rhinovirus (RV) serotypes, 89 utilize intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) for cell entry. These belong either to species A or B. We recently demonstrated that RV-B14 and RV-A89, despite binding this same receptor, are routed into distinct endosomal compartments for release of their RNA into the cytosol. To gain insight into the underlying mechanism we now comparatively investigate the port of entry, temperature-dependence of uncoating, and intracellular routing of RV-B3, RV-B14, RV-A16, and RV-A89 in HeLa cells. The effect of various drugs blocking distinct stages on the individual pathways was determined via comparing the number of infected cells in a TissueFaxs instrument. We found that RV-B14 and RV-A89 enter via clathrin-, dynamin-, and cholesterol-dependent pathways, as well as by macropinocytosis. Drugs interfering with actin function similarly blocked entry of all four viruses, indicating their dependence on a dynamic actin network. However, uniquely, RV-A89 was able to produce progeny when internalized at 20 °C followed by neutralizing the endosomal pH and further incubation at 37 °C. Blocking dynein-dependent endosomal transport prevented uncoating of RV-A16 and RV-A89, but not of RV-B3 and RV-B14, indicative for routing of RV-A16 and RV-A89 into the endocytic recycling compartment for uncoating. Our results call for caution when developing drugs aimed at targeting entry or intracellular trafficking of all rhinovirus serotypes.
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Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Receptores Virales/metabolismo , Rhinovirus/fisiología , Acoplamiento Viral , Internalización del Virus , Desencapsidación Viral , Transporte Biológico , Células HeLa , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for many of the characteristic symptoms of the common cold, such as a sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and coughing. However, despite the high detection rate in children, most HRV infections are asymptomatic. As a result, these viruses are generally ignored, even though a close association between HRV infections in early life and the subsequent induction of asthma has been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research into HRV diagnostics, treatments, epidemiology, and vaccines. This review describes recent studies of HRVs, including their genomic diversity, surveillance systems, taxonomy, and immune responses, as well as vaccines.
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Niño , Humanos , Asma , Clasificación , Resfriado Común , Tos , Epidemiología , Estrógenos Conjugados (USP) , Nariz , Faringitis , Rhinovirus , Estornudo , VacunasRESUMEN
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are responsible for many of the characteristic symptoms of the common cold, such as a sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and coughing. However, despite the high detection rate in children, most HRV infections are asymptomatic. As a result, these viruses are generally ignored, even though a close association between HRV infections in early life and the subsequent induction of asthma has been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research into HRV diagnostics, treatments, epidemiology, and vaccines. This review describes recent studies of HRVs, including their genomic diversity, surveillance systems, taxonomy, and immune responses, as well as vaccines.
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Niño , Humanos , Asma , Clasificación , Resfriado Común , Tos , Epidemiología , Estrógenos Conjugados (USP) , Nariz , Faringitis , Rhinovirus , Estornudo , VacunasRESUMEN
About 150 human rhinovirus serotypes are responsible for more than 50 % of recurrent upper respiratory infections. Despite having similar 3D structures, some bind members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, some ICAM-1, and some use CDHR3 for host cell infection. This is also reflected in the pathways exploited for cellular entry. We found that even rhinovirus serotypes binding the same receptor can travel along different endocytic pathways and release their RNA genome into the cytosol at different locations. How this may account for distinct immune responses elicited by various rhinoviruses and the observed symptoms of the common cold is briefly discussed.
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Acute respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity during early childhood in developing countries. Human rhinoviruses are the most frequent cause of upper respiratory tract infections in humans, which can range in severity from asymptomatic to clinically severe disease. In this study we collected 4170 nasopharyngeal swabs from patients hospitalised with influenza-like illness in two Cambodian provincial hospitals between 2007 and 2010. Samples were screened for 18 respiratory viruses using 5 multiplex PCRs. A total of 11.2% of samples tested positive for human rhinoviruses (HRV). VP4/2 and VP1 regions were amplified and sequenced to study the distribution of rhinoviruses genotypes and species in Cambodia during this three-year period. Five novel genotypes, 2 species A, 2 species B and 1 species C were identified based on VP1 sequences. Co-infections with other viruses were demonstrated.
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Variación Genética , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Cambodia , Coinfección/virología , Femenino , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa Multiplex/métodos , Nasofaringe/virología , Filogenia , Rhinovirus/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ARNRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are recognized as a cause of upper and lower acute respiratory infections (ARI). The circulating species and their clinical impact were not described in Argentina. OBJECTIVES: To describe the molecular epidemiology of HRV in children and to determine the association of HRV species with outcome and severity. STUDY DESIGN: Hospitalized and outpatients children <6 years old with ARI without comorbidities (n=620) were enrolled (2008-2010). Demographic, clinical data and outcome were analyzed. HRV were identified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis and demographic reconstruction for HRV were performed in selected samples. RESULTS: HRV were detected in 252/620 (40.6%) of children; 8.5% in viral coinfection. Bronchiolitis (55%) and pneumonia (13%) were the most frequent clinical diagnosis. Of 202 inpatients with HRV: 72% required oxygen supplementation, 11% intensive care unit and 3% mechanical ventilation. HRV were identified as a risk factor for hospitalization (OR: 2.47). All three HRV species were detected being HRV-A (55%) and HRV-C (43%) the most frequent; HRV-B was infrequent (2%). Of 44 sequenced HRV, 30 genotypes were detected. Seven of them were the most prevalent and circulated during limited periods of time. The demographic reconstruction revealed a constant population size and a high turnover rate of genotypes. Demographic and clinical outcome were similar for HRV-A and HRV-C infections. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the clinical impact of HRV in children without comorbidities as a cause of lower ARI and hospitalization. The high frequency of HRV infections may be associated with the simultaneous circulation of genotypes and their high turnover rate.
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Variación Genética , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/patología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/patología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Rhinovirus/genética , Argentina , Preescolar , Análisis por Conglomerados , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Pacientes Internos , Masculino , Epidemiología Molecular , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Pacientes Ambulatorios , Filogenia , ARN Viral/genética , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Homología de Secuencia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is accumulating evidence that human rhinovirus (HRV) causes acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI). Recently, HRV-C was identified as a new species of HRV, but its spectrum of clinical disease is not well understood. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the molecular epidemiology, demographic and clinical characteristics of HRVs among hospitalized children with ALRIs. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and sixty-five nasopharangeal aspirates taken from children <5 years hospitalized with ALRTIs in Serdang Hospital, Malaysia, were subject to reverse transcriptase-PCR for HRV. Phylogenetic analysis on VP4/VP2 and 5'-NCR regions was used to further characterize HRV. Other respiratory viruses were also investigated using semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR assay. Clinical parameters were analyzed between HRV, RSV and IFV-A mono-infections and between HRV species. RESULTS: HRV was detected in 54 (33%) patients for both single (36 samples) and multiple (18 samples) infections, 61.1% (22/36) represents HRV-A strains while the remaining 14 HRV-C. Strain P51 was the first reported representative of HRV98. The majority of the single HRV cases were in the second half of infancy; HRV-C occurred among older children compared with HRV-A. HRV children were admitted significantly earlier and less febrile than RSV and IFV-A infection. HRV-C infected children were more likely to have rhonchi and vomiting as compared to HRV-A. Pneumonia was the most common discharge diagnosis followed by bronchiolitis and post-viral wheeze in HRV patients. CONCLUSION: Our study showed high prevalence of HRVs and detection of HRV-C among hospitalized children with ALRTIs in Malaysia. Analysis of clinical parameters suggested specific features associated with HRVs infections and specific HRV groups.
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Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Malasia/epidemiología , Masculino , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Rhinovirus/genética , Vómitos/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: It is increasingly recognized that human rhinoviruses (HRV) can be associated with severe infections. However, conflicting results have been reported on the relative prevalence and severity of the three HRV species. OBJECTIVES: The relative prevalence and clinical characteristics of HRV-A, B and C, in children attending a South London teaching hospital were investigated retrospectively. STUDY DESIGN: Children aged<16 years with episodes of respiratory tract infections and detectable entero/rhinovirus RNA in respiratory samples between November 2009 and December 2010 were investigated. Retrospective case review was performed and patients' characteristics recorded. RESULTS: Entero/rhinoviruses were the commonest viral pathogens (498/2316; 21.5%). Amongst 204 infection episodes associated with entero/rhinovirus, 167 were typed HRV, HRV-C was the most prevalent (99/167, 59.3%) followed by HRV-A (60/167; 35.9%) and HRV-B (8/167, 4.8%). The severity spectrum of HRV-A and HRV-C infections were similar and affected all parts of the respiratory tract. Co-pathogens were observed in 54 (26.5%) episodes. Severity was increased in patients with non-viral co-pathogens and those with an underlying respiratory condition. Univariate and multiple regression analyses of potential prognostic variables including age, co-pathogens and underlying respiratory illnesses showed that mono-infection with HRV-C, as compared with other HRV species, was associated with more severe disease in young children<3 years. CONCLUSIONS: HRV-C was the most prevalent species and on its own was associated with severe disease in children<3 years. The association between infection with HRV species and clinical presentation is complex and affected by many confounding factors.
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Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/patología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/patología , Rhinovirus/clasificación , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Preescolar , Enterovirus/genética , Enterovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Enterovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Enterovirus/virología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Londres/epidemiología , Masculino , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/virología , ARN Viral/genética , ARN Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rhinovirus/genética , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are usually associated with mild respiratory symptoms in children. However, some studies have found that HRV can cause severe disease, especially when the patient is co-infected with a second virus. In this study, 532 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected over a nine-year period from children at the Clinics Hospital of Uberlândia. The collected NPAs were then tested for HRV RNA using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Eighty-three specimens from children diagnosed with lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) were positive for HRV RNA and were then tested for the presence of eight other respiratory viruses. A second virus was detected in 37.3 percent (31/83) of the samples. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was bronchiolitis, followed by other LRTI and then pneumonia. The frequency of severe disease in children infected with more than one virus was not significantly different from the frequency of severe disease in children infected with HRV alone. Children infected with both HRV and parainfluenza virus (1.5 m.o.) were significantly younger than those infected by HRV alone (5.0 m.o.) (p = 0.0454). Overall, these results suggest that infection with a second virus does not lead to a higher frequency of severe syndromes in children presenting with LRTI.