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Wound is defined as the damage to biological tissues including skin, mucous membranes and organ tissues. The acute wound heals in less than 4 weeks without complications, while a chronic wound takes longer than 6 weeks to heal. Wound healing occurs in 4 phases, namely, coagulation, inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases. Triclosan and benzalkonium chloride are commonly used as skin disinfectants in wound healing. However, they cause allergic contact dermatitis and antibiotic resistance. Medicinal plants are widely studied due to the limited availability of wound healing agents. The present review included six commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Aloe barbadensis Miller, Carica papaya Linn., Centella asiatica Linn., Cymbopogon nardus Linn., Ficus benghalensis Linn. and Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. Various search engines and databases were used to obtain the scientific findings, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed Central and Research Gate. The review discussed the possible mechanism of action of medicinal plants and their active constituents in the wound healing process. In addition, their application in nanotechnology and wound dressings was also discussed in detail.

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In recent years, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have garnered considerable attention as a promising material for biomedical applications because of their unique optical and biological properties. In this study, CQDs were derived from the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. via microwave-assisted technique and characterized using different techniques such as ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Subsequently, their potential for biomedical applications was investigated through in vitro assays assessing scratch healing, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity properties. It was found that the CQDs were fluorescent, polycrystalline, quasi-spherical, ~ 12 nm in size with presence of -OH and -COOH groups on their negatively charged surfaces, and demonstrated good anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation, cyclooxygenase-2 and regulating inflammatory cytokines. The CQDs also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus, good biocompatibility, along with excellent promotion of cell proliferation in vitro, indicating their potential as a anti-inflammatory and wound healing material. The properties were more enhanced than their precursor, H. rosa-sinensis leaf extract. Hence, the CQDs synthesized from the leaves of H. rosa-sinensis can serve as a potential biomedical agent.

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Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) belongs to the Betacarmovirus genus of the Tombusviridae family and is a positive-sense monopartite single-stranded RNA virus. HCRSV was first described in a hibiscus variety imported into the United States from El Salvador. The HCRSV natural host range is limited to species belonging to Malvaceae family, in particular Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, H. manihot, H. diversifolius and H. syriacus. In September 2023, leaf mottle and chlorotic spots were observed on the leaves of two H. rosa-sinensis plants located in a public garden of Ercolano (Naples city, Southern Italy). Two leaves, one from each symptomatic plant, were pooled and submitted to double-stranded RNA extraction using a Viral Gene-Spin Viral DNA/RNA Extraction Kit (iNtRON, Korea), followed by cDNA library preparation with the TruSeq Stranded Total RNA (Illumina, USA). Sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina, USA) with 150-bp paired-end reads yielded 22,578,913 raw reads. 21,413,571 clean reads were obtained by quality control on the sequencing data was performed with the software FastQC (v. 0.11.5). Then low quality bases and adapters were removed with the software BBDuk in the BBTools package setting a minimum read quality of 25 and minimum read length of 35 bp. The resulted filtered reads were used to assembly viral genome by using two different algorithms (Metaspades and RNAViral) implemented in SPAdes (v. 3.15.3). Of the total contigs de novo assembled, the two algorithms implemented identified respectively 340 and 559 contigs related to viruses. BLASTn analysis of the contigs identify one coting of 3965 nt covering 97% to 100% of the whole genome sequence of nine HCRSV isolates, with percentage of identity of 87.8-95.2%. No other plant viruses or viroids have been identified during bioinformatic analysis. To confirm the result, a full-length genomic sequence of the Italian HCRSV isolate (named Ita-1), was obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers designed on the sequence of the assembled contigs. The PCR products were sequenced using the Sanger method (Microsynth Seqlab, Germany) in both directions. The obtained full-length genomic sequence of the HCRSV isolate (Acc. No. OR981792) was 3910 nt in length. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees inferred from the whole genome sequence showed that Ita-1 clustered closely with HCRSV isolates. The leaf samples were further analyzed using a HCRSV ELISA kit (Agdia, USA). Healthy H. rosa-sinensis leaves were taken as a negative control and buffer solution as a blank control. The results showed a positive reaction for the two symptomatic plants (OD = 1.345 ± 0.010 at 405 nm) relative to the negative (OD = 0.097) and blank (OD = 0.065) controls. Overall, the results of serological and molecular analyses supported that symptoms observed in H. rosa-sinensis were strictly associated to HCRSV infection. Four viruses have been reported in H. rosa-sinensis in Italy so far: eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus (EMDV), hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus (HLFPV), hibiscus latent ringspot virus (HLRSV), hibiscus latent Singapore virus (HLSV). To our knowledge, this is the first report of HCRSV in H. rosa-sinensis in Italy, where probably infected plants were accidentally introduced. At present, HCRSV has been reported in three continents (Asia, Oceania and North America) and the number of countries where the virus has been detected is likely to increase rapidly as a result of increased surveillance and availability of diagnostic methods. This study will help the management of viral diseases on H. rosa-sinensis in Italy.

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (H. rosa-sinensis) has been largely used in traditional medicine. This study aims to review the pharmacological and phytochemical properties of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L and also summarize the pharmacological, photochemical, and toxicological characteristics of H. rosa-sinensis. The current review focuses on the distribution, chemical content, and main uses of H. rosa-sinensis. Various scientific databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., were used. Correct plant names were verified from plantlist.org. The results were interpreted, analyzed, and documented based on bibliographic information. This plant has been frequently used in conventional medicine due to its high concentration of phytochemicals. All its parts contain numerous chemical compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, anthocyanins, saponins, cyclopeptide alkaloids, and vitamins. More interestingly, the roots of this plant contain glycosides, tannins, phytosterols, fixed oils, fats, flavonoids, saponins, gums, and mucilages. The leaves contain alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, fat, resin, and sterols. The stem contains other chemical compounds, such as ß-sitosterol, teraxeryl acetate, cyclic sterculic, and malvalic acids. Finally, the flowers contain riboflavin, thiamine, apigenidine, oxalic acid, citric acid, quercetin, niacin, pelargonidine, and ascorbic acid. This species has a wide variety of pharmacological applications, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antifertility, antifungal, anticancer, hair growth-promoting, antihyperlipidemic, reproductive, neurobehavioral, antidepressant, and antipyretic activities. Finally, toxicological studies have shown that higher doses of extracts from the plant are safe.

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Microparticles (MLP) containing red hibiscus flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) anthocyanins were produced by spray chilling, and characterized for physicochemical parameters, accelerated stability, and gastrointestinal release profile. Fully hydrogenated palm oil and cocoa butter were used as wall materials, at a lipid blend to hibiscus extract ratio of 70:30 (w/w). The lipid blends containing fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) and cocoa butter (CB) were produced by ultrasound-assisted technique in the following FHPO to CB ratios: 100:0 (Control), 75:25, 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60. Increasing the cocoa butter content reduced the melting temperature and increased the unstable polymorphic behavior of the microparticles, resulting in amorphous characteristics. The microparticles exhibited higher viscosity, more agglomerates, and holes on the surface, and greater diameters. Characteristic peaks corresponding to the hibiscus extract were observed in the infrared spectra of the spray-chilled microparticles, indicating that the microencapsulation did not affect the anthocyanins. The antioxidant capacity of the red hibiscus anthocyanins ranged from 75 % to 79 %, with the best result observed for the treatment MLP_75:25. Higher antioxidant activities were observed for the lipid blends containing lower cocoa butter concentrations. Concerning the release profile of anthocyanins, the simulated GI digestion in vitro showed reduced release in the gastric tract and more intense release in the intestinal tract for an effective absorption of the antioxidant compounds in the small intestine. Furthermore, the treatment MLP_75:25 showed the highest encapsulation retention and lower total color difference in the accelerated stability study. Overall, the microparticles from all treatments were light-sensitive and thermosensitive at 35 °C. Thus, it is recommended to store the particles in a dark environment at temperatures below 35 °C for an effective use of the microparticles as natural food colorants.

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In the present research project, the first report on comparative analysis of the taxonomical, biological and pharmacological potential of healthy and geminivirus infected Hibiscus rosa sinensis (L.) leaves of the family Malvaceae was done by using different micro and macroscopic techniques. First of all, leaves were characterized for Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and its associated betasatellite (Cotton leaf curl Multan Betasatellite; CLCuMB). Different morphological parameters like shape and size of stem, leaves, seeds and roots, presence and absence of ligule, distance between nodes and internodes and type of inflorescence etc. were analyzed. CLCuMuV infected H. rosa-sinensis revealed systematic symptoms of infection like chlorosis of leaves, stunted growth, decrease in size of roots, shoots and distortion etc. Anatomical investigation was performed under light ad scanning electron microscope. Different anatomical features like length and shape of guard cells, subsidiary cells, presence or absence of stomata, secretory ducts and trichomes were examined. In both plant samples anomocytic types of stomata and elongated, non-glandular and pointed tip trichomes were present, but the size (especially length and width) of trichomes and other cells like epidermal, subsidiary, and guard cells were highest in virus infected plants likened to healthy one. In the antibacterial activity, the maximum antibacterial potentail was seen in methanolic extract of K. pneumonea while antifungal activity was shown by methanolic extract of A. solani. Plants interact with different biological entities according to environmental conditions continuously and evolved. These types of interactions induce changes positively and negatively on plant metabolism and metabolites production. Many plant viruses also attacked various host plants consequently alter their secondary metabolism. To overcome such virus infected plants produces many important and different types of secondary plant metabolites as a defense response. Subsequent analysis of this n-hexane plant extract using Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy technique revealed that Hibiscus eluted contained 10 main compounds in Healthy sample and 13 compounds in infected one. Presence of essential secondary metabolites were also analyzed by FTIR analysis. The present study provides a comprehensive and novel review on taxonomy (morphology, anatomy) and antimicrobial potential of both healthy and geminivirus infected H. rosa-sinensis.

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, native to the south of China, is currently planted as an important landscaping tree species in more than 100 countries around the world. Since 2012, an unknown stem rot disease of H. rosa-sinensis has occurred sporadically in a few green belts of Nanning, Guangxi, China. In February 2023, the incidence rate of the disease in the southern part of the city (108°38'E, 22°77'N) reached 5-8%. The pathogen mainly infected the stems near the soil line and aboveground stems. Initially, brown spots appeared and developed into long strips of large spots around the stem, slightly sunken. Later, the diseased tissue cortex presented longitudinal cracks and the vascular bundle tissue was exposed like silk hemp. White mycelium appeared on the diseased stem surfaces under high humidity conditions, eventually maturing into hard black sclerotia (1.5 to 11.0 mm in length). The leaves turned yellow and the whole plant finally died. For fungal isolation, seven diseased plants distributed within 800 square meters were collected, and 35 symptomatic stem sections were surface disinfect with alcohol for 30s, 0.08% NaClO for 1 min, triple rinsed with sterile distilled water, and cultured in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 28℃. Sclerotinia-like colonies were consistently isolated from all diseased tissues and four isolates (Z1-Z4) were purified (Bolton et al. 2006). Irregular white immature sclerotia were produced after 5 to 7 days on the edges of the plates and turned black after 7 to 14 days, with a size of 1.8 to 4.6 × 1.2 to 3.4 mm (avg. 3.3 × 2.4 mm, n = 20). For molecular characterization, three gene regions (ITS, CaM and Mcm7) were amplified (White et al. 1990; Carbone et al. 1999; Schmitt et al. 2009) and sequenced (GenBank accession nos.: ITS: OR016764 to OR016767; CaM: OR257811 to OR257814; Mcm7: OR345318 to OR345321). The sequences of three analyzed DNA fragments shared 100% identity with sequences of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strains (accession nos. JN013184, AF341304, KF545468). To fullfill Koch's postulates, healthy H. rosa-sinensis nursery stocks at the six months stage were individually planted in plastic pots at 25±3℃. The base of the stem and upper three branches of each plant were wounded with a sterile needle and inoculated with 5-mm discs of mycelium grown on PDA, then the inoculation sites of stem bases were covered with one layer nursery substrate and those of branches were wrapped with transparent tape to maintain the humidity. Three plants were inoculated with each isolate. As a control, three plants were inoculated with PDA discs. All the inoculated plants with mycelial discs developed characteristic symptoms 5 to 8 days after inoculation. The inoculation sites appeared white mycelium and the leaves sagged and wilted. Later, black sclerotia appeared on the diseased stem and the whole plant withered, while the control plants remained symptomless. Fungal cultures reisolated from symptomatic plants were morphologically identical with the cultures used as inoculum. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has only been reported from H. rosa-sinensis in Taiwan (Tai 1979). The pathogen is a widely distributed fungus, causing many economically important diseases on various plants (Hossain et al. 2023). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causing H. rosa-sinensis stem rot in Chinese Mainland, laying the foundation for monitoring its occurrence and spread.

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Mining is one of the major contributors for land degradation and severe heavy metals based soil pollution. In this study, the physicochemical properties of magnesite mine soil was investigated and assess the optimistic and eco-friendly remediation approach with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with the effect of pre-isolated Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The physicochemical properties analysis results revealed that most the parameter were either too less or beyond the permissible limits. The pre-isolated A. thiooxidans showed remarkable multi-metal tolerance up to 800 µg mL-1 concentration of Cr, Cd, Pb, and Mn. Heavy metal content in polluted soil was reduced to avoid more metal toxicity by diluting with fertile control soil as 80:20 and 60:40. The standard greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate the phytoextraction potential of H. rosa-sinensis under the influence of A. thiooxidans in various treatment groups (G-I to G-V). The outcome of this investigation was declared that the multi-metal tolerant A. thiooxidans from G-III and G-II showed remarkable effect on growth and phytoextraction ability of H. rosa-sinensis on metal polluted magnesite mine soil in 180 d greenhouse study. These results suggested that the combination of H. rosa-sinensis and A. thiooxidans could be used as an excellent hyper-accumulator to extract metal pollution from polluted soil.

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants are mainly cultivated as ornamental plants, but they also have food and medicinal uses. In this work, 16 H. rosa-sinensis cultivars were studied to measure their colorimetric parameters and the chemical composition of hydroethanolic extracts obtained from their petals. These extracts were characterized using UHPLC-ESI+-Obitrap-MS, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ORAC assay. The identified flavonoids included anthocyanins derived from cyanidin, glycosylated flavonols derived from quercetin and kaempferol, and flavan-3-ols such as catechin and epicatechin. Cyanidin-sophoroside was the anthocyanin present in extracts of lilac, pink, orange, and red flowers, but was not detected in extracts of white or yellow flowers. The total flavonol concentration in the flower extracts was inversely proportional to the total anthocyanin content. The flavonol concentration varied according to the cultivar in the following order: red < pink < orange < yellow ≈ white, with the extract from the red flower presenting the lowest flavonol concentration and the highest anthocyanin concentration. The antioxidant activity increased in proportion to the anthocyanin concentration, from 1580 µmol Trolox®/g sample (white cultivar) to 3840 µmol Trolox®/g sample (red cultivar).

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Al2O3 nanoparticle is effectively used as an adsorbent for the low specific activity of molybdenum-99 (99Mo). The Al2O3 nanoparticle was synthesized by the green synthesis method using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract (HRE). The Al2O3 nanoparticle synthesized using 10% of the HRE has a crystallite size of 4.9 nm, a surface area of 254.6 m2/g, a pore size of 9.1 nm, a pore volume of 0.58 cm3/g and has a Mo adsorption capacity of 43.4 ± 6.1 mg Mo/g.

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One of the most common malignancies diagnosed and the leading cause of death for cancer-stricken women globally is breast cancer. The molecular subtype affects therapy options because it is a complex disorder with multiple subtypes. By concentrating on receptor activation, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) can be employed as a therapeutic target. The goal of this work was to screen a number of inhibitors produced from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for possible target to inhibit the mTOR and to determine which has the greatest affinity for the receptor. Primarily, the ionization states of the chosen compounds were predicted using the ChemAxon web platform, and their pKa values were estimated. Given the significance of interactions between proteins in the development of drugs, structure-based virtual screening was done using AutoDock Vina. Approximately 120 Hibiscus components and ten approved anti-cancer drugs, including the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, were used in the comparative analysis. By using Lipinski's rule of five to the chosen compounds, the ADMET profile and drug-likeness characteristics were further examined to assess the anti-breast cancer activity. The compounds with the highest ranked binding poses were loaded using the SeeSAR tool and the HYDE scoring to give interactive, desolvation, and visual ΔG estimation for ligand binding affinity assessment. Following, the prospective candidates underwent three replicas of 100 ns long molecular dynamics simulations, preceded with MM-GBSA binding free energy calculation. The stability of the protein-ligand complex was determined using root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and protein-ligand interactions. The results demonstrated that the best mTOR binding affinities were found for stigmastadienol (107), lupeol (66), and taraxasterol acetate (111), which all performed well in comparison to the control compounds. Thus, bioactive compounds isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis could serve as lead molecules for the creation of potent and effective mTOR inhibitors for the breast cancer therapy.

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We present an approach to the noninvasive determination of the electron capacity of the intersystem pool of electron carriers in chloroplasts in situ. As apt experimental models, we used the leaves of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Tradescantia species. Electron paramagnetic resonance and optical response of P700 (the primary electron donor in Photosystem I) were applied to measuring electron transport in chloroplasts. Electron capacities of the intersystem electron transport chain (ETC) were determined from redox transients of P700 upon chromatic transitions (white light → far-red light). During the induction period, we observed the nonmonotonic changes in the number of electron equivalents in the intersystem ETC per P700 (parameter Q). In Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, the light-induced rise of Q from ≈2.5 (in the dark) to Q ≈ 12 was followed by its decrease to Q ≈ 6. The data obtained are discussed in the context of pH-dependent regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts, which provides the well-balanced operation of the intersystem ETC. The decay of Q is explained by the attenuation of Photosystem II activity due to the lumen acidification and the acceleration of plastoquinol re-oxidation as a result of the Calvin-Benson cycle activation. Our computer model of electron and proton transport coupled to ATP synthesis in chloroplasts was used to analyze the up and down feedbacks responsible for pH-dependent regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts. The procedures introduced here may be important for subsequent works aimed at defining the plastoquinone participation in regulation of photosynthetic processes in chloroplasts in situ.

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AIMS: The aim of the study was to assess the antihypertensive activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. BACKGROUND: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is used traditionally to treat hypertension. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers (AEHRS) on resting blood pressure in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study, AEHRS was prepared and its antihypertensive activity was evaluated using in vivo and in vitro studies. In the in vivo study, hypertensive and normotensive rats were treated by AEHRS (100 mg/kg) orally for 6 hours in the acute treatment and for 7 days in the subchronic treatment. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure values and heart rate were then recorded using a tail cuff and a computer-assisted monitoring device. To assess the vasorelaxant activity of AEHRS, isolated thoracic aortic rings were suspended in a tissue bath and changes in tension were recorded using a data acquisition system. Potential pathways involved in the vasorelaxant activity were evaluated using several standard pharmacological agents. RESULTS: The results indicated that repeated oral administration of AEHRS during 7 days lowered systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure in hypertensive rats without affecting normotensive rats. Furthermore, the data revealed that AEHRS exerts vasorelaxant properties via an endothelium-independent pathway. More interestingly, the study demonstrates that the vasorelaxant capacity of AEHRS seems to be exerted through the stimulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and the inhibition of Ca2+ channels pathway. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has a significant antihypertensive activity and that its vasorelaxant effect may be mediated through stimulation of ACE-2, and inhibition of the Ca2+ channels.

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Nanomaterial, especially zinc oxide nanoparticles, has entered the manufacture of many materials used in daily lives. The current study aimed to assess the impact of three concentrations of hibiscus rosa zinc oxide nanoparticles (HrZnONPs) and hibiscus rosa extract (Hre) on the liver tissue and DNA fragmentation of liver cells. A total of 35 adult male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: The first group which was the control (n=7) did not receive any treatment. The remaining 28 animals were randomly assigned to four groups. Group 1 (n=7) were subcutaneously injected with 100mg\kg BW of Hibiscus rosa extract for 60 days; the rats in group 2 were subcutaneouslyinjected with 25 mg\kg BW of HrZnONPs for 60 days; rats in group 3 were subcutaneouslyinjected with 75mg\kg BW of HrZnONPs for 60 days; rats in group 4 were subcutaneously injected with 100mg\kg BW of HrZnONPs for 60 days. The liver biomarkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) have been assessed in serum at zero time, after one month, and after two months of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, all animals were euthanized, the liver was dissected, the specimen underwent a pathohistological investigation, and the percentage of DNA fragmentation was evaluated. The results pointed out that the rats which were treated with HrZnONPs at concentrations of 75 and 100 mg\kg B.W. demonstrated a salient elevation in serum AST, ALT, or ALP activity, a modulation in hepatic tissue architecture, and an elevated percentage of high DNA damage, as compared to those treated with HrZnONPs at a concentration of 25 mg\kg B.W. On the other hand, the recorded data indicated that the administration of Hre has some ameliorative effects on AST, ALP, and ALT levels, histological cross-section, and the value of comet assay for liver cells due to the role of Hre antioxidant. In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that high doses of HrZnONPs had exerted more adverse effects, compared to low doses. Moreover, the findings confirmed the ameliorative impact of Hre on liver biomarkers, a histological cross-section of the liver, and DNA damage.

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Major anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-sophoroside (318.1 mg/mL), and other minor copigments were identified in the ethanol extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. The extracts can be coelectrospun with polycaprolactone and polyethylene oxide into fiber mats and were sensitive to pH changes from 1 to 13 with a unique color code (ΔE > 5). The pH sensor was used to monitor shrimp quality under isothermal conditions to obtain the respective activation energy (Ea in kJ/mol) of the sensors' color-change response (20.2), measured pH (20.6), and trimethylamine nitrogen (24.6), indole (27.1), and total microbial counts (30.8). Together with the Pearson correlation coefficient, the results showed high correlations between the sensors' color change and other quality parameters (p < 0.001). The regression equation developed by conducting the kinetic analysis was also suitable for predicting shrimp quality at refrigeration temperatures (4-10 °C) and can be used as a marker to monitor shrimp quality by visually inspecting the item condition.

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Herein, we present a green, economic and ecofriendly protocol for synthesis of cobalt oxide (Co3O4-NPs) and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) for multifaceted biomedical applications. In the study, a simple aqueous leaf extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, was employed for the facile one pot synthesis of Co3O4-NPs and MgO-NPs. The well characterized NPs were explored for multiple biomedical applications including bactericidal activity against urinary tract infection (UTI) isolates, leishmaniasis, larvicidal, antidiabetic antioxidant and biocompatibility studies. Our results showed that both the NPs were highly active against multidrug resistant UTI isolates as compared to traditional antibiotics and induced significant zone of inhibition against Proteus Vulgaris, Pseudomonas Aurigenosa and E.coli. The NPs, in particular Co3O4-NPs also showed significant larvicidal activity against the Aedes Aegypti, the mosquitoes involve in the transmission of Dengue fever. Similarly, excellent leishmanicidal activity was also observed against both the promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite. Furthermore, the particles also exhibited considerable antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The biosynthesized NPs were found to be excellent antioxidant and biocompatible nanomaterials. Owing to ecofriendly synthesis, non-toxic and biocompatible nature, the Hibiscus rosa sinensis synthesized Co3O4-NPs and MgO-NPs can be exploited as potential candidates for multiple biomedical applications.

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A new parabolic function for I-V curves' analysis has been proposed. The new "analytical tool" provides a simple way to describe photophysical processes at an approximately monolayer surface of a dye-sensitized solar cell. It may now be possible to estimate factors such as hole-electron recombination, surface defects, and electron diffusion at the semiconductor layer. The theoretical approach that was previously reported by our group for predicting the photovoltaic performance of potential dye sensitizers has also been validated. The experimental photovoltaic and DFT/TD-DFT data of apigenin and those of the highly rated black dyes were used for the validation.

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Microorganisms cause variety of diseases that constitutes a severe threat to mankind. Due to the upsurge of many infectious diseases, there is a high requirement and demand for the development of safety products finished with antimicrobial properties. The study involves the antimicrobial activity of natural cotton coated with copper iodide capped with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower extract (CuI-FE) which is rich in anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-sophoroside by ultrasonication method. The coated and uncoated cotton fabric was characterised through XRD, SEM, AFM, tensile strength and UV-Visible spectroscopic techniques. XRD confirmed the formation of CuI particles, SEM showed that CuI-FE was prismatic in shape. The average size of CuI-FE particles was found to be 552.45 nm. Anti-bacterial studies showed copper iodide particles to be a potent antimicrobial agent. AFM images confirmed the rupture of bacterial cell walls in the presence of prismatic CuI-FE. In-vitro cytotoxicity investigation of CuI-FE was performed against cancer and spleen cell lines to evaluate the cell viability. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed the IC50 value of 233.93 µg/mL in the presence of CuI-FE. Molecular docking study was also carried out to understand the interaction of CuI-FE with COVID-19 main protease. This paper has given an insight on the usage of CuI-FE coated on the cotton fabric that has proved to have strong inhibition against the nano ranged bacterial, cancerous cell line and a strong interaction with the COVID-19 protease. Such eco-friendly material will provide a safe environment even after the disposable of medical waste from the infectious diseases like influenza and current pandemic like COVID-19.

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Utilization of plant resources for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections is one of the appealing approaches as rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains is occurring throughout the world. Ethanol extract and its fractions from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis red flower were assessed for antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities towards forty-three clinical strains and two reference strains of H. pylori. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the most potent bacteriostatic activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.2-0.25 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of 1.25-1.5 mg/mL against all test strains, including forty-three strains resistant to one to four antibiotics, azithromycin (MICs, 8-256 µg/mL), erythromycin (MICs, 8-128 µg/mL), levofloxacin (MICs, 8-256 µg/mL), and/or metronidazole (MICs, 8-256 µg/mL). The fraction had similar antibacterial activities toward these test strains suggesting the preparation and the antibiotics do not have a common mechanism of anti-H. pylori activity. The fraction also had stronger effects on biofilm formation, morphological conversion, and urease activity of H. pylori than the other fractions and the ethanol extract. These flower preparations were non-toxic to three human cell lines, and nine compounds were also isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate fraction. In vivo research needs to be conducted to confirm the potential usefulness of H. rosa-sinensis flower and its constituents for effective prevention and treatment of H. pylori disease.

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Although limited progress have been made about pathogen system of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus (HLFPV), interaction between plant host and pathogen remain largely unknown, which led to deficiency of effective measures to control disease of hibiscus plants caused by HLFPV. In this study, infection of HLFPV in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was firstly confirmed for the first time by traditional electron microscopy, modern reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and RNA-seq methods in China (HLFPV-Ch). Sequence properties analyzing suggested that the full-length sequences (6,465 nt) of HLFPV-Ch had a high sequence identity and a similar genomic structure with other tobamoviruses. It includes a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR), followed by four open reading frames encoding for a 128.5-kDa replicase, a 186.5-kDa polymerase, a 31-kDa movement protein, 17.6-kDa coat protein, and the last a 3'-terminal UTR. Furthermore, HLFPV-Ch-derived virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs) ant its putative target genes, reported also for the first time, were identified and characterized from disease Hibiscus rosa-sinensis through sRNA-seq and Patmatch server to investigate the interaction in this pathogen systems. HLFPV-Ch-derived vsiRNAs demonstrated several general and specific characteristics. Gene Ontology classification revealed predicted target genes by vsiRNAs are involved in abroad range of cellular component, molecular function and biological processes. Taken together, for first time, our results certified the HLFPV infection in China and provide an insight into interaction between HLFPV and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.