RESUMEN

In order to explore the regulating role and the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of trans-abscisic acid (hereinafter referred as S-ABA) in the process of rice growth and development under salt stress, we took Chaoyou 1000 and Yuxiangyouzhan as materials and set up three salt concentration treatments, CK0 (Control treatment), N1 (50 mmol L-1 NaCl), and N2 (100 mmol L-1 NaCl), in potted trials; we aimed to study the mechanism of rice's response to salt stress from the perspective of agricultural traits and physiological biochemicals and to improve rice's resistance to salt stress through exogenously applying the regulating technology of S-ABA. The following results were obtained: Under salt stress, the growth of rice was significantly suppressed compared to CK0, exhibiting notable increases in agricultural indicators, photosynthesis efficiency, and the NA+ content of leaves. However, we noted a significant decrease in the K+ content in the leaves, alongside a prominent increase in NA+/K+ and a big increase in MDA (malondialdehyde), H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), and O2- (superoxide anion). This caused the cytomembrane permeability to deteriorate. By applying S-ABA under salt stress (in comparison with salt treatment), we promoted improvements in agronomic traits, enhanced photosynthesis, reduced the accumulation of NA+ in leaves, increased the K+ content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the active oxygen content, resulting in a sharp decrease in the impact of salt stress on rice's development. The application of S-ABA decreased the endogenous ABA (abscisic acid) content under salt stress treatment but increased the endogenous GA (gibberellin) and IAA (indole acetic acid) contents and maintained the hormonal homeostasis in rice plants. To summarize, salt stress causes damage to rice growth, and the exogenous application of S-ABA can activate the pouring system mechanism of rice, suppress the outbreak of active oxygen, and regulate NA+/K+ balance and hormone homeostasis in the blades, thus relieving the salt stress.

RESUMEN

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of Jujuboside A on PCOS using a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS mouse model. Estrogen and androgen homeostasis was evaluated in serum from both clinical samples and PCOS mice. The stages of the estrous cycle were determined based on vaginal cytology. The ovarian morphology was observed by stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Moreover, we analyzed protein expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in ovary and KGN cells. Molecular docking, immunofluorescence, and luciferase assay were performed to confirm the activation of AhR by Jujuboside A. Jujuboside A effectively alleviated the disturbance of estrogen homeostasis and restored ovarian function, leading to an improvement in the occurrence and progression of PCOS. Furthermore, the protective effect of JuA against PCOS was dependent on increased CYP1A2 levels regulated by AhR. Our findings suggest that Jujuboside A improves estrogen disorders and may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of PCOS.

Asunto(s)

Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2 , Estrógenos , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/metabolismo , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/inducido químicamente , Síndrome del Ovario Poliquístico/patología , Femenino , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/metabolismo , Animales , Humanos , Estrógenos/farmacología , Estrógenos/metabolismo , Ratones , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Ovario/efectos de los fármacos , Ovario/metabolismo , Ovario/patología , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Adulto

RESUMEN

Ascorbic acid (AsA) plays an indispensable role in plants, serving as both an antioxidant and a master regulator of the cellular redox balance. Ascorbate oxidase (AO) is a blue copper oxidase that is responsible for the oxidation of AsA with the concomitant production of water. For many decades, AO was erroneously postulated as an enzyme without any obvious advantage, as it decreases the AsA pool size and thus is expected to weaken plant stress resistance. It was only a decade ago that this perspective shifted towards the fundamental role of AO in orchestrating both AsA and oxygen levels by influencing the overall redox balance in the extracellular matrix. Consistent with its localization in the apoplast, AO is involved in cell expansion, division, resource allocation, and overall plant yield. An increasing number of transgenic studies has demonstrated that AO can also facilitate communication between the surrounding environment and the cell, as its gene expression is highly responsive to factors such as hormonal signaling, oxidative stress, and mechanical injury. This review aims to describe the multiple functions of AO in plant growth, development, and stress resilience, and explore any additional roles the enzyme might have in fruits during the course of ripening.

Asunto(s)

Ascorbato Oxidasa , Ascorbato Oxidasa/metabolismo , Ascorbato Oxidasa/genética , Plantas/enzimología , Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Ácido Ascórbico/metabolismo , Desarrollo de la Planta

RESUMEN

Sulfation and desulfation of steroids are opposing processes that regulate the activation, metabolism, excretion, and storage of steroids, which account for steroid homeostasis. Steroid sulfation and desulfation are catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferase and steroid sulfatase, respectively. By modifying and regulating steroids, cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) and steroid sulfatase (STS) are also involved in the pathophysiology of steroid-related diseases, such as hormonal dysregulation, metabolic disease, and cancer. The estrogen sulfotransferase (EST, or SULT1E1) is a typical member of the steroid SULTs. This review is aimed to summarize the roles of SULT1E1 and STS in steroid homeostasis and steroid-related diseases.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades Metabólicas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Esteril-Sulfatasa , Sulfotransferasas/metabolismo , Esteroides , Homeostasis

RESUMEN

The developmental plasticity of the maize inflorescence depends on meristems, which directly affect reproductive potential and yield. However, the molecular roles of upper floral meristem (UFM) and lower floral meristem (LFM) in inflorescence and kernel development have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we characterized the reversed kernel1 (rk1) novel mutant, which contains kernels with giant embryos but shows normal vegetative growth like the wild type (WT). Total RNA was extracted from the inflorescence at three stages for transcriptomic analysis. A total of 250.16-Gb clean reads were generated, and 26,248 unigenes were assembled and annotated. Gene ontology analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected in the sexual organ formation stage revealed that cell differentiation, organ development, phytohormonal responses and carbohydrate metabolism were enriched. The DEGs associated with the regulation of phytohormone levels and signaling were mainly expressed, including auxin (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellins (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA). The transcriptome, hormone evaluation and immunohistochemistry observation revealed that phytohormone homeostasis were affected in rk1. BSA-Seq and transcriptomic analysis also provide candidate genes to regulate UFM and LFM development. These results provide novel insights for understanding the regulatory mechanism of UFM and LFM development in maize and other plants.

Asunto(s)

Inflorescencia , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Homeostasis/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas

RESUMEN

COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5 (COPS5), also known as Jab1 or CSN5, has been implicated in a wide variety of cellular and developmental processes. By analyzing male germ cell-specific COPS5-deficient mice, we have demonstrated previously that COPS5 is essential to maintain male germ survival and acrosome biogenesis. To further determine the role of Cops5 in peritubular myoid cells, a smooth muscle lineage surrounding seminiferous tubules, we herein derived mice conditionally deficient for the Cops5 gene in smooth muscle cells using transgenic Myh11-Cre mice. Although these conditional Cops5-deficient mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and appeared to be normal within the first week after birth, the homozygous mice started to show growth retardation after 1 week. These mice also exhibited a variety of developmental and reproductive disorders, including failure of development of reproductive organs in both males and females, spermatogenesis defects, and impaired skeletal development and immune functions. Furthermore, conditional Cops5-deficient mice revealed dramatic impairment of the endocrine system associated with testicular functions, including a marked reduction in serum levels of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone), testosterone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and glucose, but not vasopressin. All homozygous mice died before age 67 days in the study. Collectively, our results provide novel evidence that Cops5 in smooth muscle lineage plays an essential role in postnatal development and reproductive functions.

Asunto(s)

Hormona Luteinizante , Túbulos Seminíferos , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Hormona Folículo Estimulante , Homeostasis , Ratones Transgénicos , Miocitos del Músculo Liso , Espermatogénesis/genética , Testículo/fisiología , Testosterona

RESUMEN

Plant hormones are a group of small signaling molecules produced by plants at very low concentrations that have the ability to move and function at distal sites. Hormone homeostasis is critical to balance plant growth and development and is regulated at multiple levels, including hormone biosynthesis, catabolism, perception, and transduction. In addition, plants move hormones over short and long distances to regulate various developmental processes and responses to environmental factors. Transporters coordinate these movements, resulting in hormone maxima, gradients, and cellular and subcellular sinks. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of most of the characterized plant hormone transporters with respect to biochemical, physiological, and developmental activities. We further discuss the subcellular localizations of transporters, their substrate specificities, and the need for multiple transporters for the same hormone in the context of plant growth and development.

Asunto(s)

Desarrollo de la Planta , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana/metabolismo , Hormonas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas

RESUMEN

Salinity reduces agricultural productivity majorly by inhibiting seed germination. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it promotes rice seed germination under salt stress are unclear. In this study, the inhibition of germination in salt-sensitive Nipponbare under salt stress was greater than that in salt-tolerant Huaidao 5. Treatment with exogenous SA significantly improved germination of Nipponbare, but had little effect on Huaidao 5. The effects of exogenous SA on ion balance, metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormone homeostasis, starch hydrolysis, and other physiological processes involved in seed germination of rice under salt stress were investigated. Under salt stress, Na+ content and the Na+/K+ ratio in rice seeds increased sharply. Seeds were subjected to ion pressure, which led to massive accumulation of H2O2, O2-, and malonaldehyde (MDA); imbalanced endogenous hormone homeostasis; decreased gibberellic acid (GA1 and GA4) content; increased abscisic acid (ABA) content; inhibition of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity; and slowed starch hydrolysis rate, all which eventually led to the inhibition of the germination of rice seeds. Exogenous SA could effectively enhance the expression of OsHKT1;1, OsHKT1;5, OsHKT2;1 and OsSOS1 to reduce the absorption of Na+ by seeds; reduce the Na+/K+ ratio; improve the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT; reduce the accumulation of H2O2, O2-, and MDA; enhance the expression of the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2; inhibit the expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene OsNCED5; increase GA1 and GA4 content; reduce ABA content; improve α-amylase activity, and increase the content of soluble sugars. In summary, exogenous SA can alleviate ion toxicity by reducing Na+ content, thereby helping to maintain ROS and hormone homeostasis, promote starch hydrolysis, and provide sufficient energy for seed germination, all of which ultimately improves rice seed germination under salt stress. This study presents a feasible means for improving the germination of direct-seeded rice in saline soil.

Asunto(s)

Germinación , Oryza , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Homeostasis , Hormonas/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo , Estrés Salino , Semillas/metabolismo , Sodio/metabolismo , Almidón/metabolismo , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Bromoacetamide (BAcAm) is a nitrogenous disinfection by-product. We previously found that BAcAm induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Since thyroid hormones (THs) homeostasis is crucial to development, we hypothesized that disruption of THs homeostasis may play a role in the developmental toxicity of BAcAm. In this study, we found BAcAm exposure significantly increased mortality and malformation rate, decreased hatching rate and body length, inhibited the locomotor capacity in zebrafish embryos. BAcAm elevated TSH, T3 and T4 levels, down-regulated T3/T4 ratios, and up-regulated mRNA expression changes of THs related genes (trh, tsh, tg, nis, tpo, dio1, dio2, ugt1ab，klf9 and rho), but down-regulated mRNA expression changes of TH receptors (tr α and tr ß). Up-regulated tr α and tr ß mRNAs by rescue treatment confirmed that both tr α and tr ß were involved in the developmental toxicity of BAcAm. In conclusion, our study indicates disruption of THs homeostasis via the thyroid hormone receptors was responsible for the developmental toxicity of BAcAm.

Asunto(s)

Acetamidas/toxicidad , Receptores de Hormona Tiroidea , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Pez Cebra , Animales , Embrión no Mamífero/efectos de los fármacos , Homeostasis , Receptores de Hormona Tiroidea/genética , Receptores de Hormona Tiroidea/metabolismo , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/embriología , Pez Cebra/genética

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The Beet curly top virus C4 oncoprotein is a pathogenic determinant capable of inducing extensive developmental abnormalities. No studies to date have investigated how the transcriptional profiles differ between plants expressing or not expressing the C4 oncoprotein. RESULTS: We investigated early transcriptional changes in Arabidopsis associated with expression of the Beet curly top virus C4 protein that represent initial events in pathogenesis via a comparative transcriptional analysis of mRNAs and small RNAs. We identified 48 and 94 differentially expressed genes at 6- and 12-h post-induction versus control plants. These early time points were selected to focus on direct regulatory effects of C4 expression. Since previous evidence suggested that the C4 protein regulated the brassinosteroid (BR)-signaling pathway, differentially expressed genes could be divided into two groups: those responsive to alterations in the BR-signaling pathway and those uniquely responsive to C4. Early transcriptional changes that disrupted hormone homeostasis, 18 and 19 differentially expressed genes at both 6- and 12-hpi, respectively, were responsive to C4-induced regulation of the BR-signaling pathway. Other C4-induced differentially expressed genes appeared independent of the BR-signaling pathway at 12-hpi, including changes that could alter cell development (4 genes), cell wall homeostasis (5 genes), redox homeostasis (11 genes) and lipid transport (4 genes). Minimal effects were observed on expression of small RNAs. CONCLUSION: This work identifies initial events in genetic regulation induced by a geminivirus C4 oncoprotein. We provide evidence suggesting the C4 protein regulates multiple regulatory pathways and provides valuable insights into the role of the C4 protein in regulating initial events in pathogenesis.

Asunto(s)

Geminiviridae , Tumores de Planta/virología , Transcriptoma , Proteínas Virales , Geminiviridae/genética , Geminiviridae/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas Oncogénicas , Proteínas Virales/genética

RESUMEN

Di (2­ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an environmental pollutant, is widely used as a plasticizer and causes serious pollution in the ecological environment. As previously reported, exposure to DEHP may cause thyroid dysfunction of the hypothalamic­pituitary­thyroid (HPT) axis. However, the underlying role of DEHP remains to be elucidated. The present study performed intragastrical administration of DEHP (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) once a day for 90 consecutive days. DEHP­stimulated oxidative stress increased the thyroid follicular cavity diameter and caused thyrocyte oedema. Furthermore, DEHP exposure altered mRNA and protein levels. Thus, DEHP may perturb TH homeostasis by affecting biosynthesis, biotransformation, bio­transportation, receptor levels and metabolism through disruption of the HPT axis and activation of the thyroid­stimulating hormone (TSH)/TSH receptor signaling pathway. These results identified the formerly unappreciated endocrine­disrupting activities of phthalates and the molecular mechanisms of DEHP­induced thyrotoxicity.

Asunto(s)

Dietilhexil Ftalato/toxicidad , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Contaminantes Ambientales/toxicidad , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisario/metabolismo , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Plastificantes/toxicidad , Ratas Wistar , Receptores de Tirotropina/genética , Receptores de Tirotropina/metabolismo , Receptores de Hormona Liberadora de Tirotropina/genética , Receptores de Hormona Liberadora de Tirotropina/metabolismo , Glándula Tiroides/crecimiento & desarrollo , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo , Hormonas Tiroideas/sangre , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Factor Nuclear Tiroideo 1/genética , Factor Nuclear Tiroideo 1/metabolismo , Tirotropina de Subunidad beta/genética , Tirotropina de Subunidad beta/metabolismo

RESUMEN

Phthalates and bisphenols are two typical classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which cause endocrine disorder in humans and animals. Phthalates and bisphenols are suggested to be associated with thyroid dysfunction. However, the effects of combined exposure and the detailed mechanisms are yet poorly understood. We investigated the combined effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA) on thyroid function during puberty. Female Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged from postnatal 28 to 70 days with a single or combined exposure of DEHP (0, 150, and 750 mg/kg/day) and BPA (0, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day) according to a 3 × 3 factorial design. The thyroid weights reduced after combined exposure to the highest dose of DEHP and BPA, which noted their adverse effects on thyroid. Additionally, DEHP could increase the number of follicular epithelial cells in thyroid. Both DEHP and in combination with BPA could disturb the levels of thyroid hormones in serum, such as TT3 and TT4. Meanwhile, the possible mechanism was also discussed in the present study. DEHP treatment induced a significant increase of phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (Creb) via estrogen receptor α (Esr1), while the upregulation was nullified by the concomitant presence of BPA. In conclusion, the complex action of DEHP/BPA mixture may disturb the thyroid hormone homeostasis, which ultimately would affect the development of thyroid during puberty.

Asunto(s)

Dietilhexil Ftalato , Disruptores Endocrinos , Animales , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/toxicidad , Dietilhexil Ftalato/toxicidad , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Femenino , Homeostasis , Humanos , Fenoles , Ácidos Ftálicos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Hormonas Tiroideas

RESUMEN

The wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites (Sh) has been used as a source for tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) resistance in a breeding program to generate a TYLCV-resistant tomato line. Susceptible (S) and resistant (R) lines have been developed through this program. We compared the behavior of R, S and Sh tomato plants upon infection to find out whether the resistant phenotype of R plants originated from Sh. Results showed that mechanisms involving sugar-signaling (i.e., LIN6/HT1), water channels (i.e., TIP1;1), hormone homeostasis (i.e., ABA and SA) and urea accumulation were shared by S. habrochaites and R plants, but not by S. habrochaites and S tomatoes. This finding supports the hypothesis that these mechanisms were introgressed in the R genotype from the wild tomato progenitor during breeding for TYLCV resistance. Hence, identification of genes contributing to resistance to biotic stress from wild tomato species and their introgression into domestic plants ensures tomato supply and food security.

Asunto(s)

Begomovirus/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Solanaceae/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/microbiología , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Fitomejoramiento , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología

RESUMEN

The drought is a crucial environmental factor that determines yielding of many crop species, e.g., Fabaceae, which are a source of valuable proteins for food and feed. Herein, we focused on the events accompanying drought-induced activation of flower abscission zone (AZ)-the structure responsible for flower detachment and, consequently, determining seed production in Lupinus luteus. Therefore, detection of molecular markers regulating this process is an excellent tool in the development of improved drought-resistant cultivars to minimize yield loss. We applied physiological, molecular, biochemical, immunocytochemical, and chromatography methods for a comprehensive examination of changes evoked by drought in the AZ cells. This factor led to significant cellular changes and activated AZ, which consequently increased the flower abortion rate. Simultaneously, drought caused an accumulation of mRNA of genes inflorescence deficient in abscission-like (LlIDL), receptor-like protein kinase HSL (LlHSL), and mitogen-activated protein kinase6 (LlMPK6), encoding succeeding elements of AZ activation pathway. The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase activity, and localization significantly changed which confirmed the appearance of stressful conditions and indicated modifications in the redox balance. Loss of water enhanced transcriptional activity of the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis pathways, which was manifested by elevated expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase (LlZEP), aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (LlACS), and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (LlACO) genes. Accordingly, both ABA and ET precursors were highly abundant in AZ cells. Our study provides information about several new potential markers of early response on water loss, which can help to elucidate the mechanisms that control plant response to drought, and gives a useful basis for breeders and agronomists to enhance tolerance of crops against the stress.

Asunto(s)

Productos Agrícolas/genética , Sequías , Flores/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lupinus/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Semillas/genética , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Catalasa/genética , Catalasa/metabolismo , Productos Agrícolas/enzimología , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Etilenos/biosíntesis , Flores/enzimología , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Ligasas/genética , Ligasas/metabolismo , Lupinus/enzimología , Lupinus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/genética , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Oxidorreductasas/genética , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Semillas/enzimología , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética

RESUMEN

Mitochondrial dysfunctions are major contributors to heart disease onset and progression. Under ischemic injuries or cardiac overload, mitochondrial-derived oxidative stress, Ca2+ dis-homeostasis, and inflammation initiate cross-talking vicious cycles leading to defects of mitochondrial DNA, lipids, and proteins, concurrently resulting in fatal energy crisis and cell loss. Blunting such noxious stimuli and preserving mitochondrial homeostasis are essential to cell survival. In this context, mitochondrial quality control (MQC) represents an expanding research topic and therapeutic target in the field of cardiac physiology. MQC is a multi-tier surveillance system operating at the protein, organelle, and cell level to repair or eliminate damaged mitochondrial components and replace them by biogenesis. Novel evidence highlights the critical role of thyroid hormones (TH) in regulating multiple aspects of MQC, resulting in increased organelle turnover, improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, and the retention of cell function. In the present review, these emerging protective effects are discussed in the context of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and heart failure, focusing on MQC as a strategy to blunt the propagation of connected dangerous signaling cascades and limit adverse remodeling. A better understanding of such TH-dependent signaling could provide insights into the development of mitochondria-targeted treatments in patients with cardiac disease.

Asunto(s)

Cardiopatías/etiología , Cardiopatías/metabolismo , Mitocondrias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Animales , Transporte Biológico , Calcio/metabolismo , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Metabolismo Energético , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Cardiopatías/fisiopatología , Homeostasis , Humanos , Mitocondrias Cardíacas/genética , Mitofagia , Estrés Oxidativo , Transducción de Señal , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor widely used to manufacture consumer goods. Although the thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting potential of BPA has been thought to be responsible for the neuropsychiatric deficits in the animals that experienced perinatal BPA exposure, the TH availability change at the level of specific brain structures has not been subject to systematic investigation. METHODS: In the present study the impacts of perinatal BPA exposure (0.1 mg/L in drinking water) spanning gestation and lactation on TH homeostasis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal day 21 (PND21) and PND90. As TH regulates brain glucose metabolism at multiple levels，the effects of BPA treatment on glucose metabolism in the brain tissues were also assessed in adult rats. RESULTS: The results showed heterogeneous changes in TH concentration induced by BPA between serum and brain tissues, additionally, in the BPA-treated pups, up-regulated expression of the TH transporter monocarboxylate 8 mRNA at PND21 and increased type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase mRNA expressions at PND21 and PND90 were observed. Meanwhile, decreased glucose metabolism was seen in the PFC and hippocampus, while deficits in locomotor activity, spatial memory and social behaviors occurred in BPA-treated groups. CONCLUSION: These data support the concept that the developing brain possesses potent mechanisms to compensate for a small reduction in serum TH, such as serum hypothyrodism induced by BPA exposure, however, the long-term negative effect of BPA treatment on TH homeostasis and glucose metabolism may be attributable to neuropsychiatric deficits after mature.

Asunto(s)

Compuestos de Bencidrilo/farmacología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Hipocampo , Fenoles/farmacología , Corteza Prefrontal , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Animales , Disruptores Endocrinos/farmacología , Femenino , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Prefrontal/metabolismo , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Memoria Espacial/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba

RESUMEN

Lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) are microbial symbiotic signals that also influence root growth. In Medicago truncatula, LCOs stimulate lateral root formation (LRF) synergistically with auxin. However, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon and whether it is restricted to legume plants are not known. We have addressed the capacity of the model monocot Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) to respond to LCOs and auxin for LRF. For this, we used a combination of root phenotyping assays, live-imaging and auxin quantification, and analysed the regulation of auxin homeostasis genes. We show that LCOs and a low dose of the auxin precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) stimulated LRF in Brachypodium, while a combination of LCOs and IBA led to different regulations. Both LCO and IBA treatments locally increased endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content, whereas the combination of LCO and IBA locally increased the endogenous concentration of a conjugated form of IAA (IAA-Ala). LCOs, IBA and the combination differentially controlled expression of auxin homeostasis genes. These results demonstrate that LCOs are active on Brachypodium roots and stimulate LRF probably through regulation of auxin homeostasis. The interaction between LCO and auxin treatments observed in Brachypodium on root architecture opens interesting avenues regarding their possible combined effects during the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Asunto(s)

Brachypodium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Quitina/análogos & derivados , Homeostasis , Ácidos Indolacéticos/farmacología , Lípidos/farmacología , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brachypodium/efectos de los fármacos , Brachypodium/genética , Quitina/farmacología , Quitosano , Fluorescencia , Homeostasis/efectos de los fármacos , Indoles/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Oligosacáridos , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos

RESUMEN

BackgroundSulfotransferases (SULTs) are phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. SULTs also regulate the biological activities of biological signaling molecules, such as various hormones, bile acids, and monoamine neurotransmitters; therefore, they play critical roles in the endocrine and nervous systems. People are subject to various kinds of physical, chemical, toxicological, physiological, and psychological stresses at one time or another. The study of the effects produced by stress may lead to finding novel remedies for many disease conditions. The effect of repeated restraint stress on rat SULT expression has not been studied. MethodsThis study involves the effect of repeated restraint stress on SULT1A1 expressions. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=4) were subjected to repeated restraint stress 2 h/day for 7 days. Protein and RNA expression of SULT1A1 were analyzed by western blot and quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively, in important tissues. ResultsWe observed that repeated restraint stress increased the expression of SULT1A1 in the liver, adrenal glands, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex in male rats. Patterns of enhanced expression were observed at both mRNA and protein level, indicating that repeated restraint stress stimulates enzyme expression at the transcriptional level. ConclusionsChanges of SULT1A1 expression in important tissues caused by repeated restraint stress will have a significant effect on drug metabolism and xenobiotics detoxification. The significant changes in endocrine glands and brain sections may also cause disturbances in hormone homeostasis, therefore leading to disease conditions. This report provides clues for the understanding of the effect of stresses on health.

Asunto(s)

Restricción Física/fisiología , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiología , Sulfotransferasas/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/fisiología , Animales , Arilsulfotransferasa/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Masculino , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley

RESUMEN

The GH3 family of adenylating enzymes conjugate acyl substrates such as the growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids via a two-step reaction of acyl substrate adenylation followed by amino acid conjugation. Arabidopsis thaliana GH3.5 was previously shown to be unusual in that it could adenylate both IAA and the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA, 2-hydroxybenzoate). Our detailed studies of the kinetics of GH3.5 on a variety of auxin and benzoate substrates provides insight into the acyl preference and reaction mechanism of GH3.5. For example, we found GH3.5 activity on substituted benzoates is not defined by the substitution position as it is for GH3.12/PBS3. Most importantly, we show that GH3.5 strongly prefers Asp as the amino acid conjugate and that the concentration of Asp dictates the functional activity of GH3.5 on IAA vs. SA. Not only is Asp used in amino acid biosynthesis, but it also plays an important role in nitrogen mobilization and in the production of downstream metabolites, including pipecolic acid which propagates defense systemically. During active growth, [IAA] and [Asp] are high and the catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of GH3.5 for IAA is 360-fold higher than with SA. GH3.5 is expressed under these conditions and conversion of IAA to inactive IAA-Asp would provide fine spatial and temporal control over local auxin developmental responses. By contrast, [SA] is dramatically elevated in response to (hemi)-biotrophic pathogens which also induce GH3.5 expression. Under these conditions, [Asp] is low and GH3.5 has equal affinity (Km) for SA and IAA with similar catalytic efficiencies. However, the concentration of IAA tends to be very low, well below the Km for IAA. Therefore, GH3.5 catalyzed formation of SA-Asp would occur, fine-tuning localized defensive responses through conversion of active free SA to SA-Asp. Taken together, we show how GH3.5, with dual activity on IAA and SA, can integrate cellular metabolic status via Asp to provide fine control of growth vs. defense outcomes and hormone homeostasis.

Asunto(s)

Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico/análisis , Ligasas/metabolismo , Aminoácidos/análisis , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Indolacéticos/análisis , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Cinética , Ácido Salicílico/metabolismo

RESUMEN

The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays important roles in adaptation of plants to environmental cues and in specific steps of their development, particularly in reproduction. Recent advances in metabolic studies have highlighted intricate mechanisms that govern enzymatic conversions within the jasmonate family. Here we analyzed jasmonate profile changes upon Arabidopsis thaliana flower development and investigated the contribution of catabolic pathways that were known to turnover the active hormonal compound jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) upon leaf stress. We report a rapid decline of JA-Ile upon flower opening, concomitant with the massive accumulation of its most oxidized catabolite, 12COOH-JA-Ile. Detailed genetic analysis identified CYP94C1 as the major player in this process. CYP94C1 is one out of three characterized cytochrome P450 enzymes that define an oxidative JA-Ile turnover pathway, besides a second, hydrolytic pathway represented by the amido-hydrolases IAR3 and ILL6. Expression studies combined with reporter gene analysis revealed the dominant expression of CYP94C1 in mature anthers, consistent with the established role of JA signaling in male fertility. Significant CYP94B1 expression was also evidenced in stamen filaments, but surprisingly, CYP94B1 deficiency was not associated with significant changes in JA profiles. Finally, we compared global flower JA profiles with those previously reported in leaves reacting to mechanical wounding or submitted to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. These comparisons revealed distinct dynamics of JA accumulation and conversions in these three biological systems. Leaf injury boosts a strong and transient JA and JA-Ile accumulation that evolves rapidly into a profile dominated by ω-oxidized and/or Ile-conjugated derivatives. In contrast, B. cinerea-infected leaves contain mostly unconjugated jasmonates, about half of this content being ω-oxidized. Finally, developing flowers present an intermediate situation where young flower buds show detectable jasmonate oxidation (probably originating from stamen metabolism) which becomes exacerbated upon flower opening. Our data illustrate that in spite conserved enzymatic routes, the jasmonate metabolic grid shows considerable flexibility and dynamically equilibrates into specific blends in different physiological situations.