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Although previous studies have indicated that statin therapy can effectively prevent the development of CIN, this observation remains controversial, especially in high-risk patients. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of statin pretreatment for preventing the development of CIN in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to determine its effectiveness in various subgroups. We searched the online databases PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. RCTs that involved the comparison of the short-term moderate or high-dose statin pretreatment with placebo for CIN prevention in CKD patients undergoing angiography were included. The primary outcome was CIN prevalence. Seven RCTs comprising 4256 participants were investigated in this analysis. The risk of developing CIN in patients pretreated with statins was significantly lower than that in patients pretreated with placebo (RR=0.57, 95%CI=0.43-0.76, p=0.000). The SCr values of the statin group, when analyzed 48h after angiography were lower than those of the placebo group ((SMD=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.27 to -0.04, p=0.011). In the subgroup analysis, statin pretreatment could decrease the risk of CIN in CKD patients with DM (RR=0.54, 95% CI=0.39-0.76, p=0.000), but not in CKD patients without DM (RR=0.84, 95% CI=0.44-1.60, p=0.606). The efficacy of atorvastatin for preventing CIN was consistent with that observed with the use of rosuvastatin. The risk ratios (RR) were 0.51 (95% CI=0.32-0.81, p=0.004) and 0.60 (95% CI=0.41-0.88, p=0.009), respectively. Our study demonstrated that statin pretreatment could prevent the development of CIN in CKD patients. However, subgroup analysis demonstrated that statin pretreatment, despite being effective in preventing CIN in patients with CKD and DM, was not helpful for CKD patients without DM. Rosuvastatin and atorvastatin exhibited similar preventive effects with respect to CIN.

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ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study is to examine risk factors for recurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis and determine interventions to prevent future admissions. Materials and methods Review article. Results Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious and not uncommon health problem. Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with severe morbidity and mortality and hospital admissions due to this problem constitute a serious economic burden on the healthcare system. Younger age at diabetic ketoacidosis onset, poor baseline glycemic control and elevated HbA1C, patient comorbidities, depression, alcohol or substance abuse, particularly active cocaine use, have been associated with recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, socioeconomic factors (such as ethnic minority status, use of public health insurance and underinsurance), psychosocial, economic, and behavioral factors (including financial constraint, stretching a limited insulin supply, and homelessness) have been all reported to be associated with readmission among diabetic ketoacidosis patients. Conclusions Identifying high-risk patients during the first diabetic ketoacidosis admission and performing relevant interventions (repeated instructions of insulin use, social help and involvement of family members in medical treatment, collaboration with the patient's primary care physician in order to establish a close and frequent follow up program) may help prevent future admissions. Further studies need to take place to determine whether early interventions with those factors prevent future admissions.

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OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência com a colecistectomia laparoscópica na colecistite aguda, em pacientes de alto risco (ASA 4). MÉTODO: De 1982 a 2001 foram realizadas, na Clínica Especializada em Doenças do Aparelho Digestivo (DIGEST), 1507 colecistectomias laparoscópicas, sendo 150 (10 por cento) em colecistite aguda, dentre as quais 10 (0,7 por cento) em pacientes ASA 4. RESULTADOS: Entre estes 10 pacientes observou-se uma faixa etária elevada com média de 70,9 anos (variando entre 50 e 89 anos), maior freqüência do sexo masculino (60 por cento), período de internação pré-operatório bastante variável (de três a 22 dias), prevalência elevada de colecistite aguda alitiásica (30 por cento) e grande freqüência de insuficiência renal (40 por cento) dentre as doenças associadas. Como complicações de pós-operatório houve uma coleção sub-hepática tratada por drenagem guiada por ultrassonografia; duas infecções de sítio operatório, tratadas pela abertura da pele do portal infectado, e um óbito decorrente da perpetuação do quadro séptico em paciente previamente submetido a colecistostomia percutânea. Não houve necessidade de conversão em nenhum dos pacientes operados. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluem pela viabilidade do método laparoscópico no tratamento da colecistite aguda em pacientes de alto risco, observando-se algumas estratégias específicas.

BACKGROUND: Evolution and experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis, a better knowledge of alterations provoked by the laparoscopic approach specially related to pneumoperitonium, allowed accomplishment of this procedure in high risk patients (ASA 4), objective of this research. METHODS: From 1992 to 2001, 1507 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at Clínica Especializada em Doenças do Aparelho Digestivo (DIGEST), 150 (10 percent) of them with acute cholecistitis and 10 (0,7 percent) ASA 4 patients. RESULTS: Mean age was 70,9 years, varying between 50 and 89 years, and 60 percent were males. Preoperative hospitalization varied from 3 to 22 days. There was a 30 percent incidence of acute acalculous cholecystitis and 40 percent of renal disfunction. Other associated diseases were also observed. Postoperative complications included a sub-liver collection with associated pneumonia, solved by drainage guided by ultrasound, two surgical site infections, and a death due to perpetuation of sepsis on a patient previously submitted to a percutaneus cholecystostomy. None of the patients needed conversion to open surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the laparoscopic technique approach in the treatment of acute cholecystitis in high risk patients is feasible, since some specific strategies are observed.

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The authors describe a case of an 84 years old high-risk patient, in whom general or spinal anesthesia was contraindicated and who showed a total uterine prolapse. The patient was widow and did not have sexual activity, and underwent a colpocleisis (Le Fort operation). The procedure was brief and could be performed using a local anesthetic. The authors conclude that colpocleisis is a surgery performed by the way of exception, but has a place in the armamentarium of the gynecologist treating isolated cases of genital total prolapse.

Os autores relatam um caso de paciente com prolapso genital completo e sem condições clínicas de ser submetida à anestesia geral ou de condução. A paciente, de 84 anos e sem vida sexual há muitos anos, foi submetida a colpocleise parcial (técnica de Le Fort) com infiltração anestésica local. Os autores concluem que a colpocleise, embora deva ser considerada como cirurgia paliativa e de exceção, ainda encontra indicações na prática ginecológica diária.